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Full-Text Articles in History

The Double-Edged Sword: Examining The Contradictory Nature Of Savak And The U.S.-Iran Cliency Relationship, Braedon Mcghee Jul 2023

The Double-Edged Sword: Examining The Contradictory Nature Of Savak And The U.S.-Iran Cliency Relationship, Braedon Mcghee

History in the Making

The Iranian Revolution of 1979 marked the end of the diplomatic relationship between Iran and the United States. This relationship, cultivated by the United States throughout the Cold War, served the interests of the United States’ hegemonic quest to contain communism while also appealing to the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s political goals. This paper analyzes the complex and contradictory nature of the U.S.-Iran relationship during the reign of the Shah, specifically focusing on the role of the Shah’s brutal secret police force Sâzemân-e Ettelâ’ât va Amniat-e Kešvar (SAVAK), created, directed, and funded by the United States to consolidate …


Coping With Trauma: Evidence That Suggests The Ancient Egyptians Used Transpersonal Psychology To Cope With Birth-Related Trauma, Erika Kelley Jul 2022

Coping With Trauma: Evidence That Suggests The Ancient Egyptians Used Transpersonal Psychology To Cope With Birth-Related Trauma, Erika Kelley

History in the Making

Giving birth in the ancient world was very difficult, stressful, and dangerous with many mothers and children sadly not surviving the ordeal. To deal with this often-traumatic event, many ancient Egyptians used rituals, tools, and spells to ensure that their deities would be present during these difficult times and help either physically or mentally. For the ancient Egyptians, interacting with their gods was a way to ensure their survival, but in modernity, relying on religious or spiritual practices during stressful events correlates with psychology. Modern scholars have named this idea transpersonal psychology, and it is a subsection of humanistic psychology …


Obituaries, Subjectivities, And Perceptions Of Ariel Sharon, Sean Switzer Apr 2020

Obituaries, Subjectivities, And Perceptions Of Ariel Sharon, Sean Switzer

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Iranian Receptivity To Cia Propaganda In 1953, Alex Ponce Apr 2020

Iranian Receptivity To Cia Propaganda In 1953, Alex Ponce

History in the Making

In 1953, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), together with the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), organized a coup to overthrow the democratically elected PrimeMinister Mohammad Mossadeq (1882-1967). While much has been written about the coup, little attention has been given to the U.S. propaganda that preceded the operation. From 1950 to 1953, the U.S. launched a series of propaganda campaigns in Iran. Drawing from U.S.-Iranian correspondences, memoirs, journal articles, and secondary sources, this paper seeks to shed light on the U.S. and CIA perceptions of Iranian receptivity to propaganda from 1950 to 1953. What did CIA officials like Kermit Roosevelt …


Iranian Ulama & The Cia: The Key Alliance Behind The 1953 Iranian Coup D’État, Anthony Lucey Nov 2019

Iranian Ulama & The Cia: The Key Alliance Behind The 1953 Iranian Coup D’État, Anthony Lucey

History in the Making

Much of the anger and hatred that is a part of US Iranian relations, which has exploded onto the world stage since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, stems from the 1953 coup d’état which removed Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq from power. A large field of scholarly work has been dedicated to the 1953 coup, specifically surrounding the participation of US and British intelligence. However, one interesting and surprising aspect of the 1953 coup which has not been sufficiently investigated is the role of Iranian religious clerics, known in Iran as the ulama, in assisting the CIA and their Iranian …


Here And There, Now And Then: Portrayals Of The Third Crusade In Film And How Their Inaccuracies Encompass Contemporary Movements, Steven Anthony Oct 2019

Here And There, Now And Then: Portrayals Of The Third Crusade In Film And How Their Inaccuracies Encompass Contemporary Movements, Steven Anthony

History in the Making

This paper examines the relationship between films dealing with historical events and how they encompass events of the time the film was made. This work uses two film representations of the Third Crusade, from 1187 – 1192; the first is Youssef Chahines’ 1963 film Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din and the second is Ridley Scotts’ 2005 film, Kingdom of Heaven. Between the films’ narrations of events and the actual history, parallels are created between past and present, dealing with ideas such as tolerance and peaceful dialogue, as well as movements such as national, ethnic, or religious unity and inclusiveness.


Kurdish Women Guerrilla Fighters, Meagan Muschara Oct 2019

Kurdish Women Guerrilla Fighters, Meagan Muschara

History in the Making

This article focuses on the female fighters of the PKK. The media over the past four years have continued to report about the female inclusion into this male dominated resistance group, the PKK in Turkey. The addition of women to the fight spread to various Kurdish resistance groups throughout the Middle East. The interviews brought about a plethora of questions about egalitarian rights for women entering the PKK. The questions that arose are: How equal are women’s rights? Are there any stipulations? Why are females willing to fight for the cause and what do these women gain by fighting alongside …


Palestinian-Jews And Israel’S Dual Identity Crisis, Rafael Perez Oct 2019

Palestinian-Jews And Israel’S Dual Identity Crisis, Rafael Perez

History in the Making

This paper looks to explore the complex combination of those who are both Arab in culture and Jewish by faith. This complex dual identity is generally known as Mizrahim or Arab Jews. Within the general Arab-Israeli dispute, this identity complicates the conflict by challenging the normative understanding of nationalism. Moreover, this paper examines the history of the Mizrahim through the Palestinian-Jewish experience in pre-establishment Israel and further examines the social changes that affected Mizrahim within the Israeli State after the 1948 War. Various primary source documents, essays, personal accounts, peer-reviewed journals, and surveys are used to understand the identity and …


Film Review: 1948 Creation And Catastrophe, Melissa Sanford Oct 2019

Film Review: 1948 Creation And Catastrophe, Melissa Sanford

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


From Female Moneylenders To Church Shares: The Coptic Village Of Jeme, Marmar Zakher Oct 2019

From Female Moneylenders To Church Shares: The Coptic Village Of Jeme, Marmar Zakher

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Continuity At Luxor Temple, Matthew Unruh Oct 2019

Continuity At Luxor Temple, Matthew Unruh

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Israel, Allegra Glaviano Oct 2019

Israel, Allegra Glaviano

History in the Making

Describes the author's travel experiences in Israel.


Unconditional Surrender: The Rise Of President Erdogan And The End Of Kemalist Turkey, Amelia Sullivan Oct 2019

Unconditional Surrender: The Rise Of President Erdogan And The End Of Kemalist Turkey, Amelia Sullivan

History in the Making

In October 1923, Mustafa Kemal, or Ataturk, became leader of Turkey. Over the next decade and a half, Kemal used his considerable political power to reform the nation. He modernized infrastructure, reorganized government, and led an aggressive campaign to westernize and secularize Turkish society. By the time Kemal passed in 1938, Turkey rose from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire and reestablished itself as a democracy. Almost eighty years later, Ataturk’s legacy is in jeopardy. In 2017, the Turkey held a constitutional referendum to radically restructure the nation’s government and place an unprecedented degree of power in the office of …


Q2s Faculty Learning Community, History Department (Murray, Hist 142), Jeremy Murray Sep 2019

Q2s Faculty Learning Community, History Department (Murray, Hist 142), Jeremy Murray

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

Syllabus with writing intensive elements in a large lecture course.


Sheikh Abdullah Quilliam’S International Influence: America, West Africa, And Beyond, Brent D. Singleton Jan 2017

Sheikh Abdullah Quilliam’S International Influence: America, West Africa, And Beyond, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

In the late 19th century, news concerning Abdullah Quilliam and the establishment of a community of British Muslim converts in Liverpool spread across the world, particularly among Muslims. As a well-placed Victorian convert to Islam in the heart of British Empire, Quilliam symbolized many things to Muslim communities worldwide, each group perceiving him in whatever light they needed to see him. For some Muslim converts in America he was a model, a mentor, and a mediator. For many Muslims in the British Empire, particularly West Africa, Quilliam provided a morale boost, a legitimatization for holding on to their religion …


Index To The Crescent (Weekly Of The Liverpool Moslem Institute) For January 14, 1893-December 30, 1893; And January 2, 1895-March 6, 1895, Brent D. Singleton Jan 2014

Index To The Crescent (Weekly Of The Liverpool Moslem Institute) For January 14, 1893-December 30, 1893; And January 2, 1895-March 6, 1895, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

Presents a partial index of the Liverpool Moslem Institute's weekly newspaper The Crescent, covering the major people, places, events, and news from the paper. Indexes January 14, 1893-December 30, 1893; and January 2, 1895-March 6, 1895. Microfilm of The Crescent is available form the British Library.


The Development Of Political Secularism In A Nascent State, Tabassum Farooqui Jan 2012

The Development Of Political Secularism In A Nascent State, Tabassum Farooqui

Theses Digitization Project

This study will explore the rise, fall and revival of political secularism in Bangladesh. The exclusion or inclusion of political secularism is a controversial issue in many nascent states, because political groups often use religion as a political tool to manipulate the masses. In some newly-independent states, religious sentiment of citizens may be manipulated by different regimes; yet, the unique style of adopting religion may or may not increase religious tolerance in government.


‘That Ye May Know Each Other’: Late Victorian Interactions Between British And West African Muslims, Brent D. Singleton Oct 2009

‘That Ye May Know Each Other’: Late Victorian Interactions Between British And West African Muslims, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

From the early 1890’s to 1908 members of the Liverpool Moslem Institute led by Sheik William Henry Abdullah Quilliam had extensive contacts with their West African Muslim counterparts. This era was marked by several trends including the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, European colonialism, extensive overseas Christian missionary activities as well as the vast expansion of Islam in West Africa. In this milieu, the British and West African Muslims built a mutually beneficial relationship with equality, respect, and brotherhood as its cornerstone. Their contacts developed and flourished quickly, leading to extensive correspondence, visits, and general support for one another’s causes. …


Brothers At Odds: Rival Islamic Movements In Late Nineteenth Century New York City, Brent D. Singleton Dec 2007

Brothers At Odds: Rival Islamic Movements In Late Nineteenth Century New York City, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

In late 1893, the nascent Indian-backed American Islamic Propaganda movement, led by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb, fell into discord. Emin L. Nabakoff and John A. Lant left the movement and formed their own Muslim group, the First Society for the Study of Islam in America. For the next two years the leaders of the bitter rival organizations continued to conduct business. However, they also fought a very public war of words in the newspapers, leveling charges and countercharges against each other’s character, integrity, and Islamic legitimacy. The quarrel spread abroad to India and Britain where each side tried to gain …


The Moslem World: A History Of America’S Earliest Islamic Newspaper And Its Successors, Brent D. Singleton Aug 2007

The Moslem World: A History Of America’S Earliest Islamic Newspaper And Its Successors, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

In the spring of 1893, The Moslem World debuted as America's first Islamic publication. The paper was to be the centerpiece in Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb's Indian backed American Islamic Propaganda mission to the United States. Despite near unanimous praise from critics with regard to the printing quality of the paper, there was a mixed reaction to the paper's contents and Webb's scheme in general. The paper was only published for seven issues before financial shortfalls from India doomed the ambitious publication. As well, internal strife within Webb's movement hampered efforts to regain the necessary funding to carry on publication …


Minarets In Dixie: Two 1893 Proposals To Introduce Islam In The American South, Brent D. Singleton Dec 2006

Minarets In Dixie: Two 1893 Proposals To Introduce Islam In The American South, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

In May 1893, Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb, an American convert to Islam, communicated with landowners in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama to purchase property in order to establish colonies of Muslim Indian immigrants. A month earlier, Julius Chambers, a New York newspaper editor, put forth a call to convert the masses of African Americans in the South to Islam. This essay describes the two Islamization schemes, their interrelation, and their ultimate demise. Drawing mainly from Southern newspapers, the resultant press reaction both in support of and in opposition to Webb’s immigration plan is also presented. The essay is a starting point …


Rulers, Scholars, And Invaders: A Select Bibliography Of The Songhay Empire, Brent D. Singleton Jan 2004

Rulers, Scholars, And Invaders: A Select Bibliography Of The Songhay Empire, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

No abstract provided.


African Bibliophiles: Books And Libraries In Medieval Timbuktu, Brent D. Singleton Jan 2004

African Bibliophiles: Books And Libraries In Medieval Timbuktu, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

The West African city of Timbuktu flourished as a center for Islamic scholarship from the 14th through the 16th century. The social structure of the city was based on wealth, with further stratification by degree of literacy, and expertise in interpreting Islamic legal texts. As a consequence, books and libraries evolved into blessed symbols of scholarship, wealth, and power. This study explores the history of books and libraries during the Golden Age of Timbuktu (1493--1591), followed by a discussion of the divergence of library practices in Timbuktu from those in the greater Islamic world of the time.


The Ummah Slowly Bled: A Select Bibliography Of Enslaved African Muslims In The Americas And The Caribbean, Brent D. Singleton Oct 2002

The Ummah Slowly Bled: A Select Bibliography Of Enslaved African Muslims In The Americas And The Caribbean, Brent D. Singleton

Library Faculty Publications & Presentations

No abstract provided.