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Articles 1 - 30 of 34
Full-Text Articles in Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
Gender And Sexuality, Amy E. Randall
Gender And Sexuality, Amy E. Randall
History
This chapter explores gender and sexuality during Stalin's rule. It considers femininities and masculinities, gender identities and relations, sexual norms and practices, and sexual politics and identities. The Stalinist gender and sexual order was not unchanging, uniform, consistent, or entirely new; it was inextricably linked to Soviet discourses and policies about national minorities, religion, class, and broader historical events as well as gender and sexual norms and identities in Imperial Russia and early Soviet rule, It consisted of emancipatory and "radical" as well as repressive and conservative policies. At its core, the Stalinist gender and sexual order was designed to …
Belle La Follette’S Fight For Women’S Suffrage: Losing The Battle For Wisconsin, Winning The War For The Nation, Nancy C. Unger
Belle La Follette’S Fight For Women’S Suffrage: Losing The Battle For Wisconsin, Winning The War For The Nation, Nancy C. Unger
History
A century ago, on May 21, 1919, the US House of Representatives voted difinitively (304 to 89) in support of women’s suffrage. Two weeks later, Wisconsinite Belle La Follette sat in the visitors’ gallery of the US Senate chamber. She “shed a few tears” when it was announced that, by a vote of 56 to 25, the US Senate also approved the Nineteenth Amendment, sending it on to the states for ratification.1 For Belle La Follette, this thrilling victory was the culmination of a decades-long fight. Six days later, her happiness turned to elation when Wisconsin became the first …
Legacies Of Belle La Follette’S Big Tent Campaigns For Women’S Suffrage, Nancy Unger
Legacies Of Belle La Follette’S Big Tent Campaigns For Women’S Suffrage, Nancy Unger
History
In countless speeches and articles in La Follette’s Magazine, Belle Case La Follette urged that women needed the vote to secure “standards of cleanliness and healthfulness in the municipal home,” and because “home, society, and government are best when men and women keep together intellectually and spiritually.” This range of often mutually exclusive arguments created an inclusive big tent. However, arguing that women were qualified to vote by their roles as wives and mothers while maintaining that gender was superfluous to suffrage also contributed to an uneasy combination that would continue the conflict over women’s true nature and hinder their …
Barren Lands And Barren Bodies In Navajo Nation: Indian Women Warn About Uranium, Genetics, And Sterilization, Marie Bolton, Nancy C. Unger
Barren Lands And Barren Bodies In Navajo Nation: Indian Women Warn About Uranium, Genetics, And Sterilization, Marie Bolton, Nancy C. Unger
History
Founded by Native American women in 1974, "Women of All Red Nations (WARN) insisted that the ongoing Indian public health crisis could not be properly understood exclusively within the context of the exploitation and pollution of the physical environment. It required as well an understanding of the larger context of Indian health issues evolving out of past and present cultural and political changes. This article focuses on selected health, threats affecting the Dine, or "the People," as Navajo Indians call themselves, living in Dine Bikeyah (Navajo Nation) during the mid to late 20th century. Navajo history is marked by …
Adda F. Howie: "America’S Outstanding Woman Farmer", Nancy Unger
Adda F. Howie: "America’S Outstanding Woman Farmer", Nancy Unger
History
In 1894, forty-two-year-old Milwaukee socialite Adda F. Howie seemed a very unlikely candidate to become one of the most famous women in America. And yet by 1925, Howie, the first woman to serve on the Wisconsin State Board of Agriculture, had long been “recognized universally as the most successful woman farmer in America.”1 Howie’s rise to fame came at a time when the widely accepted ideas about gender were divided into the “man’s world” of business, power, and money, and the “woman’s world” devoted to family and home. Yet Howie, rather than being vilified for succeeding in the male …
Gender And The Emergence Of The Soviet 'Citizen-Consumer' In Comparative Perspective, Amy E. Randall
Gender And The Emergence Of The Soviet 'Citizen-Consumer' In Comparative Perspective, Amy E. Randall
History
In the 1930s, the Stalinist regime promoted a campaign to establish “Soviet trade,” a non-capitalist system of “socialist” retailing. Policymakers also legitimized ordinary people’s desires for greater material comfort and increased consumption, and encouraged them to act as new Soviet consumers by engaging in new consumer behavior and official efforts to improve retail trade. This essay examines how the government’s mobilization of consumers helped to produce a new identity, the Soviet “citizen-consumer,” whose consumer practices facilitated the integration of consumers into the Soviet polity and the building of socialism. It also considers how this mobilization of Soviet consumers was similar …
That The Worst Shooting In Us History Took Place In A Gay Bar Is Unsurprising, Nancy Unger
That The Worst Shooting In Us History Took Place In A Gay Bar Is Unsurprising, Nancy Unger
History
The selection of Pulse, a gay Orlando nightclub, as the site for a murderous homophobic rampage makes the killer’s crime a special outrage in view of the role that nightclubs have played in this nation’s LGBTQ history. Like many popular LGTBQ clubs, Pulse serves not only as a welcoming place to party, but also as a community partner, hosting a variety of social and educational events including, for example, Breast Cancer Awareness and HIV/AIDS prevention. According to its website, Pulse Orlando serves as “a driving force within the GLBT community” and strives to “to make strides towards equality awareness, and …
The Unexpected Belle La Follette, Nancy Unger
The Unexpected Belle La Follette, Nancy Unger
History
Although the New York Times eulogized Belle Case La Follette in 1931 as perhaps "the most influential of all American women who have had to do with public affairs in this country," she faded quickly from popular memory.1 And when she is recalled, it's usually in relation to her husband and sons. This minimization of her own accomplishments began with progressive reform giant Robert M. La Follette famously calling her "my wisest and best counselor." He openly deferred to his wife's judgment throughout his storied professional life: as a district attorney, three-term congressman (1885-1891), lawyer (1891—1900), three-term governor of Wisconsin …
Introduction: Gendering Genocide Studies, 1st Edition, Amy E. Randall
Introduction: Gendering Genocide Studies, 1st Edition, Amy E. Randall
History
When it comes to understanding genocide, gender matters. This has not always been evident, and even today there are critics and skeptics. Indeed, when feminist scholars in Holocaust studies first began examining women’s experiences and gender questions, their scholarship was ignored or met with hostility by many academics and others, including some survivors. Opponents expressed various concerns, including the idea that gender research and analysis would “trivialize” or “politicize” the Holocaust, de-emphasize the centrality of anti-Semitism and racism to Nazi persecution,1 and promote “comparative victimhood or creat[e] unequal victims.”2 Studying the gendered dimensions of genocide, however, does not …
Women And Gender: Useful Categories Of Analysis In Environmental History, Nancy Unger
Women And Gender: Useful Categories Of Analysis In Environmental History, Nancy Unger
History
In 1990, Carolyn Merchant proposed, in a roundtable discussion published in The Journal of American History, that gender perspective be added to the conceptual frameworks in environmental history. 1 Her proposal was expanded by Melissa Leach and Cathy Green in the British journal Environment and History in 1997. 2 The ongoing need for broader and more thoughtful and analytic investigations into the powerful relationship between gender and the environment throughout history was confirmed in 2001 by Richard White and Vera Norwood in "Environmental History, Retrospect and Prospect," a forum in the Pacific Historical Review. Both Norwood, in her provocative contribution …
Breaking The Ties: French Romantic Socialism And The Critique Of Liberal Slave Emancipation, Naomi J. Andrews
Breaking The Ties: French Romantic Socialism And The Critique Of Liberal Slave Emancipation, Naomi J. Andrews
History
In 1846, the romantic socialist Désiré Laverdant observed that although Great Britain had rightly broken the ties binding masters and slaves, “in delivering the slave from the yoke, it has thrown him, poor brute, into isolation and abandonment. Liberal Europe thinks it has finished its work because it has divided everyone.” Freeing the slaves, he thus suggested, was only the beginning of emancipation. Laverdant’s comment reflects a broader political conversation about the individual and society that was ongoing in France during the 1830s and 1840s in which the issues of colonial slavery, metropolitan wage labor, and imperial expansion in Algeria …
Introduction: Sex, Sexuality, And Gender As Useful Categories In Environmental History, Nancy Unger
Introduction: Sex, Sexuality, And Gender As Useful Categories In Environmental History, Nancy Unger
History
This book is an effort to explain these kinds of extreme gendered divisions and to offer an enriched understanding of the powerful interplay between environment and sex, sexuality, and gender. The synergy produced by that interplay has been significant throughout American history, but it cannot be adequately understood and appreciated as long as those fields are discussed as discrete entities. The fields of gender and environment are growing, but scholars have seldom joined them together in analysis or heeded historian Carolyn Merchant's call that a gendered perspective be added to conceptual frameworks in environmental history.5 They have not offered a …
"Abortion Will Deprive You Of Happiness!"Soviet Reproductive Politics In The Post-Stalin Era, Amy E. Randall
"Abortion Will Deprive You Of Happiness!"Soviet Reproductive Politics In The Post-Stalin Era, Amy E. Randall
History
This article examines Soviet reproductive politics after the Communist regime legalized abortion in 1955. The regime's new abortion policy did not result in an end to the condemnation of abortion in official discourse. The government instead launched an extensive campaign against abortion. Why did authorities bother legalizing the procedure if they still disapproved of it so strongly? Using archival sources, public health materials, and medical as well as popular journals to investigate the antiabortion campaign, this article argues that the Soviet government sought to regulate gender and sexuality through medical intervention and health "education" rather than prohibition and force in …
"The Universal Alliance Of All Peoples": Romantic Socialists, The Human Family, And The Defense Of Empire During The July Monarchy, 1830-1848, Naomi J. Andrews
"The Universal Alliance Of All Peoples": Romantic Socialists, The Human Family, And The Defense Of Empire During The July Monarchy, 1830-1848, Naomi J. Andrews
History
This article documents the procolonial rhetoric among romantic socialists in France during the July Monarchy (1830-48), demonstrating its pervasiveness. It argues that these years must be highlighted as key to the transition from eighteenth-century universalist ideas of humanity toward taxonomies of national, racial, and sexual difference that underpinned the rationale of empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. It explores the views on colonialism espoused by socialists such as Etienne Cabet, Pierre Leroux, Constantin Pecqueur, and Jean Reynaud; situates them in the broad socialist consensus on empire; and demonstrates the relationship between these men's socialism and their colonialism. …
From Jook Joints To Sisterspace: The Role Of Nature In Lesbian Alternative Environments In The United States, Nancy Unger
From Jook Joints To Sisterspace: The Role Of Nature In Lesbian Alternative Environments In The United States, Nancy Unger
History
Despite the depth and breadth of Catriona Sandilands's groundbreaking "Lesbian Separatist Communities and the Experience of Nature," with its emphasis on communities in southern Oregon, Sandilands does not consider her article, published in 2002, to be "the last one on the topic." Instead she hopes "fervently that other researchers will enter into the ongoing conversation [about queer landscapes)" (136). This essay is an answer to her invitation to draw further "insight from queer cultures to form alternative, even transformative, cultures of nature" (135). It examines the role of place in the history of American lesbians, particularly the role of nonhuman …
Women For A Peaceful Christmas: Wisconsin Homemakers Seek To Remake American Culture, Nancy Unger
Women For A Peaceful Christmas: Wisconsin Homemakers Seek To Remake American Culture, Nancy Unger
History
In the autumn of 1971, sixteen Madison homemakers, including Nan Cheney and Sharon Stein, began "Women for a Peaceful Christmas" (WPC), a unique attempt to do nothing less than remake American culture. Under the slogan "No More Shopping Days 'Til Peace," WPC organized ostensibly powerless homemakers into a "quiet revolt against 'an economy which thrives on war and the destruction of our earth's resources.'' WPC urged the public (especially women, the sex that did the vast bulk of holiday shopping) to take economic, political, and environmental matters into their own hands. "If you don't want your Christmas celebrations to be …
The Role Of Gender In Environmental Justice, Nancy Unger
The Role Of Gender In Environmental Justice, Nancy Unger
History
Environmental Justice incorporates an inclusive definition of its subject matter, exploring the environmental burdens impacting all marginalized populations and communities. This expansive definition allows for the possibility that populations conventionally viewed as privileged can nevertheless be marginalized and suffer uniquely from environmental injustices. Employing such a definition can also reveal how an ostensibly powerless group can fight for environmental justice on its own terms—and win. Gender has played an important role in environmental justice (and injustice) throughout the history of the United States. Excerpts from my current book project, Beyond “Nature’s Housekeepers”: Gendered Turning Points for American Women in Environmental …
Hiratsuka Haruko (Raichō), Barbara Molony
Hiratsuka Haruko (Raichō), Barbara Molony
History
Hiratsuka Haruko (1886-1971), pioneering Japanese feminist. Hiratsuka took the pen name "Raicho" (meaning "snow grouse") when she founded the women's literary magazine Seito (Bluestocking) in 1911. Her manifesto-like poem in Seito-"In the beginning, Woman was the Sun" -symbolizes Japan's self-affirming feminism of the 1910s and 1920s, the era of the New Woman. Feminists in the 1970s claimed Hiratsuka as a foremother for this inspirational manifesto. At the center of feminist activities for a decade, Hiratsuka withdrew from leadership roles in 1921 but nevertheless contributed to the consumer, birth-control, and women's arts movements before World War II. After 1945 she devoted …
Gender, Citizenship, And Dress In Modernizing Japan, Barbara Molony
Gender, Citizenship, And Dress In Modernizing Japan, Barbara Molony
History
Between the 1870s and 1945, dress was one of the signifiers ofJapan's transition from being objectified as an "Oriental" country subordinate to the West to playing a dominant role as the bearer of "universal" (Western) modernity to East Asia. 1 In the late nineteenth century, Western dress indicated a yearning for international respect for Japan's modernity; by the early twentieth century, when Japan had largely achieved diplomatic equality with the West and colonial dominion over parts of Asia, Western dress had come to be taken for granted by "modern" Japanese men. In some cases, colonial subjects could be distinguished by …
Teaching “Straight” Gay And Lesbian History, Nancy Unger
Teaching “Straight” Gay And Lesbian History, Nancy Unger
History
The importance of offering a lesbian and gay American history course was initially impressed upon me in 1986. A newly minted Ph.D., I was teaching my very first class: a U.S. history survey at San Francisco State University (sfsu). The course required each student to review a book of his or her choice on any topic in U.S. history. One student chose John D’Emilio’s Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 from my list of suggested titles and wrote a thoughtful, enthusiastic review.1 At the bottom of the review was a handwritten …
The ‘We Say What We Think’ Club: Rural Wisconsin Women And The Development Of Environmental Ethics, Nancy Unger
The ‘We Say What We Think’ Club: Rural Wisconsin Women And The Development Of Environmental Ethics, Nancy Unger
History
The “We Say What We Think” Club: This article discusses the radio program “We Say What We Think Club” which aired on WIBA radio from 1937 to 1957. Though aimed at a female audience, it did not focus on homemaking tips or relationship advice but rather featured a topic-of-the-day. These included a wide range of subjects, such as "Better Clubs for Women" or "Feeding the Family in War Time,” about which the women held a folksy discussion. The author contends that the program reflected an increasing separation of gender spheres that emerged on farms during that era. The five Dane …
Introduction To Socialism's Muse, Naomi J. Andrews
Introduction To Socialism's Muse, Naomi J. Andrews
History
The disappointment of feminist aspirations in 1848 nevertheless demands more thoroughgoing explanation than its impracticality in politically charged times. We must not lose track of the fact that during the July Monarchy a truly remarkable intellectual revolution took place. For the shy twenty years of Louis Philippe’s reign the formerly unthinkable became relatively commonplace: women’s equality came to be a central tenet of the most avant-garde intellectual and political movement of the day, romantic socialism. Given its integral importance to the earliest pronouncements of socialist philosophy, the totality of feminism’s neglect during the moment of political opportunity afforded to socialism …
Gendered Approaches To Environmental Justice: An Historical Sampling, Nancy Unger
Gendered Approaches To Environmental Justice: An Historical Sampling, Nancy Unger
History
While race and class are regularly addressed in environmental justice studies, scant attention has been paid to gender. The environmental justice movement formally recognized in the 1980s in no way, however, marks the beginning of the central role played by women in the long history of its concerns.' Abuses based in gender as well as race and class have subjected women to a variety of environmental injustices. However, women's responses to the ever-shifting responsibilities prescribed to their gender, as well as to their particular race and class, have consistently shaped their abilities to affect the environment in positive ways. Especially …
The Quest For Women's Rights In Turn-Of-The-Century Japan, Barbara Molony
The Quest For Women's Rights In Turn-Of-The-Century Japan, Barbara Molony
History
This chapter will discuss the goals of women's rights advocates and the meaning of their demands in the context of turn-of-the-century state and society formation. It examines women's rights discourses in late nineteenth-century periodicals, some of them directed to a female readership and some directed to a general, often male, audience. Sources include journals like Meiroku zasshi, Jogaku zasshi, Joken, Tokyo fujin kyofukai zasshi, and some regional publications. 25 Nineteenth-century advocates for women were, of course, of varying minds about the definition of “women’s rights,” but all agreed that women did not have rights at that time. Some argued for …
Introduction To Gendering Modern Japanese History, Barbara Molony
Introduction To Gendering Modern Japanese History, Barbara Molony
History
Gender, as Joan Scott asserted in 1986, is a useful category of historical analysis.1 In the last quarter century, gender has emerged as a lively area of inquiry for historians and other scholars. Gender analysis has suggested some important revisions of the "master narratives" of national histories-that is, the dominant, often celebratory, tales of the successes of a nation and its leaders.2 These narratives, like all histories, are provisional and incomplete and, to varying degrees, reflect the changing material, discursive, and ideological contexts of their times.3 To mention just two of the fields of history that had …
Women’S Rights And The Japanese State, 1880 To 1925, Barbara Molony
Women’S Rights And The Japanese State, 1880 To 1925, Barbara Molony
History
Recent scholarship on the relationship between women and the state in Japan has approached this question from a variety of perspectives. Among other subjects, scholars have looked at women as targets of government policies;1 agents of specific parts of the state;2 participants in organized or institutionalized politics or movements;3 members of groups that interacted with state power;4 and objects of discourses about women and the state.5 This chapter explores the relationship of women and the state by examining discourses on “women’s rights” in the late nineteenth century (especially the 1880s and 1890s) and the interwar …
How Did Belle La Follette Resist Racial Segregation In Washington D.C., 1913-1914?, Nancy Unger
How Did Belle La Follette Resist Racial Segregation In Washington D.C., 1913-1914?, Nancy Unger
History
Beginning in 1913, progressive reformer Belle Case La Follette wrote a series of articles for the "women's page" of her family's magazine, denouncing the sudden racial segregation in several departments of the federal government. Those articles reveal progressive efforts to appeal specifically to women to combat injustice, and also demonstrate the ability of women to voice important political opinions prior to suffrage.
The Feminist And The Socialist: Adele And Alphonse Esquiros, Naomi J. Andrews
The Feminist And The Socialist: Adele And Alphonse Esquiros, Naomi J. Andrews
History
Among the many strands of political and intellectual dissidence during the July Monarchy, socialism and feminism must be counted as two of the most ephemeral and, paradoxically, the most enduring. Romantic socialism of the 1830s and 1840s saw a profusion of fantastical aspirations crushed by the failure of the revolution of 1848, and the brief flowering of feminism during the period was cut short by the social and political repression of the Second Empire. Their influence is still felt, though these original incarnations were short lived. For the duration of the July Monarchy and the Second Republic, however, both socialism …
Utopian Androgyny: Romantic Socialists Confront Individualism In July Monarchy France, Naomi J. Andrews
Utopian Androgyny: Romantic Socialists Confront Individualism In July Monarchy France, Naomi J. Andrews
History
In a certain respect, nineteenth-century intellectual and political history is the story of the liberal individual and his foes. From conservative Christian thinkers to Socialists to Communists, French intellectuals of the first part of the century were engaged in one long conversation about the individual and his (and later, her) rights, responsibilities, and relationship to society. This conversation was not narrow or singular, as it engaged questions of economic equality, political rights and participation, and gender equity and equality. Socialists of the pre-Marx generation in particular articulated their critique of capitalism and the politics it spawned through their analysis of …
“La Mère Humanité”: Femininity In The Romantic Socialism Of Pierre Leroux And The Abbé A.–L. Constant, Naomi J. Andrews
“La Mère Humanité”: Femininity In The Romantic Socialism Of Pierre Leroux And The Abbé A.–L. Constant, Naomi J. Andrews
History
It was during the July Monarchy in France, in the era immediately preceding the Revolution of 1848, that the ideology we call socialism became more than an abstraction held by isolated intellectuals and conspirators. A series of individuals, loose-knit associations, and more formal écoles were active during the 1830s and 1840s, developing a varied agenda of social reform, economic cooperation, or association, mystical Christianity, and women's liberation. Roughly lumped under the pejorative rubric of utopian socialism, and perhaps more accurately called romantic socialism, this movement was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its diverse goals, but contributed significantly to the political discourse …