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Painful Discourses: Borders, Regions, And Representations Of Female Circumcision From Africa To America, Tameka Latrece Cage Jan 2006

Painful Discourses: Borders, Regions, And Representations Of Female Circumcision From Africa To America, Tameka Latrece Cage

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This project considers issues of representation and how literature, personal testimony, popular culture, and African film script a narrative of change and/or participate in change in the female circumcision debate. Texts that currently shape the female circumcision debate are increasingly focused on viable methods of social change and couch issues of change in dynamics of discourse and representation, including Obioma Nnaemeka’s Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf’s Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, and Oyèrónké Oyewùmi’s African Women and Feminism: Reflecting on the Politics of Sisterhood, all of which I cite in the …


The Effects Of Contextual Interference On The Acquisition, Retention, And Transfer Of A Music Motor Skill Among University Musicians, Leslie Paige Rose Jan 2006

The Effects Of Contextual Interference On The Acquisition, Retention, And Transfer Of A Music Motor Skill Among University Musicians, Leslie Paige Rose

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The contextual interference hypothesis holds that simple motor skill tasks are best learned when practiced under blocked, or repetitive conditions, but that retention and transfer are best accomplished when the skill has been practiced in varied conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of contextual interference practice conditions on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a complex task—right hand lead percussion sticking technique among university musicians. All participants (N = 120) demonstrated rhythmic competency for the task, and were necessarily unable to perform the sticking technique with accuracy at the start of treatment. Three treatment groups …


Reading Trauma In Postmodern And Postcolonial Literature: Charlotte Delbo, Toni Morrison, And The Literary Imagination Of The Aftermath, Sylviane Finck Jan 2006

Reading Trauma In Postmodern And Postcolonial Literature: Charlotte Delbo, Toni Morrison, And The Literary Imagination Of The Aftermath, Sylviane Finck

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Some personal or collective histories can never be completely integrated into the continuum of one's emotional life. Such stories produced in traumatic times or in disastrous events are likely to remain only partially understood or accepted. Examining the human consequence of traumatic events such as the enslavement of Africans in the United States or the attempted extermination of the Jewish people in Europe is one challenging focus of this work. It is comparatively productive, however, if these events are approached from the perspective of the trauma they have produced-an approach that suspends chronological and geographical barriers of time and space. …


Liminality In Gender, Race, And Nation In Les Quarteronnes De La Nouvelle-Orléans By Sidonie De La Houssaye, Christine Koch Harris Jan 2006

Liminality In Gender, Race, And Nation In Les Quarteronnes De La Nouvelle-Orléans By Sidonie De La Houssaye, Christine Koch Harris

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This project examines themes of race, gender, and nation in a series of four novels by nineteenth-century Louisiana author Sidonie de la Houssaye. The series, called Les Quarteronnes de la Nouvelle-Orléans (The Quadroons of New Orleans), is based on the system of plaçage. Plaçage, a system of concubinage in which white men took women of mixed racial heritage (such as “quadroons”) as mistresses, becomes a source of conflict and contradiction in the series. The author sees plaçage as a tragic necessity for some educated and morally “upright” quarteronnes. For others, those quarteronnes depicted as libidinous and avaricious, it is a …


Viewing Novels, Reading Films: Stanley Kubrick And The Art Of Adaptation As Interpretation, Charles Bane Jan 2006

Viewing Novels, Reading Films: Stanley Kubrick And The Art Of Adaptation As Interpretation, Charles Bane

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Greg Jenkins has observed that adaptation "is a presence that is woven into the very fabric of film culture." Although this statement is true, no definitive theory of adaptation exists. Critics and scholars ponder adaptation, yet cannot seem to agree on what makes an adaptation a success or a failure. The problem of adaptation stems from many sources. What, if anything, does a film owe the novel on which it is based? How, if possible, does a film remain faithful to its source? Is a film a version of a story or its own autonomous work of art? Who is …


The Solo Piano Music Of Andrzej Dutkiewicz, Christine Burczyk Allen Jan 2006

The Solo Piano Music Of Andrzej Dutkiewicz, Christine Burczyk Allen

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This purpose of this study was to examine the solo piano compositions of Polish composer and pianist, Andrzej Dutkiewicz (1942- ). These works include Toccatina (1969), Suite for Piano (1970), Three Sketches in Retrospect (1985), and À-la (1986). Although his compositions have been performed in festivals and concerts, there has been little written about his works. This is the first academic research presented by an American scholar. This monograph is divided into three chapters as follows: Chapter One includes background and biographical information on Dutkiewicz; Chapter Two presents a comprehensive analysis of À-la from an analytical and stylistic perspective; Chapter …


Politics Of The Personal In The Old North State: Griffith Rutherford In Revolutionary North Carolina, James Matthew Mac Donald Jan 2006

Politics Of The Personal In The Old North State: Griffith Rutherford In Revolutionary North Carolina, James Matthew Mac Donald

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the annals of North Carolina history, few figures stand out more than Griffith Rutherford. An orphan when he arrived in the new world, Rutherford settled in the North Carolina backcountry two decades before the American Revolution. Almost immediately he ascended a social and economic ladder in Rowan County in his service as a soldier and elected assemblyman. A consummate “fixer” during his military career, Rutherford continually rushed to scenes when a Loyalist insurrections or party of marauding Indians threatened the state. As a militia general during the Revolution he was responsible for the defense of the entire western quadrant …


The Choral Music Of Anthony Burgess And A Conductor's Study Of Four Anthony Burgess Choral Pieces, Randall L. Hooper Jan 2006

The Choral Music Of Anthony Burgess And A Conductor's Study Of Four Anthony Burgess Choral Pieces, Randall L. Hooper

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Anthony Burgess, primarily known for his literary career, was also a prolific composer. Composition and music was his first love and passion. At the present time, there is no study specifically on the choral music of Anthony Burgess and there have been only a few performances of his music. The primary goal of this paper is to consider the choral compositions of Anthony Burgess. In a comparison of the works list produced by Anthony Burgess in This Man and Music, a works list complied by Paul Phillips and the inventory of holdings in the Burgess collection at the Ransom Center, …


The Other Side Of The Tracks: Railroads, Race, And The Performance Of Unity In Nineteenth-Century American Entertainment, Elissa Sartwell Jan 2006

The Other Side Of The Tracks: Railroads, Race, And The Performance Of Unity In Nineteenth-Century American Entertainment, Elissa Sartwell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Nineteenth-century Americans took great pride in the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. This pride was not solely grounded in the knowledge that a grand, technological feat had been accomplished. When placed in its historical context, the celebration surrounding the completion of the railroad suggests a clear and visible statement of unity following a bitter and divisive civil war. The transcontinental railroad of 1869 undeniably unified the States. But any railroad simultaneously unites and divides, for while the tracks serve to link distant locations, they also produce a literal and metaphorical division in the communities through which they …


A Conductor's Study Of Ruth Watson Henderson's Voices Of Earth, Ryan Jeffrey Hebert Jan 2006

A Conductor's Study Of Ruth Watson Henderson's Voices Of Earth, Ryan Jeffrey Hebert

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Ruth Watson Henderson (b. 1932) has become one of Canada’s most prolific composers. She began her music study at a very early age and her career as a performer prospered as she received many awards and honors throughout her life. Her accomplishments as a performer and composer are numerous. Her work as the accompanist for the Toronto Children’s Choir has led to many pieces for children’s voices, and her involvement in church music as an organist has resulted in many sacred compositions for mixed choir. This research presents a brief biographical introduction of Ruth Watson Henderson and a conductor’s analysis …


Separation Anxieties: Representations Of Separatist Communities In Late Twentieth Century Fiction And Film, Brett Alan Riley Jan 2006

Separation Anxieties: Representations Of Separatist Communities In Late Twentieth Century Fiction And Film, Brett Alan Riley

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the late 20th century and beyond, American social movements advocating equality have increased national attention to issues of exclusion, inclusion, and multiculturalism within communities. As a result, studying the nature of communities—how the term "community" might be defined, who belongs to a given group or social structure, who does not belong, and why—has become increasingly important. American artists have responded by exploring these sites of social, political, and personal change in their works. Separation Anxieties: Representations of Separatist Communities in Late Twentieth Century Fiction and Film analyzes seven fictional works in which some group is philosophically and/or geographically isolated—sometimes …


Performing Citizenship: Tensions In The Creation Of The Citizen Image On Stage And Screen, John William Wright Jan 2006

Performing Citizenship: Tensions In The Creation Of The Citizen Image On Stage And Screen, John William Wright

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

What does it mean to be a “citizen” of the United States? In the simplest of terms, citizenship is a limited position of identity, relegated to a narrow definition of legal and geographical position for an individual. But to be a “citizen” in America means far more than that – it becomes an accepted image of our collective identity which seeks an historical and political supremacy that allows America, and its citizens, to claim ideological status over anyone who is not a part of that nationalistic frame. The citizen has, for us, become a set of understood rights and privileges, …


The Musical Journey Of Opera Singer Lenora Lafayette: A Louisiana Treasure, Kyla Dean Pitcher Jan 2006

The Musical Journey Of Opera Singer Lenora Lafayette: A Louisiana Treasure, Kyla Dean Pitcher

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Lenora Lafayette (1926-1975) was an African-American opera singer who developed her professional path while facing tremendous racial, cultural, and economic barriers. She was a Louisiana native with great vocal potential who attempted to enroll at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, but was denied admission due to segregation. Lenora attended The Juilliard School as an alternative and earned scholarships that covered her tuition for an entire year. She studied with the prestigious faculty member Dusolina Giannini and developed her talent to the degree that she was able to win a John Hay Whitney Fellowship for study abroad. She traveled to …


Once Proud Princes: Planters And Plantation Culture In Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From The First World War Through The Great Depression, James Matthew Reonas Jan 2006

Once Proud Princes: Planters And Plantation Culture In Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From The First World War Through The Great Depression, James Matthew Reonas

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Delta country of northeast Louisiana is a richly productive alluvial region stretching south from the Arkansas line to the confluence of the Red and Mississippi Rivers below Natchez. As the source of great cotton fortunes made during antebellum times, it reflected the Old South ideal and, for several decades after the end of the Civil War, remained firmly grounded in this old plantation culture. The economic depression of the 1890s and the coming of the boll weevil in the early 1900s, however, signaled a gradual decline that turned into full-blown dissolution in the years following the First World War. …


Compositional Techniques In Thomas Kerr, Jr.'S Anguished American Easter, 1968 And Their Application To The Theme Of African American Theology, Jane Fitz-Fitzharris Jan 2006

Compositional Techniques In Thomas Kerr, Jr.'S Anguished American Easter, 1968 And Their Application To The Theme Of African American Theology, Jane Fitz-Fitzharris

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Thomas Kerr, Jr. (1915-1988), African-American organist, produced works for organ, piano, and choir. His most significant organ work, Anguished American Easter, 1968, was a musical reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Powerful and dramatic, the work draws on all the forces of the modern pipe organ. Anguished American Easter, 1968, based on the spiritual He' Rose expresses the sorrow and horror of death and the power and hope of the resurrection. A profound composition, it reflects the anguish of an oppressed race. The purpose of this monograph is to examine the compositional techniques Thomas Kerr, Jr. used …


Writing As A Cultural Negotiation: A Study Of Mariama Bâ, Marie Ndiaye And Ama Ata Aidoo, Catherine Afua Kapi Jan 2006

Writing As A Cultural Negotiation: A Study Of Mariama Bâ, Marie Ndiaye And Ama Ata Aidoo, Catherine Afua Kapi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Critical review of the existing literature on African women writers clearly shows that nowhere is the question of writing as a cultural negotiation posed, discussed or much less addressed. This is a lacuna that this dissertation addresses for the first time by proposing a re-reading of the selected works of Ama Ata Aidoo, Mariama Bâ and Marie NDiaye through the new prism of writing as part of cultural negotiation. In doing so, the dissertation goes beyond the paradigm of binary oppositions that undergirds the critical literature on writing by Sub-Saharan women in favor of the innovative concept of negotiation. In …


Repression And Reduction: The Apparatchik's Discourse In The Works Of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge And George Orwell, Jason Paul Juneau Jan 2006

Repression And Reduction: The Apparatchik's Discourse In The Works Of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge And George Orwell, Jason Paul Juneau

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In monopolizing political power, the state claims to possess the best idea towards leading a society and solving its problems. While these claims may vary according to regime, all face the eventual failure of expectation on the part of its subjects. No regime can master all the variables in running the country, and so it must convince their subjects otherwise of its legitimacy, despite the reality of their failure. The apparatchik’s discourse is the interaction of the state’s discourse and that of its institutions. This discourse is used to uphold the state’s legitimacy through the expertise of its institutions. The …


"To Live Outside The Law, You Must Be Honest" -- Words, Walls, And The Rhetorical Practices Of The Angolite, Scott Howard Whiddon Jan 2006

"To Live Outside The Law, You Must Be Honest" -- Words, Walls, And The Rhetorical Practices Of The Angolite, Scott Howard Whiddon

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

“To Live Outside the Law, You Must Be Honest”: Words, Walls, and the Rhetorical Practices of The Angolite examines the 50 year history of The Angolite, a news magazine published and edited by inmates at Louisiana State Penitentiary. While The Angolite and the efforts of former editor Wilbert Rideau have been discussed in the public media, especially here in Louisiana, my dissertation is the first extended scholarly account of this prison publication. Specifically, I examine how inmate writers held in one of the most historically violent penitentiaries in the United States choose to represent themselves, their multiple literacies, and their …


A Performer's And Conductor's Analysis Of Ingolf Dahl's For Alto Saxophone And Wind Orchestra, Christopher Scott Rettie Jan 2006

A Performer's And Conductor's Analysis Of Ingolf Dahl's For Alto Saxophone And Wind Orchestra, Christopher Scott Rettie

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Ingolf Dahl’s Concerto for Alto Saxophone and Wind Orchestra was written in 1949 for the famous concert saxophonist, Sigurd Rascher and was then revised to its present state in 1953. The concerto, widely known by saxophonists and wind band conductors alike, is considered among the finest of repertoire for band as well as for saxophone. Although Dahl’s concerto is one of the most frequently performed saxophone concerti, there has been surprisingly little written about it. Available published sources deal directly with the concerto, but do not address harmonic implications, the saxophone solo part, or the published wind band score. This …


Battle For The Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat In The West, Derek Stephen Zumbro Jan 2006

Battle For The Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat In The West, Derek Stephen Zumbro

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This chronicle describes the events concerning the retreat of Field Marshal Walter Model’s Army Group B from the invasion of Normandy in June, 1944 to it’s ultimate destruction in the Ruhr Pocket in April, 1945. The author focuses on the German perspective of the Second World War, and describes the experiences of former Wehrmacht soldiers, Volkssturm conscripts, Hitler Youth members, and civilians as they witnessed the collapse of the Third Reich. The study encompasses events in northwest Germany, primarily in the lower Rhineland and the Ruhr Valley, as Model’s army group was encircled and destroyed by Allied forces. Detailed accounts …


Interior Revolutions: Doing Domesticity, Advocating Feminism In Contemporary American Fiction, Kalene Westmoreland Jan 2006

Interior Revolutions: Doing Domesticity, Advocating Feminism In Contemporary American Fiction, Kalene Westmoreland

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Domesticity has endured as a facet of everyday life in the late twentieth century and beyond, despite cultural acceptance of feminist beliefs and ideals which encourage women’s movement away from the private sphere of the home. A tumultuous and remarkable cultural transformation has marked the four decades since the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, a key text of early second-wave feminism. Equality and choice seem viable and attainable, yet many women today feel overwhelmed by responsibilities and the pressure to live up to the idealization of motherhood. Domesticity can be used as a tool of oppression, against which …


Peter Christoskov's Twelve Caprices For Solo Violin, Opus 1: A Historical And Theoretical Analysis Of The Work And Its Connection To Bulgarian Folk Music, Borislava A. Iltcheva Jan 2006

Peter Christoskov's Twelve Caprices For Solo Violin, Opus 1: A Historical And Theoretical Analysis Of The Work And Its Connection To Bulgarian Folk Music, Borislava A. Iltcheva

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This document is an analysis of Twelve Caprices for Solo Violin, op.1 by Peter Christoskov. The analysis concentrates on the theoretical and historical aspects of the work as well as its connection to Bulgarian folk music traditions. The cycle contains twelve caprices based on various song and dance models. Each caprice is analyzed separately, with detailed information regarding the structure, harmony, melody, rhythm and meter. In addition, it establishes the relationship between the instrumental writing in the caprice and the folk music model from which it is derived. This document does not go into extensive detail about the performance and …


Using The Rod: Education, Punishment, And The New Woman In Fin De Siã¨Cle British Literature, Kristin C. Ross Jan 2006

Using The Rod: Education, Punishment, And The New Woman In Fin De Siã¨Cle British Literature, Kristin C. Ross

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study examines the relationship between female education and punishment in the British novel of the fin de siécle. It considers the “New Woman” (the emancipated, intellectualized, and unmarried prototypical feminist appearing in late nineteenth-century culture) in light of how female education affects fictional characterizations of her. Female education in the “New Woman” and her fictional counterparts worked to destabilize class and gender hierarchies for Victorian Society, producing anxiety in its culture and texts. To defuse this anxiety, authors frequently demonstrated the consequences of espousing the feminism driving the “New Woman” and the education producing her. The education she desired/received …


The Violin Concerto And Its Development In Bulgaria, Mario Dimitrov Jan 2006

The Violin Concerto And Its Development In Bulgaria, Mario Dimitrov

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

My interest in the history and problems of the Bulgarian composers' school and specifically in the establishment and development of the Bulgarian violin concerto goes far back in my musical career. The Bulgarian composers and their concertos had essential contribution to my development as a violin player and greatly influenced me over the period of my formal education. It is important to notice the very specific and original nature of the Bulgarian music culture. Bulgaria did not exist on the political map of Eastern Europe because of the fact that it had suffered the turmoil of the Ottoman Empire for …


Summary Of Lecture Recital: Bright Sheng's Selected Chamber Music For Strings: Two Violin Solos, And Two String Quartets, Mei-Mei Wei Jan 2006

Summary Of Lecture Recital: Bright Sheng's Selected Chamber Music For Strings: Two Violin Solos, And Two String Quartets, Mei-Mei Wei

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Bright Sheng was born in Shanghai, China, in 1955, and became one of America’s leading composers in the twentieth-century. Bright Sheng’s orchestral music, opera and chamber music is frequently performed throughout the world. His musical language combines Chinese folk music and Western techniques--the meeting of East and West. This essay will discuss Bright Sheng’s The Stream Flows for solo violin (1990), Three Fantasies for Violin and Piano (2006), String Quartet No.3 (1993), and String Quartet No.4 Silent Tempo (2000). These works represent Sheng’s chamber music for strings. This essay will be organized as follows: Chapter 1 will provide Bright Sheng’s …


Reinscribing The Revolution: Genre And The Problem Of National History In Early American Historical Novels, Joseph John Letter Jan 2006

Reinscribing The Revolution: Genre And The Problem Of National History In Early American Historical Novels, Joseph John Letter

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation examines nine early historical novels of the Revolution that recover an important yet largely forgotten archive of American cultural history. In the years following the War of 1812 writers from the Revolution’s successor generation reinscribed the history of national origins through narratives of the Revolution that address issues left unresolved by the Revolutionary War and subsequent Constitutional debates; thus, the Revolution itself becomes an important and ubiquitous subject area for writers attempting to situate narratives of national history. These national allegories, consciously constructed as patriotic narratives, unconsciously “bring forth” figurations that represent the official nation’s Others, people excluded …


"A Kind Providence" And "The Right To Self Preservation": How Andrew Jackson, Emersonian Whiggery, And Frontier Calvinism Shaped The Course Of American Political Culture, Ryan Ruckel Jan 2006

"A Kind Providence" And "The Right To Self Preservation": How Andrew Jackson, Emersonian Whiggery, And Frontier Calvinism Shaped The Course Of American Political Culture, Ryan Ruckel

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Andrew Jackson has inspired numerous biographies and works of historical scholarship, but his religious views have attracted very little attention. Jackson may have been a giant on the political landscape, but he was also a human being, an ordinary American who experienced the same difficulties and challenges as other Americans of the early nineteenth century. Another common experience for many Americans of Jackson’s day included church life, revivals, and efforts to conceptualize every day events within the context of religious experience. Finding out where Jackson stood on religion and what role religion played in his thinking helps situate him as …


La Réécriture Des Mythes Et Le Combat Des Femmes Pour Leur Libération: Étude De Maïéto Pour Zékia De Bohui Dali, De La Guerre Des Femmes De Zadi Zaourou, De La Révolte D'Affiba De Régina Yaou Et De Assémien Déhylé, Roi Du Sanwi De Bernard Dadié, Souleymane Fofana Jan 2006

La Réécriture Des Mythes Et Le Combat Des Femmes Pour Leur Libération: Étude De Maïéto Pour Zékia De Bohui Dali, De La Guerre Des Femmes De Zadi Zaourou, De La Révolte D'Affiba De Régina Yaou Et De Assémien Déhylé, Roi Du Sanwi De Bernard Dadié, Souleymane Fofana

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

My dissertation examines the rewriting of myths by writers from the Ivory Coast: Maïéto Pour Zékia by Bohui Dali, La guerre des femmes by Zadi Zaourou, La révolte d'Affiba by Régina Yaou and Assémien Déhylé, roi du Sanwi by Bernard Dadié. I analyze these texts in the context of nineteenth and twenty century French works by Baudelaire (Le peintre de la vie moderne); Camus (Le mythe de Sisyphe); Aragon (Le paysan de Paris). Comparisons with feminist texts by Beyala (Femme nue, femme noire); Djebar (Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement); Bâ (Une si longue lettre) underline how the rewriting of myths …


Attitudes Des Éducateurs Envers Le Français Et Le Créole: Le Cas D'Haïti, Lesly Jean-François Jan 2006

Attitudes Des Éducateurs Envers Le Français Et Le Créole: Le Cas D'Haïti, Lesly Jean-François

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Language attitudes represent a serious challenge for Haitian education policy makers. This research is the first attempt to study the attitudes of elementary school educators toward the linguistic situation in Haiti. A survey of 154 teachers addressed their attitudes toward language use, preference and choice, and their stereotypes toward other Haitian native speakers. Three instruments (quantitative questionnaire, Match-Guise-Technique, and qualitative questionnaire) were utilized and two Statistical Methods (descriptive and inference), along with Chi-Square were used in order to observe the significance of differences in independent variables. Since Haitian teachers who participated in this study were assumed bilingual, the questionnaire first …


Money And Tragedy In The Nineteenth-Century Novel, Clany Soileau Jan 2006

Money And Tragedy In The Nineteenth-Century Novel, Clany Soileau

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The nineteenth-century novelists studied in this dissertation used tragic form to investigate economic and social changes taking place around them. Honoré de Balzac’s Le Père Goriot (1834), William Dean Howells’ The Rise of Silas Lapham (1884-1885), Giovanni Verga’s Mastro-don Gesualdo (1888), Benito Pérez Galdós’s Miau, (1888), and Thomas Mann’s Buddenbrooks (1901) reflect the interest of writers in France, the United States, Italy, Spain, and Germany in questions concerning how money in an evolving capitalist society not only had a major role in shaping the behavior and personalities of specific individuals but also affected such institutions as the family. Under these …