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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Nature And The Poet: A Comparision Of The Poetry Of Joseph Freiherr Von Eichendorff And Kobayashi Issa, Jane Cox Aug 2019

Nature And The Poet: A Comparision Of The Poetry Of Joseph Freiherr Von Eichendorff And Kobayashi Issa, Jane Cox

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis examines the bearing that metaphysical philosophy about nature has on two late 18th century and early 19th century poets. Although living in different hemispheres and cultures, the works of Romantic poet Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff and haikai Kobayashi Issa both used interactions with nature to illustrate their own personal experiences. However, their differing metaphysical beliefs concerning nature impacted their presentation of their experiences as well as their experiences themselves. Eichendorff viewed nature as a medium through which the divine can choose to communicate. Nature’s purpose is to act as a vehicle for the divine. His descriptions …


In Search Of Real Fathers: Plenzdorf's Die Neuen Leiden Des Jungen W. And Vater, Mutter, Mörderkind, Michelle Schwoebel Dec 2012

In Search Of Real Fathers: Plenzdorf's Die Neuen Leiden Des Jungen W. And Vater, Mutter, Mörderkind, Michelle Schwoebel

Theses and Dissertations

Plenzdorf's works, one written before the fall of socialism in the German Democratic Republic (hereafter referred to as the DDR), and one after, portray relationships between fathers and sons, which act as a metaphor to express a personal perspective of the state, revealing that the DDR was neither as repressive or as omnipresent for the average citizen as outsiders are often given to believe. The father, or Übervater, a figure deeply rooted in the German consciousness, is represented by the state and proves itself as an entity which gives the protagonists in both works little notice, despite their best efforts …


Austro-American Reflections: Making The Writings Of Ann Tizia Leitich Accessible To English-Speaking Audiences, Stephen Andrew Simon Dec 2012

Austro-American Reflections: Making The Writings Of Ann Tizia Leitich Accessible To English-Speaking Audiences, Stephen Andrew Simon

Theses and Dissertations

Ann Tizia Leitich wrote about America to a Viennese audience as a foreign correspondent with the unique and personal perspective of an immigrant to the United States. Leitich differentiates herself from other Europeans who reported on America in her day by telling of the life of the average working American. In so doing, Leitich uses her work as a foreign correspondent to create a new identity for Austria between the World Wars. Leitich uses America in the 1920's and 1930's as a cultural mirror in which the new Republic of Austria can see itself. Leitich's perspective of America is not …


Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach's Ohne Liebe: A Translation And Commentary, Steven L. Peris Nov 2012

Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach's Ohne Liebe: A Translation And Commentary, Steven L. Peris

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores a short drama of Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Without Love. It provides not only a complete English translation of the work, but also an interpretative introduction. By first examining the life of Ebner-Eschenbach, I am able to provide insight to the origins of the play. Because Ebner-Eschenbach faced so much opposition in her drama writing career this one act play becomes more relevant. It contains similar themes to her other works such as: gender roles, the role of the aristocracy, and love in marriage. Without Love examines the role of love in marriage by providing the reader …


Agnes Von Lilien: A Translation By Kari Stolzenburg, Kari M. Stolzenburg Jul 2012

Agnes Von Lilien: A Translation By Kari Stolzenburg, Kari M. Stolzenburg

Theses and Dissertations

The novel Agnes von Lilien by Caroline von Wolzogen, although celebrated during the period of Weimar Classicism, was not generally well known to English-speaking readers and researchers until recently. This project aims to address this situation by creating an easily accessible English translation of the novel complete with critical annotations for the benefit of researchers and lay readers alike. The annotated translation presented in this work is an excerpt of the full translation of the work drawn in particular from the first third of the novel. This novel, first published in 1798, reflects many ideals of the Enlightenment, as well …


Pushing The "Scented Envelope": Elisa Von Der Recke At The Cultural Crossroads, Carrie L. Cox Mar 2012

Pushing The "Scented Envelope": Elisa Von Der Recke At The Cultural Crossroads, Carrie L. Cox

Theses and Dissertations

Pushing the "Scented Envelope": Elisa von der Recke at the Cultural Crossroads Carrie L. Cox Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, BYU Master of Arts This thesis serves as an introduction to the 5-volume electronic edition of the collected works of the influential German-language author Elisa von der Recke to be published by the Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages at Brigham Young University. The compilation presents a modern edition of Recke's published writings and letters in German, with an extensive critical apparatus in English, including introductions to the edition, author and individual sections, biographical information, a complete bibliography of …


Giants, Dragons, And The Confrontation With "Den Schrecklichen Mystischen Naturkomplexen" – Apocalyptic Intertextuality In Alfred Döblin's Berge Meere Und Giganten, Nathan J. Bates Dec 2011

Giants, Dragons, And The Confrontation With "Den Schrecklichen Mystischen Naturkomplexen" – Apocalyptic Intertextuality In Alfred Döblin's Berge Meere Und Giganten, Nathan J. Bates

Theses and Dissertations

Berge Meere und Giganten (BMG) by Alfred Döblin is a fictional account of future events in which humanity brings about the ruin of western civilization by its own technological hubris. Although BMG has been examined considerably for its literary merit in light of the Döblin corpus, few scholars have identified Döblin's work as an apocalyptic text especially after the Judeo-Christian tradition. The apocalyptic nature of BMG implies a profound religious experience on the part of the author, which in my view offers at least one plausible explanation for Döblin's repeated fixation with BMG. In my thesis, I explicate the …


Nazisploitation And The Problem Of Violence In Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, Jared Welling Cook Jun 2011

Nazisploitation And The Problem Of Violence In Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, Jared Welling Cook

Theses and Dissertations

In this thesis, I explore the representation of Nazis and violence in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds (2009), including how the film proposes justification for violence and murder, and how the film participates in cultural fantasies. The film presents an alternate outcome of World War II in which the Allies achieve victory by assassinating Hitler and the High Command of the Third Reich in a movie theater. The Nazis in the film, far from being a complex enemy, are used for their token villain status. Using the Nazis in this way both participates in and reinterprets the Nazisploitation genre. The protagonists, …


The Gaps We Choose To Fill And How We Choose To Fill Them: Readers' Creation Of Turkish German Identity In Texts By Zehra Çirak, Whitney Roberts Ehle Mar 2011

The Gaps We Choose To Fill And How We Choose To Fill Them: Readers' Creation Of Turkish German Identity In Texts By Zehra Çirak, Whitney Roberts Ehle

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores why readers insist on interpreting Zehra Çirak's texts in light of her Turkish German background when she claims that her texts have little to do with her Turkish heritage and are more universally applicable. While readers can interpret her texts without considering the author's biography, thereby obtaining insights into their own personal identity, I suggest that it also makes sense for readers to interpret her texts with the author's biography in mind because of current events and the history of Turkish migrant labor in Germany. To explore different possible interpretations of her texts, I have categorized Çirak's …


"Heimatlos In Dieser Welt": The Isolated Modern Woman In Edith Södergran’S Vaxdukshäft Poetry, Kajsa M. Spjut Nov 2010

"Heimatlos In Dieser Welt": The Isolated Modern Woman In Edith Södergran’S Vaxdukshäft Poetry, Kajsa M. Spjut

Theses and Dissertations

In this thesis, I explore how, although Edith Södergran’s Vaxdukshäf poems seem to support new female roles in early 20th century European society, they also reflect on the danger in changing from traditional to modern roles. As the poems illustrate, this change can create an isolated woman, who becomes trapped in her new independence and is unable to alter herself to connect with others. In order to understand what is meant by traditional and modern female roles, I present a historical background that contrasts the woman of pre-20th-Century Europe with the new woman that emerged around the Turn of the …


The Work Of Architecture In The Age Of Its Technological Reproducibility, Elizabeth Rae Guthrie Aug 2010

The Work Of Architecture In The Age Of Its Technological Reproducibility, Elizabeth Rae Guthrie

Theses and Dissertations

Dresden's historic reconstructions bring up questions that reach far beyond the city's new/old Neumarkt district. In this thesis, I would like to take a closer look at the current ideological discourse surrounding the reconstruction of destroyed historic buildings in Dresden and other cities in the former DDR. What seems at first to be a simple culture war between progressive and reactionary city planners is actually, I will argue, a unique historical moment that blurs the dogmatically held ideas of rationality and nostalgia, ornament and function, and high art and kitsch. From the uncanny shadow of a church recently raised from …


Reinventing The Colonial Fantasy In The Post-Wwii Era: Jovita Epp's Amado Mio, Ivana R. Klammer Jul 2010

Reinventing The Colonial Fantasy In The Post-Wwii Era: Jovita Epp's Amado Mio, Ivana R. Klammer

Theses and Dissertations

Austrian playwright Jovita Epp's German language novel Amado mí­o, which takes place in post-WWII Argentina, is a modern adaptation of the traditional colonial novel. As such, the romances between the female main character, an Argentine of German descent, and her two love interests, an Argentine of Spanish descent (Criollo), and an Austrian Argentine, reflect the hopes and fears of persons and/or cultures caught up in the imperialist dreams of their nation. In the wake of WWII, Argentina becomes a space in which European(-descended) settlers can look back at Europe's "barbarism," questioning the imperialist worldviews that brought Europe …


Die Moderne Frau Und Ihr Drama: Marie Eugenie Delle Grazies Drama Der Schatten (1901); Ein Schlüsseltext Zur Wiener Moderne, Jared Loehrmann Sep 2008

Die Moderne Frau Und Ihr Drama: Marie Eugenie Delle Grazies Drama Der Schatten (1901); Ein Schlüsseltext Zur Wiener Moderne, Jared Loehrmann

Theses and Dissertations

Marie Eugenie delle Grazies Drama Der Schatten wurde am 28. September 1901 im Wiener Hofburgtheater, einer der bedeutendsten Bühnen Europas, uraufgeführt, jedoch nach nur vier Vorstellungen abgesetzt. Das mit dem Bauernfeld-Preis ausgezeichnete Stück bildet den Zenit von delle Grazies literarischem Schaffen und beinhaltet Diskurse von hohem damaligem Stellenwert, die uns einen tieferen Einblick, vom Standpunkt der modernen Frau, ins Fin-de-Siècle Wien geben können. Das Drama und seine Dichterin wurden im Wien der Jahrhundertwende sowohl gefeiert als auch gerügt. Delle Grazie hatte mit Vorurteilen gegen sie als Frau und Dichterin, sowie mit der Kritik an ihrer unkonventionellen Dramaturgie zu kämpfen. Betrachtet …


Mission Propaganda: A Study Of Form, Colonial Attitudes, And Feminism In Maria Theresia Ledóchowska's Newspaper Publication, Jakob N. Jarvis Jun 2007

Mission Propaganda: A Study Of Form, Colonial Attitudes, And Feminism In Maria Theresia Ledóchowska's Newspaper Publication, Jakob N. Jarvis

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis examines Mission Propaganda, a newspaper-style publication distributed by the St. Peter Claver Sodalität, an association of nuns, lay-members, and subscribers founded by Maria Theresia Ledóchowska in 1894. The “sodality” was dedicated to supporting Catholic missionary work in Africa, and advocated for the liberation of African slaves. Ledóchowska used Mission Propaganda to encourage Europeans to support the African missions. She also used it to inform Europeans about African culture. She attempted to create a connection between the need for Catholic missionary work in Africa and the need for reform in Europe. She believed Europeans needed moral, religious, and social …


Rethinking Trümmerliteratur: The Aesthetics Of Destruction Ruins, Ruination, And Ruined Language In The Works Of Böll Grass, And Celan, Kurt R. Buhanan Mar 2007

Rethinking Trümmerliteratur: The Aesthetics Of Destruction Ruins, Ruination, And Ruined Language In The Works Of Böll Grass, And Celan, Kurt R. Buhanan

Theses and Dissertations

Trümmerliteratur - literally “rubble-literature" - is a brand of literature that became important after the Second World War, led by Heinrich Böll, whom I term the apologist of German Trümmerliteratur. Typically included under this classification are the writers who began to produce in the years immediately following the war, and in whose work the rubble and ruins of the landscape figure prominently. Böll provided the programmatic framework for the movement in his “Bekenntnis zur Trümmerliteratur" but his relationship to another type of ruin writing presents a point of friction when he appears to be working in a romantic mode to …


Vilma Weber Von Webenau : Die Marienlieder, Sommerlieder Für Streichquartett Und Eine Sprechstimme, Carolyn Dehdari Apr 2006

Vilma Weber Von Webenau : Die Marienlieder, Sommerlieder Für Streichquartett Und Eine Sprechstimme, Carolyn Dehdari

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Vilma von Webenau (1875-1953) is not only worthy of study because of her connection with teacher Arnold Schoenberg. Her music is unique in the era of fin-de-siecle Vienna, but it also holds interest today because of its atmoshpheric and durational complexity, self-composed texts, and harmonic ambiguities. This critical edition seeks not only to present two of WEbenau's seventy works, but also to place Webenau in her historical and musical context. Exploring the aspects of Viennese modernism and the world that created it, I wish to give background to Webenau's life, of which so little is known. In trying to understand …


Irgendwo Muss Man Doch Einmal Hingehoeren': Irmgard Keun As Heiress To The Flaneur.", Matthew D. Embley Mar 2006

Irgendwo Muss Man Doch Einmal Hingehoeren': Irmgard Keun As Heiress To The Flaneur.", Matthew D. Embley

Theses and Dissertations

Flanerie is the art of taking a walk, leisurely observing the movements and spaces of the city. By writing about cityscapes, urban realms, and the condition of society, flaneurs are able to describe the uniqueness of the metropolis and give life to the modern city—creating a photograph of an urban setting. In the early nineteenth century, and even today, flaneur literature has been ultimately dominated by men who have documented their cultural and aesthetic interactions with the city. During these times, unwritten rules have often excluded the female from participating in parts of the urban society. Today, these unwritten rules …


An Introduction To The Leaders And Journals Of The Allgemeine Österreichische Frauenverein (Aöfv), Or General Austrian Women’S Organization: 1893-1910, Sarah Kemeny Broussard Mar 2006

An Introduction To The Leaders And Journals Of The Allgemeine Österreichische Frauenverein (Aöfv), Or General Austrian Women’S Organization: 1893-1910, Sarah Kemeny Broussard

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This is an Internet-based project that will serve as a guide to scholarly resources, including introductory material to texts written by key figures in the Austrian Women’s Movment a the turn of twentieth century. This project is also an overview of the Allgemeine Oesterreichische Frauenverein (AÖFV), or General Austrian Women’s Organization, and its key leaders and publications during its peak years between 1893-1910. The AÖFV was one of the most influential women’s organizations in fin-de-siècle Vienna, changing the face of politics and society for women. The three key figures, Rosa Mayreder (1858-1938), Auguste Fickert (1855-1910), and Marie Lang (1858 1934), …


Peace In Unity: 19th Century Irenic Motivations In European Unification, Robert Taft Keele Oct 2005

Peace In Unity: 19th Century Irenic Motivations In European Unification, Robert Taft Keele

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The Hauptargumenten of politicians and citizens concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the EU are almost exclusively economic or political in nature: lower tariffs; loss of monetary instruments; immigration; disenfranchisement; etc. The object of my thesis is to remind everyone, amid the flurry of speculation and uncertainty prevalent in Europe since the French rejection of the EU constitution, that a major benefit of the European integration is peace, on a continent that has been ravaged by war for centuries. I prove that the establishment of peace was a major element in European unification by confirming links between peace movements and …


Combating The Banality Of Evil: Portrayals Of The Literary Female Villain In Gã¼Nter Grass's Danziger Trilogie And Novella, Im Krebsgang., Joseph Ephraim Baumgarten Aug 2005

Combating The Banality Of Evil: Portrayals Of The Literary Female Villain In Gã¼Nter Grass's Danziger Trilogie And Novella, Im Krebsgang., Joseph Ephraim Baumgarten

Theses and Dissertations

In Günter Grass's Danzig Trilogy and novella, Im Krebsgang, an antagonistic female type makes a repeated appearance. She appears in the guise of Susi Kater and Luzie Rennwand in Die Blechtrommel, and as Tulla Pokriefke in the other works, Katz und Maus, Hundejahre, and Im Krebsgang. This antagonistic female type is not like other women in these works. A review of Le Deuxième Sexe by feminist Simone de Beauvoir reveals several crucial components contributing to woman's position in society. Most essentially, a woman's natural attributes and (dis)abilities and the conventions of society have enforced her historical submission to man. This …


A Voice For Modernism In Elsa Bienenfeld's Music Reviews, Kelsey Draper Apr 2005

A Voice For Modernism In Elsa Bienenfeld's Music Reviews, Kelsey Draper

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis discusses Elsa Bienenfeld’s role as a modern music critic and cultural journalist and shows how she defended modernism by encouraging her Viennese readers to embrace it. The purpose is not to create a mere biographical sketch, but to demonstrate how Bienenfeld shaped and influenced the public’s perceptions of the budding modern music movement in Vienna. Chapter 1 introduces the problem of modern music and provides the historical context for Elsa Bienenfeld’s life. Chapter 2 introduces modermism as a movement in the city and reviews the development of music out of the classical and romantic periods into modernism. Chapter …


Hermine Cloeter, Feuilletons, And Vienna: A Flaneuse And Urban Cultural Archaeologist Wandering Through Opaque Spaces, Bridging Past And Present To Reclaim What Could Be Lost, Kelli D. Barbour Jul 2004

Hermine Cloeter, Feuilletons, And Vienna: A Flaneuse And Urban Cultural Archaeologist Wandering Through Opaque Spaces, Bridging Past And Present To Reclaim What Could Be Lost, Kelli D. Barbour

Theses and Dissertations

Despite the authority that time holds in the discipline of studying events of the past, not all historians or writers analyzing the past use time to study history—some use space, including writers who write about and interact with an urban topography. The space used by these writers is built space, as well as inhabited and practiced "lived" space. Whereas time provides a transparent overview of history, the urban spaces tend to be opaque. Clarifying history through urban space is additionally troublesome, because built space and its attached memories are visibly forgotten and ignored as time advances. Despite the difficulties of …


Imperial Motherhood: The German Civilizing Mission In Bülow's Im Lande Der Verheißung, Cindy K. Renker Jul 2004

Imperial Motherhood: The German Civilizing Mission In Bülow's Im Lande Der Verheißung, Cindy K. Renker

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores Frieda von Bülow's last and most popular colonial novel. Im Lande der Verheißung, which she wrote in 1899 after she had returned to Germany from her second journey to the German colony of East Africa. In her novel, Bülow manifests her nationalistic ideology and her support for female participation in the colonies in the character of Maleen Dietlas, who believes in and supports the German colonial ambitions. Bülow provides her female protagonist with a role and purpose in the colony. Maleen serves as an imperial mother who sees it as her duty to "civilize" the German men …


Blank Pages Of The Holocaust: Gypsies In Yugoslavia During World War Ii, Elizabeta Jevtic Jul 2004

Blank Pages Of The Holocaust: Gypsies In Yugoslavia During World War Ii, Elizabeta Jevtic

Theses and Dissertations

After a general overview of the persecution of Gypsies (Roma) during World War II, this thesis focuses on the situation of Gypsies on the territory of Serbia and Croatia. The two republics are chosen because of their unique structures during the years 1941 to 1945. Both republics had puppet regimes set up by Germany; however, Croatia was an ally to Germany and strove to mirror the Third Reich in all its policies. The regime's head, Ante Pavelic, was known as one of the most brutal and merciless men on the territory of Yugoslavia, and with him Croatian paramilitary forces committed …


Ann Tizia Leitich: New Voice, New Woman: Packaging America For Vienna, Brooke Marie Wright Feb 2004

Ann Tizia Leitich: New Voice, New Woman: Packaging America For Vienna, Brooke Marie Wright

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis examines the contribution which the 1920s works of Viennese journalist and novelist Ann Tizia Leitich made on the Austrian consideration of the new woman during the interwar period. Following World War I, European society was both infatuated and repulsed by American culture, and especially by American women. While many European women began to look to the United States as the model of the “new woman,” others harshly criticized the changes which American influence and the image of the American woman had brought to Europe. As an Austrian living in the United States and writing newspaper articles and other …


Viennese Feuilleton During The Early 1920s: Description And Analysis Of Bertha Pauli's Biographical Sketches As Contributions To A Literary Genre, Ruth Kirsten Seppi Nov 2003

Viennese Feuilleton During The Early 1920s: Description And Analysis Of Bertha Pauli's Biographical Sketches As Contributions To A Literary Genre, Ruth Kirsten Seppi

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Bertha Pauli belongs to a class of writers (women) who are often overlooked, writing in a style (feuilleton) that is under-recognized for its literary value. Her writings have never been systematically analyzed before despite their volume and prominence in the Vienna of the 1920s. The first half of this thesis deals with the form of feuilleton, establishing a context in which to study Pauli’s works. The second half describes the political content of Pauli’s biographical feuilletons and demonstrates her skill as a persuasive writer. Feuilletons were a popular form of journalistic writing from the eighteenth century up until the Second …


The Sophie Digital Library Of Early Women's Research: A Blueprint For Mentored Undergraduate Online Research, Blaine Hill Evanson Jun 2003

The Sophie Digital Library Of Early Women's Research: A Blueprint For Mentored Undergraduate Online Research, Blaine Hill Evanson

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The ongoing problem of providing undergraduate students the real experience of research to prepare them for graduate school and careers has found a possible solution in mentored research. Additionally, online dissemination of research provides opportunities for mentored research to reach a wide audience without the barriers of traditional publishing. Important in this process is assuring the relevance of student research which requires a topic the student both enjoys and excels at. Students benefit from this research with a customized curriculum, where they are able to contribute to academia and strengthen their resume. Through my work on the Sophie project, I …


Bertha Von Suttner's "Die Waffen Nieder": A Rhetorical Analysis, Kirsten W. Vuissa Apr 2002

Bertha Von Suttner's "Die Waffen Nieder": A Rhetorical Analysis, Kirsten W. Vuissa

Theses and Dissertations

Bertha von Suttner lived in fin-de siècle Vienna. She wrote her romantic novel Die Waffen nieder in 1889 and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for the novel’s influence on the German peace movement. This thesis looks at the effect Suttner’s gender had on the novel and its reception. As a woman writing about peace, Suttner was aware of the societal limitations placed upon her treatment of a political subject. Suttner carefully and consciously chose the novel’s genre. Her synthesis of content and form epitomizes her pacifist and feminist cause. The protagonist’s rhetorical language and the novel’s genre compliment …


"Ja, Ich Habe Einen Deutschen Pass, Aber Ich Bin Doch Schwarz": Black German Confrontations With Blackness, Valerie M.C.E. Dube-Luvai Mar 2002

"Ja, Ich Habe Einen Deutschen Pass, Aber Ich Bin Doch Schwarz": Black German Confrontations With Blackness, Valerie M.C.E. Dube-Luvai

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the complexities of constructing a German identity as a black German. The recent emergence of Germany's black minority group was generally perceived as an opportunity to reevaluate Germanness as it has been understood in the past. However, this thesis shows that a reevaluation of Germanness lacks full support because traditional German ideals of racial superiority continue to exist in the consciousness of all Germans - black and white. This suggests that theories of racial superiority continue to determine belonging and identity construction in Germany. Above all, the presence of Western racial ideology in black German identity construction …


Malwida Von Meysenbug's Memoirs Of An Idealist. Translation Of Memoiren Einer Idealistin, Monte Gardiner Mar 1999

Malwida Von Meysenbug's Memoirs Of An Idealist. Translation Of Memoiren Einer Idealistin, Monte Gardiner

Theses and Dissertations

The following translation is the first full length rendering of Malwida von Meysenbug's two-volume autobiography Memoiren einer Idealistin/Eine Reise nach Ostende into English. Meysenbug, who boasts ties to Nietzsche, Wagner, Herzen, and Saffi, was forerunner to a long line of female social democrats. She was an eyewitness to the tumultuous political events surrounding the German Revolution of 1848, and is remembered as a pioneer in education and gender issues. Meysenbug's memoirs depict nineteenth-century Europe in a dynamic state of transformation. This is a time of opposition and contradiction, when emerging philosophies and political movements vie for power with existing structures. …