Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Brigham Young University (26)
- Georgia State University (25)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (23)
- Eastern Illinois University (16)
- Montclair State University (16)
-
- Cleveland State University (12)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (11)
- Louisiana State University (11)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (11)
- University of Texas at El Paso (7)
- Longwood University (6)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (5)
- Claremont Colleges (4)
- Eastern Michigan University (4)
- Edith Cowan University (4)
- Loyola University Chicago (4)
- Trinity University (4)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (4)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (3)
- James Madison University (3)
- Marshall University (3)
- Rhode Island College (3)
- Seton Hall University (3)
- Syracuse University (3)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (3)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (3)
- University of Central Florida (3)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (3)
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (3)
- Utah State University (3)
- Keyword
-
- Poetry (16)
- Literature (8)
- Creative writing (7)
- Feminism (7)
- Fiction (6)
-
- Language (6)
- Sexuality (6)
- Film (5)
- Masculinity (5)
- Narrative (5)
- Short stories (5)
- American (4)
- Composition (4)
- Femininity (4)
- Gender (4)
- Jane Austen (4)
- Literature and linguistics (4)
- Modernism (4)
- Rhetoric (4)
- Romanticism (4)
- Women (4)
- Adaptation (3)
- Culture (3)
- Death (3)
- English (3)
- Identity (3)
- Lord Byron (3)
- Music (3)
- New media (3)
- Old English (3)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (30)
- Masters Theses (25)
- English Theses (17)
- Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects (16)
- Doctoral Dissertations (13)
-
- ETD Archive (12)
- English (12)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (11)
- Dissertations (9)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (9)
- English Dissertations (8)
- Honors Theses (7)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (7)
- Open Access Theses & Dissertations (7)
- Theses & Honors Papers (6)
- Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA (5)
- CMC Senior Theses (4)
- English Honors Theses (4)
- Dissertations and Theses (3)
- Honors Capstone Projects - All (3)
- Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations (3)
- Master's Theses, Dissertations, Graduate Research and Major Papers Overview (3)
- Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations (3)
- Masters Theses, 2010-2019 (3)
- Open Access Dissertations (3)
- Theses : Honours (3)
- Theses, Dissertations and Capstones (3)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (2)
- All Theses (2)
- Boise State University Theses and Dissertations (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 270
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
Human-Computer Interface Design For Online Tutoring: Visual Rhetoric, Pedagogy, And Writing Center Websites, Alice J. Myatt
Human-Computer Interface Design For Online Tutoring: Visual Rhetoric, Pedagogy, And Writing Center Websites, Alice J. Myatt
English Dissertations
This dissertation examines the theory and praxis of taking an expanded concept of the human-computer interface (HCI) and working with the resulting concept to design a writing center website that facilitates online tutoring while fostering a conversational approach for online tutoring sessions. In order to foster a conversational approach, I explore the ways in which interactive digital technologies support the collaborative and communicative nature of online tutoring. I posit that my research will yield a deeper understanding of the visual rhetoric of human-designed computer interfaces in general and writing center online tutoring websites in particular, and will, at the same …
Initiation In The Novellas Of Henry James, Collyn E. Milsted
Initiation In The Novellas Of Henry James, Collyn E. Milsted
English Theses
This Master’s Thesis seeks to explain the process of initiation undergone by Henry James’s characters. Characters are chosen for initiation into forbidden knowledge, and, like the Biblical Adam and Eve, are exiled as a result. Though initiation is erotic, it is not sexual, and society falsely perceives a sexually charged relationship between the initiator and the initiate, also called the complementary pair. The initiate faces exile and death because of his forbidden knowledge. He no longer has a place in his society, which leads to his social death and eventually physical death. James’s reader is initiated along with the characters, …
The Fashioning Of Fanny Fern: A Study Of Sara Willis Parton's Early Career, 1851-1854, Amy S. Porche
The Fashioning Of Fanny Fern: A Study Of Sara Willis Parton's Early Career, 1851-1854, Amy S. Porche
English Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to trace how Sara Willis Parton achieved unprecedented literary celebrity status as Fanny Fern during the first three years of her professional career, 1851-1853. While most critics point to her famously lucrative contract with the most popular newspaper of the 1850s, the New York Ledger, in 1854 as the beginning of her fame, I argue that she had already fully achieved that fame and had done so by writing for small Boston newspapers and publishing a highly successful collection of her articles by 1853. Further, Fern was able to achieve such a high level …
Writing And Wellness, Emotion And Women: Highlighting The Contemporary Uses Of Expressive Writing In The Service Of Students, Cantice G. Greene
Writing And Wellness, Emotion And Women: Highlighting The Contemporary Uses Of Expressive Writing In The Service Of Students, Cantice G. Greene
English Dissertations
In an effort to connect women’s spiritual development to the general call for professors to reconnect significantly with their students, this dissertation argues that expressive writing should remain a staple of the composition curriculum. It suggests that the uses of expressive writing should be expanded and explored by students and professors of composition and that each should become familiar with the link between writing and emotional wellness. In cancer centers, schools of medicine, and pregnancy care centers, writing is being used as a tool of therapy. More than just a technique for helping people cope with the stresses of loss, …
The Southern Gentleman And The Idea Of Masculinity: Figures And Aspects Of The Southern Beau In The Literary Tradition Of The American South, Emmeline Gros
English Dissertations
The American planter has mostly been presented as the epitome of the romantic cavalier legend that could be found in the fiction of John Pendleton Kennedy to Thomas Nelson Page: a man of chivalric manners and good breeding; a man of good social position; a man of wealth and leisure (Concise Oxford Dictionary). A closer scrutiny of the cavalier and genteel ethos of the time, however, reveals the inherent ideological inconsistencies with the idea of the gentleman itself, as the ideal came to be more and more perceived as an illusion and as challenges to traditional gender stereotypes came to …
Early Medieval Rhetoric: Epideictic Underpinnings In Old English Homilies, Jennifer M. Randall
Early Medieval Rhetoric: Epideictic Underpinnings In Old English Homilies, Jennifer M. Randall
English Dissertations
Medieval rhetoric, as a field and as a subject, has largely been under-developed and under-emphasized within medieval and rhetorical studies for several reasons: the disconnect between Germanic, Anglo-Saxon society and the Greco-Roman tradition that defined rhetoric as an art; the problems associated with translating the Old and Middle English vernacular in light of rhetorical and, thereby, Greco-Latin precepts; and the complexities of the medieval period itself with the lack of surviving manuscripts, often indistinct and inconsistent political and legal structure, and widespread interspersion and interpolation of Christian doctrine. However, it was Christianity and its governance of medieval culture that preserved …
Liminal Resistances: Local Subjections In My Story, Vidheyan, And The God Of Small Things, Priya Menon
Liminal Resistances: Local Subjections In My Story, Vidheyan, And The God Of Small Things, Priya Menon
English Dissertations
This project investigates various ways in which resistance is explored by Kamala Das, Adoor Gopalakrishnan and Arundhati Roy in My Story, Vidheyan, and The God of Small Things respec-tively. “Liminal Resistances: Local Subjections in My Story, Vidheyan, and The God of Small Things” aims to examine the workings and creative subversions of hegemonic discourses of caste, class, gender and color within the local milieu of Kerala, India. By exploring the theoreti-cal apparatuses employed in three diverse texts set in Kerala, this project identifies: firstly, Das’s subversion of Nair Kerala’s sense of gendered and casted normativity in My Story; secondly, Adoor’s …
A Rhetoric Of Change: Church Growth And Social Change At The Richmond Outreach Center, Rebekah Holbrook
A Rhetoric Of Change: Church Growth And Social Change At The Richmond Outreach Center, Rebekah Holbrook
Theses and Dissertations
The Richmond Outreach Center “The ROC” is an independent soulwinning megachurch in Richmond, Virginia. This thesis explores how rhetoric plays a role in the rapid growth of this urban church and considers the church’s response—rhetorically and politically—to the city’s social issues. Through a rhetorical analysis of sermons and written texts by Geronimo Aguilar, the ROC’s founder and pastor, it is concluded that Aguilar has generated a rhetoric of change that says social change must come to Richmond and that everyone, both rich and poor, are responsible for change. Aguilar galvanizes an audience to seek social change because he articulates roles …
"I Unsex'd My Dress": Lord Byron's Seduction Of Gender In "The Corsair", "Lara", And "Don Juan", Alexis Spiceland Lee
"I Unsex'd My Dress": Lord Byron's Seduction Of Gender In "The Corsair", "Lara", And "Don Juan", Alexis Spiceland Lee
Dissertations
The goal of this project is to posit a theory of how Byron’s texts, specifically through the development of his hero, construct gender and sexuality as styles of seduction that resist easy classification by binary systems. I propose that Byron’s works characterize gender through ironic performances of seduction that, because they reveal that binary structures lack a stable core, dissolve systemic differentiation and thus fatally complicate any attempt to force the individual into rigid categories of gender or sexual identity. Byron’s works deploy seduction as a tactic of ironic representation of both gender and sexual practice that is necessarily multiplicitous …
Ambiguous Recognition: Recursion, Cognitive Blending, And The Problem Of Interpretation In Twenty-First-Century Fiction, Christopher David Kilgore
Ambiguous Recognition: Recursion, Cognitive Blending, And The Problem Of Interpretation In Twenty-First-Century Fiction, Christopher David Kilgore
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation uses theories of cognitive conceptual integration (as outlined by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner) to propose a model of narrative reading that mediates between narratology and theories of reception. I use this model to demonstrate how new experimental narratives achieve a potent balance between a determinate and open story-form. Where the high postmodernists of the 1970s and 80s created ironic, undecidable story-worlds, the novels considered here allow readers to embrace seemingly opposite propositions without retreating into ironic suspension, trading the postmodernist “neither/nor” for a new “both/and.” This technique demands significant revision of both descriptions of radical experimentation in …
The Gendered Soul: Victorian Women Autobiographers And The Novel, Robbie E Spivey
The Gendered Soul: Victorian Women Autobiographers And The Novel, Robbie E Spivey
Doctoral Dissertations
This project considers ways mid-Victorian fictional autobiographies created new models for women's spiritual formation, testing Nancy Armstrong's theory that novels are antecedent to the cultural conditions they describe. I pair three mid-Victorian fictional texts Jane Eyre, Aurora Leigh, and The Mill on the Floss with three later non-fictional autobiographies written by women near the end of the Victorian Era: Annie Besant (1847- 1933), Mary Anne Hearn (1834-1909) and Frances Power Cobbe (1822-1904). These women came to spiritual maturity during the same time period in which the fictional heroines Jane Eyre, Aurora Leigh and Maggie Tulliver became prominent in the popular …
Saint Oswald, Christ And The Dream Of The Rood: Mutable Signs At A Cultural Crossroad, Scott Hutcheson Mac Kenzie
Saint Oswald, Christ And The Dream Of The Rood: Mutable Signs At A Cultural Crossroad, Scott Hutcheson Mac Kenzie
Doctoral Dissertations
The first decades following a country’s conversion to Christianity are sometimes marked by experimentation with native expressions of piety. Out of the multicultural environment of early Christian Northumbria such experiments created an insular Germanic version of sanctity. In the mid-seventh century, Oswiu of Northumbria (642-670), the younger brother and successor to King Oswald, constructed an elaborate narrative of God’s plan for England (without consent or guidance from the Roman Church). His narrative would weave his family into the sacred fabric of his nascent, Christian kingdom. Through skillful manipulation of oral tradition, material culture and sacri loci he crafted a unique …
The Novel Mezclada: Subverting Colonialism’S Legacy In Junot Díaz’S The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao, Emily A. Shifflette
The Novel Mezclada: Subverting Colonialism’S Legacy In Junot Díaz’S The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao, Emily A. Shifflette
Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects
No abstract provided.
Your Presence Is Requested At Suvanto, Maile Chapman
Your Presence Is Requested At Suvanto, Maile Chapman
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
This creative dissertation is a novel set in a fictional private hospital on the southwestern coast of Finland. The main character, Sunny Taylor, is an American nurse whose loneliness and isolation give the novel its distant emotional atmosphere and outsider’s perspective on life in Finland (a densely forested country long perceived as linguistically, culturally, and geographically remote from the rest of Europe). Other main characters include a reserved, chronically ill Finnish woman born before independence from Russia and educated as an architect; an unpleasant expatriate Danish woman who once gave ballroom dance lessons in Finnish cafés; an American obstetrician who …
Must Pay Now, David C. Perkins
Must Pay Now, David C. Perkins
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
These poems attempt to stand amidst the towering shadows of Enlightenment. One of these pillars involves the newfound land from a collective western European vantage and these lands are called the Americas. This space is where these poems are located. They suckle at the monolithic breasts of Enlightened Romance as did Romulus and Remus to the She-Wolf. The poems in their own originality engage with writers such as Jonathan Edwards, Alice Notley, Susan Howe, Frank O’Hara, William Carlos Williams, Walt Whitman, Christina Rossetti, William Blake, and John Cage. If there ever was such a thread in tradition, these people might …
Recasting Genre In Tennessee Williams's Apprentice Plays, Christina Ilona Hunter
Recasting Genre In Tennessee Williams's Apprentice Plays, Christina Ilona Hunter
Dissertations
This dissertation investigates Tennessee Williams’s earliest full-length plays, also known as the apprentice plays—Candles to the Sun, Fugitive Kind, Not About Nightingales, Spring Storm, and Stairs to the Roof—by comparing, contrasting and contextualizing them in relation to Daniel Chandler’s generic criteria of drama; namely, narrative, characterization, setting, topics, iconography, and staging techniques. The present study also draws upon an extensive body of scholarship pertaining to genre theory, Williams’s cultural contemporaries, and the historical and psychological backdrop of Depression-era America. In these early plays, Williams diverged sharply from the dramatic generic conventions of his day, manipulating them in new …
History And Transnational Identities In Junot Díaz’S The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao, Brian Joseph Flores
History And Transnational Identities In Junot Díaz’S The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao, Brian Joseph Flores
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The purpose of my thesis is to analyze Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao and evaluate the role literature plays within the larger context of the relationship among the different countries and cultures in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the place historical events play within this understanding. In Díaz’s novel, there is an understanding of the presence of multiple cultural identities. This awareness of multiple cultural identities leads to the difficulty the characters encounter when trying understanding themselves as individuals. On a much larger scale, the characters also try to understand their cultural, social, and historical …
The Young Adult Addiction Novel: A Modern Tragedy, Carrie Rosson Hicks
The Young Adult Addiction Novel: A Modern Tragedy, Carrie Rosson Hicks
Theses & Honors Papers
This thesis defines tragedy and introduces the young adult addiction novel as a form of modern tragedy. The tragedy genre has altered drastically throughout the ages. The new brands of tragedy reflects the vastly different society in which modern readers live, whereas, original tragedies focused on royalty or political leaders and were often written in verse until the eighteenth. This thesis examines Ellen Hopkins’ Crank (2004) and Melvin Burgess’ Smack (1996). The examination found that Crank is written in free verse, not as a tribute to the great poets of old, but as a way to add emphasis to words, …
Boxed Up, Alicia Raymond
Boxed Up, Alicia Raymond
Theses & Honors Papers
The purpose of this thesis is to conduct an examination through creative nonfiction of the definition of home and how I personally define and apply this definition to my own life. In the nine essays serving as my thesis, collectively entitled "Boxed Up," I have delved into the definitions of home and how it applies to my family, my experiences and encounters with people around me, and the twelve times that I have moved. The sense and definition of a home has a strong tie to where someone grew up and to what culture one acclimates oneself. There is also …
Composing Ourselves: Utilizing Literacy Narratives To Promote Knowledge And Reflection In Preservice Secondary English Teachers, Cheryl Henderson Almeda
Composing Ourselves: Utilizing Literacy Narratives To Promote Knowledge And Reflection In Preservice Secondary English Teachers, Cheryl Henderson Almeda
Dissertations
My research entails examining and interrogating the literacy narratives written by six preservice secondary English teachers before their first semester of teaching. After writing their literacy narratives, these teachers worked together in two focus groups to consider, celebrate, and interrogate their memories they recorded in their narratives. They shared conversations which focused on their reflections, their teaching strategies, and the ideas they embraced as newly forming teachers.
This study considers claims made by Dewey (1933), Lortie (1975), Schulman (1986), and others, who emphasize the importance of learning through observation and the intuitive nature of reflective learning and teaching. It emphasizes …
And When I Die And Other Prose, Ralph Brandon Buckner Iii
And When I Die And Other Prose, Ralph Brandon Buckner Iii
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
This thesis consists of the first chapter of my novel, two short stories, and two nonfiction essays. These pieces explore the tensions of family, love, and sexual orientation. The most prominent theme that connects each work is the main character’s search for control in his life. In the introduction to this thesis, I critically analyze three novels that focus on characters trying to regain stability in their lives after the death of someone close to them, and then I have discussed how these novels shaped my thesis in terms of theme, mood, and conflict.
The Conservative Conversation, Heather Hall
The Conservative Conversation, Heather Hall
Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA
The conservative movement is defined by its ideology as well as its rhetoric. Richard Weaver’s conversion to the Right offers an opportunity to define conservatism and conservative rhetoric through his hierarchy of argumentation, and his examination of Plato’s Phaedrus allows an examination of the speaker’s nature and the nature of rhetoric. Glenn Beck, one of today’s most controversial conservative representatives, also deserves examination for his ideology and rhetoric. Both Richard Weaver and Glenn Beck bear scrutiny as influential members of the conservative movement and the role their rhetoric has in the conservative conversation today.
Implicit And Explicit: Sexual Awakening In Summer And Forever, Katie Fredrickson
Implicit And Explicit: Sexual Awakening In Summer And Forever, Katie Fredrickson
Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects
Edith Wharton’s Summer and Judy Blume’s Forever, although written more than fifty years apart, are strikingly similar in that both feature young, female characters who come of age during the novel. Both girls have important experiences as they mature, including their initiation into sex. As the two characters come of age, their experiences with sexuality and the consequences that follow shape them and the rest of their lives. It is also significant to look at how the authors portray the different awakenings, Wharton only implicitly hinting at what Blume quite clearly spells out. Ultimately, each girl’s sexual awakening and the …
Turning Back Time: Duration, Simultaneity, And The Timeless In Fitzgerald And Fincher's Benjamin Button, Nathan Wagner
Turning Back Time: Duration, Simultaneity, And The Timeless In Fitzgerald And Fincher's Benjamin Button, Nathan Wagner
English Theses
This MA thesis seeks to apply Henri Bergson’s theory of time to a reading of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button,” and David Fincher’s film adaptation of the text, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. By applying Bergson’s notions of durée and simultaneity, timeless moments will be seen to emerge in the text and the film. I place Fitzgerald’s text in context with other seminal modernist works in order to provide a study of the importance of the story within its time period. Through Deleuze’s application of Bergson to cinema, I analyze the evolution of the time-image …
Beloved, Thou Hast Brought Me Many Flowers And Sifting Through The Ruins: An Analysis Of Two Chamber Song Cycles By Libby Larsen, Juline Erika Barol-Gilmore
Beloved, Thou Hast Brought Me Many Flowers And Sifting Through The Ruins: An Analysis Of Two Chamber Song Cycles By Libby Larsen, Juline Erika Barol-Gilmore
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
American composer Libby Larsen is one of the most active, prolific composers living today. Although she is known for composing in many musical genres, her vocal works are among her most recognized compositions. When selecting song texts, Libby Larsen carefully chooses poems that speak to her personally, both in the rhythm of the language and in the text’s depth of meaning and spirit. In addition, a large number of her vocal works are based on texts by or about women.
In sum, authors and poets have profoundly influenced Larsen, specifically in her chamber song cycles Beloved, Thou Hast Brought Me …
Murder Will Out: James Hogg's Use Of The Bier-Right In His Minor Works And Confessions, Tanya Ann Terry
Murder Will Out: James Hogg's Use Of The Bier-Right In His Minor Works And Confessions, Tanya Ann Terry
Theses and Dissertations
In The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), James Hogg uses the uncanny trope of the bier-right, a medieval superstitious belief of Christian origin that a murdered corpse will bleed in the presence or at the touch of the actual murderer, to negotiate his struggle with fading belief in local superstitions and religious faith in the Scottish Borders. Examining the origins of the bier-right, court cases involving the bier-right, and Hogg's minor works using the bier-right I offer a comparison of how Hogg manipulates and morphs this trope in Confessions. I also argue that the main …
The Crooked Median, Monica Zarazua
The Crooked Median, Monica Zarazua
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Words search. There are specific points designated by written language, where one might stand for just a little while until the satisfaction of a pattern is revealed. In this collection of stories, one of the forces that serves as a catalyst for this search is the outside gaze. The gaze exerts itself onto characters. The characters may or may not be conscious of it, may or may not welcome it, but they must grapple with it. The gaze projects its needs and desires onto the characters. It seeks to control them, and it desires to be viewed with admiration, lowered …
Merit Beyond Any Already Published: Austen And Authorship In The Romantic Age, Rebecca Lee Jensen Ogden
Merit Beyond Any Already Published: Austen And Authorship In The Romantic Age, Rebecca Lee Jensen Ogden
Theses and Dissertations
In recent decades there have been many attempts to pull Austen into the fold of high Romantic literature. On one level, these thematic comparisons are useful, for Austen has long been anachronistically treated as separate from the Romantic tradition. In the past, her writings have essentially straddled Romantic classification, labeled either as hangers-on in the satiric eighteenth-century literary tradition or as early artifacts of a kind of proto-Victorianism. To a large extent, scholars have described Austen as a writer departing from, rather than embracing, the literary trends of the Romantic era. Yet, while recent publications depicting a “Romantic Austen” yield …
Anonymous Pseudo-Autobiographies: Passing The New Southern Studies In The Southerner And The Autobiography Of An Ex-Colored Man, Matthew S. Dinger
Anonymous Pseudo-Autobiographies: Passing The New Southern Studies In The Southerner And The Autobiography Of An Ex-Colored Man, Matthew S. Dinger
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis seeks to understand the South as a space through which the contested bodies of two literary characters and the men who authored them can be more fully explored: the Ex- Colored Man in James Weldon Johnson's The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Nicholas Worth in Walter Hines Page's The Southerner; each appearing within an early twentieth-century novel masquerading as an autobiography. These bodies serve to help us understand how the regional Other of the South has inflicted itself on individuals living in the South and caused an irreparable fracture to the characters' identities forcing them into …
Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, And The Changing Romantic, Marianne Lind Baker
Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, And The Changing Romantic, Marianne Lind Baker
Theses and Dissertations
In the mid to late 1700s, men of letters became more and more interested in the natural world. From studies in astronomy to biology, chemistry, and medicine, these "philosophers" pioneered what would become our current scientific categories. While the significance of their contributions to these fields has been widely appreciated historically, the interconnection between these men and their literary counterparts has not. A study of the "Romantic man of science" reveals how much that figure has in common with the traditional "Romantic" literary figure embodied by poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This thesis interrogates connections between Romantic …