Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Arts and Humanities Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 1 - 30 of 101

Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Jane Austen And A Biographical Study Of The Historical Narrative Process, Serena Young May 2024

Jane Austen And A Biographical Study Of The Historical Narrative Process, Serena Young

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Jane Austen, beloved national literary icon of Great Britain, is world-renowned for her fiction. Biographers have attempted to authentically piece together her life and often, try to connect her narrative to when and how her fiction was written, as well as point out circumstances within her personal life and speculate their influence on her work. Literary analysts and critics that have examined the historical narrative process, Hayden White and Kevin Gilvary, have found that the way in which a historical account is presented plays a significant role in how history is understood and perpetuated. When examining Jane Austen’s life, many …


Composing From The Margins: The Breaking Of Writing Barriers, Empowering Voices & Broadening The Work Of Feminist Composition Studies, Jasmin Salgado May 2024

Composing From The Margins: The Breaking Of Writing Barriers, Empowering Voices & Broadening The Work Of Feminist Composition Studies, Jasmin Salgado

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The concept of identity politics within Composition Studies acknowledge how a writer’s social identity (race, gender, sexuality, disabilities, etc.) influences their writing style and shapes their language. Understanding the relationship between social identity and writing practices means recognizing the diverse perspectives writers bring to the writing classroom. In alignment with this perspective, feminist composition studies emphasize the importance of centering marginalized voices and creating inclusive learning environments where students can safely express their identities through writing. However, research reveals that diverse perspectives haven’t always been welcomed in academic spaces. Feminist compositionists unveil how discourse around writing conventions and language norms …


Plagiarism And Original Authorship In The Age Of Ai: Present Complications And Future Directions, Sarah D. Lagioia May 2024

Plagiarism And Original Authorship In The Age Of Ai: Present Complications And Future Directions, Sarah D. Lagioia

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The concept of plagiarism, or the passing off of work produced by others as one’s own without appropriate acknowledgement of the source of creation, is not a new one. It is, however, being complicated in new and interesting ways by technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI)-based natural-language processing (NLP). In this paper, I investigate the present complications of defining and responding to plagiarism in the age of AI and suggest the future direction of our grappling with text-generative NLP programs such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT. This paper will describe perspectives on plagiarism and potential reasons behind the use of AI …


The American Dream, The American Lie: An Examination Of Queerness, Disability And American Identity In Miss Lonelyhearts, Vivian Arias May 2023

The American Dream, The American Lie: An Examination Of Queerness, Disability And American Identity In Miss Lonelyhearts, Vivian Arias

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This project, informed primarily by queer theory and disability studies, examines the ways in which queerness, disability, and marginality are central to Nathanael West’s Miss Lonelyhearts, and his critique of the American Dream. Nathanael West, Jewish American novelist and screenwriter, is remembered for his work critiquing the American Dream; however, one aspect that has remained understudied is how his novels feature non-normative outsiders, past and present. The primary analysis of this project is focused on the 1933 novella Miss Lonelyhearts. Other works by West are also referenced. From West’s perspective, the American Dream was the American nightmare for …


“Too Good To Kill”: Literary Gerontology And Late Style In Margaret Atwood’S Gilead Novels, Serina Item May 2023

“Too Good To Kill”: Literary Gerontology And Late Style In Margaret Atwood’S Gilead Novels, Serina Item

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid's Tale, and her 2019 sequel, The Testaments, illuminate the author’s continued interest in the connection between a woman’s age and the notion of her usefulness and complicity within a hegemonically masculine society. Focusing on literary gerontology and the author’s late style, this essay highlights Atwood’s persistent rejection of patriarchal representations of older women in literature. I analyze the ways in which Atwood’s “ustopian” (Atwood’s literary genre invention, combining “dystopia” and “utopia”) novels develop older women characters beyond “old age as motif and metaphor” by removing age and gender as significant barriers to …


The Hate U Give As Counternarrative: A Rhetorical Site Of Competing Frames & The Disruption Of Dominant Narratives Through Counter-Storytelling & Homing, Jackeline Camacho May 2023

The Hate U Give As Counternarrative: A Rhetorical Site Of Competing Frames & The Disruption Of Dominant Narratives Through Counter-Storytelling & Homing, Jackeline Camacho

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Angie Thomas’s novel, The Hate U Give, is an African American Young Adult novel (AAYA) that captures the violence and devastating effects of police brutality and the gruesome rhetorical strategies that the dominant public sphere uses to criminalize, regulate, and dehumanize Black Americans. In this paper, I use the theoretical framework of counter-storytelling, the theoretical concept of homing, and the rhetorical strategy of framing, to analyze how Thomas exposes the ways in which the dominant public sphere silences, excludes, and discredits the voices and experiences of Black people to give readers access to the dominant public sphere in order …


Conceptions Of Space, Gender, And Movement Within Literature And Film: An Analysis Of "The Whimper Of Whipped Dogs" & Westward The Women, Stephanie Fishleigh Aug 2022

Conceptions Of Space, Gender, And Movement Within Literature And Film: An Analysis Of "The Whimper Of Whipped Dogs" & Westward The Women, Stephanie Fishleigh

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Often portrayed as static, and neutral, “space,” as it is used in this paper, refers to a literary conception, one which encompasses a sphere of locations as well as settings of events, characters, and objects within a literary narrative. Much to our detriment, humans are often compelled to codify and compartmentalize the world around us, using perceived differences as our epistemological touchstone. This phenomenon extends even to our relationship to space. In examining the interplay between space, geographies, genre, and gender, using two objects of analysis, this paper seeks to further the current scholarship on how gender ideology informs our …


Language Ideologies In First Year Composition Textbooks, Joanna Clevenger Aug 2022

Language Ideologies In First Year Composition Textbooks, Joanna Clevenger

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This thesis examines how standard language ideologies are perpetuated in the five most frequently assigned first year composition textbooks from four higher education institutions in Southern California’s Inland Empire. Standard language ideologies position one variation of a language as superior, correct, appropriate and the normal variation of a language which everyone should be able to speak. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, the five textbooks were analyzed in order to uncover the embedded power and hegemony over women, people of color, and those from a lower socioeconomic status which are prevalent throughout society because they are unchallenged and widely accepted as the …


Slow Violence, Cli-Fi, And Opportunities For Change How Bipoc Futurisms Promote Activism, Francisco Baeza May 2022

Slow Violence, Cli-Fi, And Opportunities For Change How Bipoc Futurisms Promote Activism, Francisco Baeza

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The threat of anthropogenic climate change is discussed almost exclusively in terms of “scientific” data to the exclusion of the humanities. For some worlds, climate change has already destroyed their ways of life and forced them to adapt. Climate fiction – or cli-fi – written by BIPOC authors is one way we can begin to think of how the planet is not just one world but a plurality of worlds. This project centers authors and world-makers who come from communities that have been left at the margins of the science fiction and cli-fi genres. By looking at fictions from a …


Image, Text, And Sound Through The Arabesque In Thoreau's Walden, Lupina Farhana May 2022

Image, Text, And Sound Through The Arabesque In Thoreau's Walden, Lupina Farhana

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This essay looks at Thoreau’s Walden through the lens of the motif of the Arabic arabesque. It first considers the arabesque in a playful paradigm, that interrupts, crosses, and breaks boundaries through a Derridean parergon. However, this event results in an overturning of the binary that had, for centuries, deemed merely the center to hold the highest of importance. Art historian Cordula Grewe utilizes Derrida’s parergon to analyze the poems of Goethe in the context of an arabesque frame which gives the sensation of sound by imitating the repeatedly playful consonants of the text written in the center. Thus, text, …


“My Brand Is Sick Girl”: Identity Formation In The Young Adult Chronic Illness Novels The Fault In Our Stars And Sick Kids In Love, Natalie Thompson Aug 2021

“My Brand Is Sick Girl”: Identity Formation In The Young Adult Chronic Illness Novels The Fault In Our Stars And Sick Kids In Love, Natalie Thompson

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This thesis explores the identities of the chronically ill protagonists in The Fault in Our Stars by John Green and Sick Kids in Love by Hannah Moskowitz, specifically by looking at the young protagonist’s self-identity, their relationships with their family members, and the romantic relationship they have with the chronically ill male lead. John Green, who does not identify as chronically ill, writes a novel that ultimately reflects ableist ideas of the medical model of disability, which sees disability as a problem to be solved by medical intervention, and compulsory heterosexuality through the portrayal of Hazel and her relationship with …


Exploring The Rhetorical Power Of Speculative Fiction Through Jewelle Gomez’S The Gilda Stories And Octavia Butler’S Fledgling, Monique Dixon Dec 2020

Exploring The Rhetorical Power Of Speculative Fiction Through Jewelle Gomez’S The Gilda Stories And Octavia Butler’S Fledgling, Monique Dixon

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

There are apparent similarities between Jewelle Gomez’s The Gilda Stories and Octavia Butler’s Fledgling. However, this thesis will demonstrate that they share more than similar subject matter and yet differ in substantial ways. Utilizing Black feminist theory and alternative rhetoric this thesis examines how Gomez and Butler harness the potential of speculative fiction to critique the world around them and imagine an alternative world for those who are intersectionally marginalized.


Chicano English At The Dinner Table, Elena Silva Jun 2020

Chicano English At The Dinner Table, Elena Silva

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Dinner talk, or dinnertime conversations, have been investigated and studied by many scholars such as Blum-Kukla (1997) Ochs (1995), Haesook (2006), Arcidiacono (2009), and Herot (2002). Dinnertime conversations are the locus of family interactions and language socialization (Ochs 1986) in that they represent recurring activities or speech events in which all or most family members participate. Conversations at the dinner table serve as a daily (or near daily) forum for family members to interact and converse with each other and in so doing, instantiate their identities as parents, siblings, and children and express their stances.

While dinner talk has been …


Death Positivity: A New Genre Of Death And The Genre Function Of Memento Mori, Melony Elsie Del Real Jun 2020

Death Positivity: A New Genre Of Death And The Genre Function Of Memento Mori, Melony Elsie Del Real

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This article explores Caitlin Doughty’s “death positivity” as an evolved form of the medieval memento mori, and how this medieval genre serves as a genre function for current day thanatophobic audiences. This is specifically done by analyzing Doughty’s book titled Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, as well as some of her other death positivity mediums. By modeling her rhetoric of death positivity after memento mori, Doughty can effectively deliver her anti-death fearing message to the very audiences that fear death.

Furthermore, analyzing Doughty’s rhetoric as operating within the genre function, a concept put forth by Anis Bawarshi, …


Course Syllabus For English 1120 - Speculative Fiction, Chad Luck Apr 2020

Course Syllabus For English 1120 - Speculative Fiction, Chad Luck

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

This document contains a syllabus for a new version of the large-lecture course English 1120: Speculative Fiction. This version of the class focuses on horror fiction, in particular, and structures the course according to a series of discursive contexts crucial to that genre. So, the course is organized around five thematic units including: psychology, religion, gender, race, and science. Each of these units presents key texts in that given area and asks students to think critically about the relationship of fiction to that particular cultural context. The course, in general, cultivates in students the ability to analyze cultural objects—in this …


Large Lecture Best Practices List (Plus Sample Activity), Jessica Luck Apr 2020

Large Lecture Best Practices List (Plus Sample Activity), Jessica Luck

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

Includes a list of tips and best practices for running Large Lecture classes effectively, as well as a Bibliography of helpful resources (focused on English/Humanities). Ends with a sample engaging large lecture activity in which students perform Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Bells.”


Digital Culture Or Gutenberg Culture: Some Reflections On The Design Principles Of Online Courses., Julie Paegle Apr 2020

Digital Culture Or Gutenberg Culture: Some Reflections On The Design Principles Of Online Courses., Julie Paegle

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

This short essay explores online course design, especially in the crisis conditions of the coronavirus pandemic. We reflect on the question of whether the basic design orientation in online classes should be toward textual or non-textual content, and we consider the view that textual content may in fact be far better.


Reflections On Pedagogy For Large Lecture Humanities Courses, Stephen Lehigh Apr 2020

Reflections On Pedagogy For Large Lecture Humanities Courses, Stephen Lehigh

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

In this short essay, lecture technique used by Professor Michael Sandel is adapted to the task of shaping productive lectures in a large lecture course in the humanities, here literature. A brief discussion of Sandel’s method distills it into four points. A brief example follows.


Reflective Group Writing Project For Eng 3140, David J. Carlson Feb 2020

Reflective Group Writing Project For Eng 3140, David J. Carlson

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

This assignment is a culminating group writing project/presentation for ENG 3140 Native American and Indigenous Literatures. Students are asked to assess the course content and pedagogy through two lenses: (1) theories regarding the nature of decolonizing pedagogy derived from the field of indigenous studies, and (2) CSUSBs specific GE "Diversity and Inclusion" and "Global Perspectives" designations. The goal is for students to assess whether the way our institution frames its GE ILOs is compatible with decolonial practice as defined within the field.


Draft: First-Year Composition Eportfolio Project As High Impact Practice, Jenni Keys Jan 2020

Draft: First-Year Composition Eportfolio Project As High Impact Practice, Jenni Keys

Workshops & Institutes

Abstract: The ePortfolio project will be the culminating formal writing assignment in a two-term course that completes students' first-year composition university requirement. This project fulfills three areas of ePortfolios as a high impact practice:

  • Inquiry: Students seek and perceive connections between the course learning outcomes and the experiences in their first-year composition course in relation to their development as writers
  • Reflection: Students identify and repeatedly reflect on their personal journeys as writers, answering the questions “what have I learned?” and “how have I grown?”; students consider those answers within the context of their continued experiences as university and life-long learners. …


(Haunted) Talk Show: Performance Pedagogy For Large Lecture Courses, Ann Garascia Jan 2020

(Haunted) Talk Show: Performance Pedagogy For Large Lecture Courses, Ann Garascia

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

This document outlines a culminating activity for ENG 1120 Speculative Fiction: Science Fiction, Horror, Fantasy that weds out-of-class preparation, as well as in-class participation and literary role-playing: “Haunted Talk Show.”It is a talk show-style assignment featuring major characters from the various texts that we have read throughout the semester. This document sketches out: A brief outline of my potential ENG 1120 theme, units, and sample texts; and, more detailed discussion of the specific assignment including a general overview, more detailed steps for execution (for students and instructor), and an explanation of the activity potentially aligns with pedagogical best practices for …


Reacting To The Future: An Immersive Experience With The Hunger Games, Amanda Taylor Jan 2020

Reacting To The Future: An Immersive Experience With The Hunger Games, Amanda Taylor

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

Description of an immersive, role-play based assignment centered on The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. Designed for a ENG 1120 Speculative Fiction course focused on dystopian literature. The assignments adapts elements of Reacting to the Past pedagogy and was developed as part of a Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy Faculty Learning Community focused on large lecture literature courses.


Q2s Enhanced Pedagogy Flc Syllabus Studies In Literature & Creativity, Nancy Best Jan 2020

Q2s Enhanced Pedagogy Flc Syllabus Studies In Literature & Creativity, Nancy Best

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

This syllabus was written in response to the FLC symposium led by Jessica Luck. It draws on elements I have previously used in teaching the large lecture 170—Studies in Literature—and adapts those elements to address the issues raised in Q2S Enhanced Pedagogy discussions, particularly to develop best practices, and to include a creative component for a new course offering which combines analysis with creative practice.


English 2180 Skeleton Syllabus And Sample Assignment, Jennifer Andersen Jan 2020

English 2180 Skeleton Syllabus And Sample Assignment, Jennifer Andersen

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

Approaches that I consider to teaching English 2180: the Function of Stories, include:

1) Legal Argumentation as Story-telling: the role of stories in jurisprudence

2) Philosophical explorations into cognitive and affective benefits from fiction

3) Socio-historical arguments about the rise of the novel

4) Fiction as cautionary tales for maturing adolescents

5) Psychological benefits: storytelling as a source of analogues for subjective experience


Interdisciplinary Lesson Plans To Study Art And Romantic Poetry (1775-1837), Luz Elena Ramirez Dec 2019

Interdisciplinary Lesson Plans To Study Art And Romantic Poetry (1775-1837), Luz Elena Ramirez

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

Enhanced Pedagogy funding has supported the design of three interdisciplinary lesson plans for California State University, San Bernardino students to study the relationship between art and Romantic poetry (1775-1837). Following the scholarship of Stuart Henry, William Condee exposes the problem in academe of “disciplinary hegemony.” Henry argues that “disciplines have come to control content, pedagogy and the organization of higher learning. Disciplines. . . become systems of power that control resources and access to dissemination” (Henry qtd. in Condee 4). Disciplinary hegemony fractures lines of continuity between subjects. My project seeks to facilitate a robust engagement with art and ancient …


Acue Effective Teaching Practices: Module Reflections, Jenni Keys Nov 2019

Acue Effective Teaching Practices: Module Reflections, Jenni Keys

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

ACUE Course: Effective Teaching Practices (S19) course module Reflections:

1B Aligning Assessments with Course Outcomes: aligning assessments to cognitive levels of learning outcomes

1D Preparing an Effective Syllabus: Using checklist to verify all essential items for course expectations are included in the syllabus

1E Planning an Effective Class Session: Connecting to learning outcomes, mini-lessons, fill-in-the-blank guided summaries, summarizing activity


Nystagmic Poetics In Lorine Niedecker’S Postwar Poetry, Edward Ferrari Sep 2019

Nystagmic Poetics In Lorine Niedecker’S Postwar Poetry, Edward Ferrari

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

In this article I explore the work of Lorine Niedecker, a poet not conventionally associated with disability studies, in order to flesh out an account of the function of visual disability in midcentury poetics and praxis. To do this I read Niedecker’s formative sequence “For Paul,” the late long poem “Wintergreen Ridge,” and other poems, through deformative practices in the belief that such an engagement shows how Niedecker’s hybrid objectivist praxis can be integrated with critical models of disability studies. Such an integration is then bodied forth in what I’m calling a “nystagmic poetics.” In such a poetics, the physical …


English Language Learners In K-12 Classrooms: Problems, Recommendations And Possibilities, Trisha Henderson Jun 2019

English Language Learners In K-12 Classrooms: Problems, Recommendations And Possibilities, Trisha Henderson

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Since California is the state with the highest number of English Language Learner (ELL) students in the nation (Abedi and Levine, 2013; Estrada, 2014), there is clearly a need for what Abedi and Levine (2013) call "accommodation" in educating ELLs in K-12 classrooms. This paper is an attempt to synthesize the current scholarship surrounding K-12 educational practices of ELLs nationally, but with special emphasis on key states: California and Arizona. It begins by describing the achievement gap between the growing number of ELLs and their native English speaking peers (NSP). The paper will first discuss possible reasons for this achievement …


Utilizing Visual Rhetoric: A New Approach To Comics, Superheroes, And Red Suns, Tabitha Rose-Ann Zarate Jun 2019

Utilizing Visual Rhetoric: A New Approach To Comics, Superheroes, And Red Suns, Tabitha Rose-Ann Zarate

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Comics and graphic texts require complex engagement from readers, engagement that relies on a developed understanding of text and image, and how they interact to create meaning. There are several theories about how readers engage with comics, many from comic creators themselves, and some from scholars in literature and composition. This project introduces an approach to comics utilizing visual rhetoric, which reconsiders the stricter text/image dynamics often conceptualized in Comics Studies, includes the reader as creator, and explores comics as collaboratively created texts. This approach is applied to Superman: Red Son, a popular text that focuses in on Superman, …


Scipp: An Expanded Community Of Practice - Community Publishing, Juan Delgado, Kelly (Kl) Straight Dortch, Daiana Rodriguez, Alex Avila, William Beshears, Juliana Cruz, Gina Hanson, Frank Houlihan, Lacey Kendall, Larry Light, Cati Porter, Molly Tor, Timothy "Isaac" Pieper, Bianka Sanchez, Sara Trowbridge, Daniel Aguilar, Bernardo Benigno, Arely Bernal, Alejandra Bueno, Emily Campos, Jason Cannon, Griselda Caudillo Gallo, Joshua Clemente, Sarah Coblentz, Diana D'Arcangelo, Georgia Darwin, Mary Grace Deasis, Kaylan Els, Keith Fernandez, Maria Flores, Khiyara Frontela, Anthony Galvan, Monica Galvez, Martin Garcia, Jessica Godin, Freda Guzman, Madison Hall, Diana Huitron Munoz, Jennifer Ledesma, Maria Lias Chacon, Rebekah Linares, Prisma Loya, Elijah Magana, Alberto Mancillas, Lorinda Maya, Jennifer Pimentel, Nancy Ramirez, Angelica Rodriguez, Alexis Ruvalcaba, Sandra Sandoval De Rosas, Emily Stoddard, Andrea Tinajero, Lesly Velez Montenegro, Saulo Velez Montenegro, Matthew Vigil, Sergio Zamora, Marylou Alvarez, Roxanna Cervantes, Tenaya Fuentes, Wendy Moreno, David Valenzuela, Philip Colunga, Augustine "Auggie" Fuentes, Nadia Fuentes, Olive Fuentes, Sophia Fuentes, Miraya Martinez, Diego Mercado, Iker Valenzuela, Roma Valenzuela Jan 2019

Scipp: An Expanded Community Of Practice - Community Publishing, Juan Delgado, Kelly (Kl) Straight Dortch, Daiana Rodriguez, Alex Avila, William Beshears, Juliana Cruz, Gina Hanson, Frank Houlihan, Lacey Kendall, Larry Light, Cati Porter, Molly Tor, Timothy "Isaac" Pieper, Bianka Sanchez, Sara Trowbridge, Daniel Aguilar, Bernardo Benigno, Arely Bernal, Alejandra Bueno, Emily Campos, Jason Cannon, Griselda Caudillo Gallo, Joshua Clemente, Sarah Coblentz, Diana D'Arcangelo, Georgia Darwin, Mary Grace Deasis, Kaylan Els, Keith Fernandez, Maria Flores, Khiyara Frontela, Anthony Galvan, Monica Galvez, Martin Garcia, Jessica Godin, Freda Guzman, Madison Hall, Diana Huitron Munoz, Jennifer Ledesma, Maria Lias Chacon, Rebekah Linares, Prisma Loya, Elijah Magana, Alberto Mancillas, Lorinda Maya, Jennifer Pimentel, Nancy Ramirez, Angelica Rodriguez, Alexis Ruvalcaba, Sandra Sandoval De Rosas, Emily Stoddard, Andrea Tinajero, Lesly Velez Montenegro, Saulo Velez Montenegro, Matthew Vigil, Sergio Zamora, Marylou Alvarez, Roxanna Cervantes, Tenaya Fuentes, Wendy Moreno, David Valenzuela, Philip Colunga, Augustine "Auggie" Fuentes, Nadia Fuentes, Olive Fuentes, Sophia Fuentes, Miraya Martinez, Diego Mercado, Iker Valenzuela, Roma Valenzuela

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

SCIPP redefines and expands the existing notions about what makes for a vibrant and robust community of practice by partnering CSUSB students and professors with K-12 students, parents, and educators, along with committed community partners. SCIPP encourages curiosity in ways that leads to critical thinking, exploration, "risk taking", confidence building, open-mindedness, and other personal traits that equip them with the softskills to be active, critical, and creative contributors to our communities. SCIPP pedagogy embraces our students' collective wisdom and focuses on relational building where multi-directional communication is promoted and students are viewed as equal stakeholders in their own educations. SCIPP …