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African American Studies

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2016

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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

African American Culture In Historical Art Museums: Remembering A Buried Tragic Past, Lana Sarkisian Dec 2016

African American Culture In Historical Art Museums: Remembering A Buried Tragic Past, Lana Sarkisian

Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters

The transparency of reality reflecting in art often represents a false tragedy in African American history because of the lack of preservation and representation due to a predominantly white dominion, ultimately leaving the veracity of their history to consign to oblivion. There is a common thread of forgetfulness with the retrieval of art in today’s society that embodies the African American community. Although artist Fred Wilson does not explicitly assert his assessment to the lack of black representation on account of cultural differences, he vocalizes how African American culture is indoctrinated to the public in a white, supremacist national narrative …


2016 Election: Part 2: The Cycle Continues, Preston Love Jr. Dec 2016

2016 Election: Part 2: The Cycle Continues, Preston Love Jr.

Black Studies Faculty Publications

From Part 1: “North Omaha voted at a poor rate. We did not vote large enough to make our collective voices heard in this election. Thus our preferences were defeated. For good or bad, our non-voting contributed to the victory of Trump and the defeats of Ashford and restoration of the Nebraska death penalty…. Beginning immediately there needs to be, A New Attitude; Demands for accountability from our leadership and outside forces to develop with the community new avenues for inclusion of wealth into north Omaha. Not grants, gifts etc., but job development, small business development and supporting services. …


Black Americans And The South African Anti-Apartheid Campaign In Portland, Oregon, Ethan Johnson Dec 2016

Black Americans And The South African Anti-Apartheid Campaign In Portland, Oregon, Ethan Johnson

Black Studies Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper argues that in order to understand the anti-Apartheid campaign in Portland, Oregon it must be located within the particular socio-historical context of race and racism in the city and state. Thus, Black people living in Portland had good reason to compare the Apartheid system in South Africa to their own experience. Therefore, the confluence of national and local issues that move the local anti-Apartheid campaign forward is examined; the paper documents the rise and development of critical organizations in the anti-Apartheid campaign in Portland; the paper focus on the closure of the Honorary South Africa Consulate in downtown …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 26, Wku Student Affairs Dec 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 26, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Kast, Monica. Some WKU Donors Kept Confidential by Foundations – WKU Foundation, College Heights Foundation
  • Ares, Nicole. Records Denial Appeal Filed to Attorney General – Title IX
  • Keltner, Bryson. International Students Share WKU Experience – Ali Alessa, Eunyoung Hayley Choi
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Chestnuts Roasting
  • Ho Ho Herald: College Heights Herald 2016 Christmas Gifts
  • Henderson, Andrew. Look Above to the Stars for Final Week Woes
  • Miller, Callie. Culture Series Attracts Expensive Speakers – Cultural Enhancement Series
  • Collins, Emma. Preston Health & Activities Center …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 25, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 25, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Dick, Jacob. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Suspended One Year for Alcohol Violations
  • Sandefur, Alex. Strive for Success – Geo International High School, Refugees
  • Collins, Emma. WKU Files Suit Against State Retirement System
  • Kast, Monica. Greek Affairs Adviser Removed After Twitter Post – Alexandria Kennedy
  • Alvey, Rebekah. List of Campus Safe Spaces Available Online
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: End of Semester
  • Dimeo, Chris. Smokey Bones Is Back At It Again
  • Beauchamp, Kijana. Educate Yourself Following Election
  • Huff, Taylor. Taking a Look Back a the Barak Obama …


2016 Election: Time For New Attitudes, New Agendas And New Actions, Preston Love Jr. Nov 2016

2016 Election: Time For New Attitudes, New Agendas And New Actions, Preston Love Jr.

Black Studies Faculty Publications

The initial numbers from the 2016 national elections are in and the results are our new realities. Many of us along with the Black Votes Matter initiative have been calling for a strong and forceful vote to provide additional leverage to our advocacy for our community’s best interest. Our voting power assists us when arguing our case to the public and private sectors. We need our community’s leadership to demand respect and demand economic inclusions measures necessary for us to build an economically healthy and developing community for our youth, our businesses and our culture. Ultimately, our community’s welfare needs …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 24, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 24, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Collins, Emma. PolitiFact Staffers Visit WKU
  • Perry, Natalie. International Dialogue Informs Students About Recent Political Events
  • Keltner, Bryson. Bowling Green Black Lives Matter Hosts Action Meeting
  • Miller, Callie. Associate Provost Plans Awareness of Research – Cheryl Davis
  • Carlson, Kylie. Student’s Work Prompts Proclamation Signing – Antibiotic Awareness Week
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Nutrition Labels
  • Burgess, Kelly. Three Major Keys to Nutrition
  • Kaufkins, Barry. Standing with My Muslim Students
  • Johnson, Kalyn. Coming to Understand Why People Protest
  • Disalvo, Ann. Bowling Green Beauties – Miss Bowling …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 23, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 23, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Kast, Monica. Two School of Journalism & Broadcasting Majors to Move Schools – Advertising, Public Relations
  • Collins, Emma. Tension – Donald Trump
  • Williams, Jamie. Andre Dowell – Elections
  • Carlson, Kylie. Jacob Karaglanis – Elections
  • Kast, Monica. eSports Team Moves Into Permanent Space
  • Miller, Callie. Sophomore, International Enrollment Declines
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon: Echo Chambers
  • Build Bridges: Understanding Protests, Understanding Each Other – Elections
  • Carter, Brandon. There is Much Work to be Done After Election
  • Chism, Kalee. Luncheon Opens Discussion on Gender – Genderations
  • Austin, Emma. …


A People’S Journey, A Nation’S Past: The National Museum Of African American History And Culture, Danielle E. Jones Nov 2016

A People’S Journey, A Nation’S Past: The National Museum Of African American History And Culture, Danielle E. Jones

The Gettysburg Compiler: On the Front Lines of History

On September 24, 2016, the National Museum of African American History and Culture was opened to the public after almost two decades of planning and more than a century of fighting for a memorial for African Americans. Starting in 1915, when a group of United States Colored Troops sought a memorial for their fallen soldiers, African Americans have worked to have their history remembered on a national scale. A congressional commission for a museum dedicated to African Americans was signed in 1929 by Calvin Coolidge, but the stock market crash in October prevented the museum from being built. The memorial …


Ua12/2/1 Topper Extra, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 Topper Extra, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

Special football edition of the College Heights Herald:

  • Heichelbech, Evan. Unique Senior Class Prepares for Home Finale – Football
  • Chisenhall, Jeremy. Five Keys to Watch for in Today’s Matchup – Football
  • College Heights Herald Football Pick ‘em
  • WKU Depth Chart
  • University of North Texas Depth Chart


Our Home By The Sea: Critical Race Reflections On Samuel Chapman Armstrong’S Accommodationism Through William Watkins’ White Architects Of Black Education, Theodorea Regina Berry, Michael Jennings Nov 2016

Our Home By The Sea: Critical Race Reflections On Samuel Chapman Armstrong’S Accommodationism Through William Watkins’ White Architects Of Black Education, Theodorea Regina Berry, Michael Jennings

Faculty Publications

The work and words presented are a reflection of the multidimensionality of two critical race scholars and their engagement with the work of Dr. William H. Watkins, specifically his seminal text The White Architects of Black Education: Ideology and Power, 1865-1954. This work will be framed similarly to the way Watkins framed his chapter on General Samuel Chapman Armstrong in this work. Our story, a critical auto-ethnographic narrative, will begin with a discussion of the historical context that frames the relationship we have with Watkins and the relationship we have with General Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute. Next, …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 22, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 22, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Dick, Jacob. WKU Professor to Elect President – Scott Lasley
  • Kast, Monica. Students Encounter Polling Confusion – Brian Wiech, Brandon Killian
  • Williams, Jamie. Gary Ransdell Casts Vote at Big Red Precinct
  • Dimeo, Chris. Voters Disappointed, Unable to Vote in City
  • Ziesig, Kathryn. Students Protest Presidential Election Results
  • Collins, Emma. University Faculty, Staff Lacks Diversity
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Election 2016
  • Huff, Taylor. Sauteed Selection: After the Election, Where Do We Go From Here?
  • Henderson, Andrew. A Failed Press, Other Disappointments of the Election
  • Joyner, …


(Un)Making The Food Desert: Food, Race, And Redevelopment In Miami's Overtown Community, William Hall Nov 2016

(Un)Making The Food Desert: Food, Race, And Redevelopment In Miami's Overtown Community, William Hall

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, efforts to transform food environments have played a key role in urban revitalization strategies. On one hand, concerns over urban food deserts have spurred efforts to attract supermarkets to places where access to healthy food is difficult for lower income residents. On the other, the creation of new spaces of consumption, such as trendy restaurants and food retail, has helped cities rebrand low-income communities as cultural destinations of leisure and tourism. In cities around the US, these processes often overlap, converting poorer neighborhoods into places more desirable for the middle-class. My dissertation research examines the social and …


Voting: What Do Our Kids Say?, Preston Love Jr. Nov 2016

Voting: What Do Our Kids Say?, Preston Love Jr.

Black Studies Faculty Publications

This fall Black Votes Matter, my UNO “Black Politics” class and a Benson High School class of 25 embarked on a civic education project, which revealed something wonderful. Those reading this column and have read my book Economic Cataracts (Love, 2015) are aware that one of my major concerns is that our youth are not receiving an adequate amount of civic education. As such I have led efforts to improve the situation. We led in 2015 the effort for 700 of our youth to see the movie SELMA. We are partnering with the League of votes to insert civic lessons …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 21, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 21, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Scarlett, Gabriel. Bowling Green Speaks Out Ahead of Election
  • Kast, Monica. Student Surrogates Debate Foreign Policy – Forensics Team
  • Carlson, Kylie. More Freshmen Enrolling with Prior Credit
  • Williams, Jamie. Student Groups Offer Free Rides to Voting Polls – Ride to Vote
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Political Parties
  • Henderson, Andrew. Polling Pisces: Consult the Stars to Help Cast Your Ballot
  • Beshear, Andy. Attorney General Continues to Fight for Education
  • Schroader, Miles. Students Talk About Voting Decisions
  • Schroader, Miles. Singing Groups Join to Celebrate Culture – …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 20, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 20, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Ares, Nicole. Potter College of Arts & Letters Undergoing Four Leadership Changes – Loup Langton, Saundra Ardrey, Robert Dietle, Michael Williams
  • Dick, Jacob. Western Kentucky Orthopaedic & Neurosurgical Associates Protests Denied by State Cabinet
  • Collins, Emma. Confucius Institute Open, But Not to Public
  • Williams, Jamie. Equestrian Team Fundraises with Miniature Ponies
  • Moore, Elisabeth. Latte Art Showdown Brews for Charitable Cause
  • Miller, Callie. Candidates Narrowed for Presidential Search
  • Editorial Cartoon re: Fairness Ordinance
  • What’s Fair is Fair: Bowling Green to Adopt Fairness Ordinance
  • Kentucky Board of …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 17 [19], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 17 [19], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Dick, Jacob. Director of Journalism School to Step Down – Loup Langton
  • Kast, Monica. As American As: Photo Exhibit – Diversity
  • Collins, Emma. Candidates Debate Local, State Issues at Public Forum
  • Kast, Monica. Candidates for Associate Provost Announced
  • Perry, Natalie. Students Collect Aid for Hurricane Matthew Victims
  • Johnson, Leah. Educational Talent Search Program Expanding its Reach
  • Carlson, Kylie. Record Number of Kentucky Voters Registered Online
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Potato Chips
  • Burgess, Kelly. Orange You Glad I Didn’t Say Pumpkin?
  • Henderson, Andrew. Rigged Election: …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 16 [18], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 16 [18], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Homecoming Photos
  • Collins, Emma. Racial Crime Victims Disappointed with WKU Police
  • Williams, Jamie. Young Visionary Receives National Recognition – Kenan Mujkanovic
  • Kast, Monica. University Senate Approves Open Search Resolution – President Search
  • Collins, Emma. Jim Gray Discusses Tuition at Campus Visit
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Renters’ Rights
  • Lease of the Land: Bowling Green Must Pass Uniform Residential Landlord & Tenant Act
  • Tegge, Samuel. Coffee to Go Extinct, A Tale of Climate Change
  • Adams, Julia. Annual Event Celebrates Local Art – Pop-Up Art & Comic …


Ua12/2/1 Topper Extra, Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 Topper Extra, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

Special football magazine of the College Heights Herald.

  • Heichelbech, Evan. Joel Iyiegbuniwe Makes Impact in Breakout Season – Football WKU Depth Chart – Football
  • Old Dominion University Depth Chart – Football
  • Chisenhall, Jeremy. Six Players to Watch in WKU vs. Old Dominion University – Football
  • Heichelbech, Evan. Offense Flying Under the Radar Heading into Old Dominion University – Football


The 2016 Ballot, Preston Love Jr. Oct 2016

The 2016 Ballot, Preston Love Jr.

Black Studies Faculty Publications

By now many of you have received your ballots and in fact already have voted. The forecast from the election commission is that over 40% of our voters will vote early. This issue of the Omaha Star will surface to its readers October 22nd. By now the deadline for voter registration will have passed, except in person at the Election Commission. (225 N 115th). By now there is only one week left until a request for an early ballot can be received (October 28th).

My message is directed to those of you who still have not voted, those of you …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 15 [17], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 15 [17], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Williams, Jamie. Reusable Boxes to Improve Sustainability – Dining Services
  • Collins, Emma. Funds Returned to Universities after Months of Debate
  • Keltner, Bryson. French Film Festival Returns to the Hill
  • Kast, Monica. Faculty Creates Website to Explain Budget – University Senate
  • Williams, Jamie. Student Government Association Announces Safety Polls, New Members
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Best Couple
  • Ronkainen, Millie. Exorcism Off the Big Screen & in Practice
  • Schwab, Edmond. Issues with Billings Office
  • Huff, Taylor. Ken Bone and His Question About Energy
  • Austin, Emma. Spanish …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 14 [16], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 14 [16], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Miller, Callie. Raising the Volume – Domestic Violence
  • Collins, Emma. Med Center, Western Kentucky Orthopaedic & Neurosurgical Associates Debate WKU Proposal
  • Perry, Natalie. Topper Corner Celebrates Opening with Ribbon Cutting
  • Carlson, Kylie. Murray State University Invites WKU to Dead Poets in London
  • Williams, Jamie. Student Government Association Members Resign After Allegations of Racism – Braxton Powell, John McKinney
  • Johnson, Leah. WKU Receives Grant for Principal Training – Wallace Foundation
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Suffrage for Felons
  • Suffering Suffrage: Kentucky Should Automatically Allow Ex-felons Right …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 14 [15], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 14 [15], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Keltner, Bryson. Major Redz Leave Section Due to Safety Concerns – Protests
  • Miller, Callie. University to Change Internet Network
  • Kast, Monica. Professor Gary Houchens Joins Kentucky Board of Education
  • Carlson, Kylie. Retired Officer Joins Police Department – Lee McKinney
  • Collins, Emma. New Bus Route to Service Downtown Garage – Parking & Transportation
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Donald Trump
  • Repulsive Rhetoric: Donald Trump’s Comments Contribute to Rape Culture
  • Johnson, Kayln. Black Hair Styles in the Professional Sphere
  • Fall Festival
  • Austin, Emma. Conference to Raise Human …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 13 [14], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 13 [14], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Dick, Jacob. University Questioned in New Legal Protest – Medical Center
  • Collins, Emma. Pain for Peace – Jineth Bedoya Lima
  • Kast, Monica. Election Caravan from ONE VOTE Nonprofit Visits WKU
  • Williams, Jamie. Student Government Association Awards First Desktop in Computer Program
  • Collins, Emma. Rand Paul Talks Small Government, Socialism
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Pumpkin & Spice
  • Huff, Taylor. Remember the Vice Presidential Debate?
  • Beard, Craig & Phillip Singer. WKU Shouldn’t Rush with Request for Proposal – Athletics
  • Sims, Adam. Guide to Fall Activities in …


Oldham, Barbara (Fa 924), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives Oct 2016

Oldham, Barbara (Fa 924), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

FA Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 924. Paper titled: “Negro Folklore.” Includes survey sheets with brief descriptions of African American beliefs and superstitions in Ohio County, Kentucky. Sheets include a brief description, informant’s name, and motif index number.


Presidential Politics And The Black Vote, Part 3 Of 3, Preston Love Jr. Oct 2016

Presidential Politics And The Black Vote, Part 3 Of 3, Preston Love Jr.

Black Studies Faculty Publications

From part 2: In that hotel, that day we struggled and argued the pro and cons and finally he made the decision. At that moment he decided to run for President of the United States

November 3, 1983, Rev Jesse L. Jackson announced that he was running to be the President of United States. The room was filled to the brim with blacks and white, leaders and followers, Secret Service and two hecklers who were escorted out of the room. American and African American history was made that day and the following months. During the exploratory period, Jackson was awarded …


Cruse, Billy (Fa 917), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives Oct 2016

Cruse, Billy (Fa 917), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

FA Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Folklilfe Archives Project 917. Project titled: “Negro Folklore.” Includes survey sheets with brief descriptions of African American beliefs, epitaphs, and stories in Hart County, Kentucky. Sheets include a brief description, informant’s name, and motif index number.


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 12 [13], Wku Student Affairs Oct 2016

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 92, No. 12 [13], Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news. This issue contains articles:

  • Ares, Nicole. Glowing Rose – Stephanie Campbell
  • Collins, Emma. Search Committee Discusses Candidates
  • Kast, Monica. WKU Could Receive Refund After Court Ruling – Budget
  • Carlson, Kylie. International Delegates Fundraise for Refugees – International Student Diplomats
  • King, Jennifer. Editorial Cartoon re: Register to Vote
  • Democracy Deadline: Kentucky Voter Registration is Ending Soon
  • Henderson, Andrew. Stars Foretell an Extremely Spooky October – Horoscopes
  • Cole, Megan. Purple People – Alzheimer’s Research
  • Martin, Madison. No Lost Generation Begins WKU Chapter
  • Austin, Emma. Campus Organization Bridges Cultural Gaps – Bridges …


Attacking Multiple Fronts: The Tuskegee Airmen As Pioneers Of Military Integration, Kaylyn L. Sawyer Oct 2016

Attacking Multiple Fronts: The Tuskegee Airmen As Pioneers Of Military Integration, Kaylyn L. Sawyer

Student Publications

Military service has long been associated with citizenship, and blacks have been part of every American war since the founding of this nation. Five thousand fought in the Revolutionary War, 180,000 fought in segregated units during the Civil War, and 380,000 enrolled in World War One. Although black participation increased with each major conflict, only 42,000 of the blacks in World War One belonged to combat units, a result of 20th century racial tensions that turned opinion against the use of black soldiers. Segregation persisted within the military establishment, including military aviation, through World War Two. Within a span of …


Darney "K-Born" Rivers, Bronx African American History Project Oct 2016

Darney "K-Born" Rivers, Bronx African American History Project

Oral Histories

Interviewer: Mark Naison, Lisa Betty

Interviewee: Darney “K-Born” Rivers, Rodney Morris

Summarized by: Sarah Cavanagh

Darney “K-Born” Rivers is a legendary Bronx rapper and community organizer. He was born in the Bronx in 1970 and lived on Grant avenue and then Morris avenue near 169th street. Living on Grant avenue in the early 1970s, Rivers describes the fires that became a common sight in the area. The Grant avenue neighborhood became so dangerous that he had to live with relatives in Queens for some time. Rivers and his family moved to the Fordham road area of the Bronx in 1978. …