Architecture Commons^™

2022 Secretary General's Report, Elizabeth Brabec

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

2022 Annual Report and 2023 Work Plan

Looking Back Looking Forward: Isccl 50th Anniversary Symposium, Abstracts And Presentations, Elizabeth Brabec, Betina Adams, Haeedeh Laleh

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

During the past 50 years, the ISCCL has experienced great shifts in an understanding of cultural landscapes, the approaches to their conservation and protection, and the foundational concept of cultural landscapes themselves. The starting point was in 1971, in a meeting of Fontainebleau, where M. René Pechère led an international group of historic garden landscape architects and other professionals in the creation of a joint ICOMOS / IFLA Committee of Historic Gardens and Sites. While the focus of the original Committee was on classical gardens and their maintenance and protection, this was an important first step in the understanding of …

Walkerton Hydroelectric Generating Station - A Relict Industrial Landscape In Ontario, Canada, Doug Evans

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Canada is littered with relic industrial/ cultural landscapes that are mostly unrecognised, undesignated and forgotten. The early 20th century hydroelectric generating station south of the small town of Walkerton on the Saugeen River in Bruce County, Ontario is one such landscape.

The Walkerton hydro-power site can be recognised as a cultural-industrial landscape, namely: 1) it is a designed landscape, with features including the dam and headrace canal; 2) it is an evolved relic landscape, where the industrial and socio-economic activities of generating hydroelectric power have come to an end; and 3) it is an associative cultural landscape, where the landscape …

Caribbean Port City Capitals As Cultural Landscapes, Pat Green

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The coastal locations of Caribbean port cities are distinct cultural landscapes in settings around safe harbours sheltered by hillocks containing vital elements of historic urban landscapes. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) recommended in 2011 the idea of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) as a tool to integrate policies and practices of conservation of the built environment into the wider goals of urban development. Green, Robinson and Morgan (2013) caution that some efforts by the business community to regenerate port cities have limited the holistic nature of downtown to economic and physical enhancement leaving out the critical …

Planning And Management Of Complex Landscapes: The Case Of Rio De Janeiro, Carioca Landscapes, José Antonio Hoyuela Jayo

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The PRODOC4018 project aimed to develop tools for the planning and management of the Carioca landscapes, a World Heritage Site since 2012. The proposal promotes a shared and integrated management of cultural heritage of excellence through preservation guidelines, with intervention criteria and protection and management tools incorporated in action plans and geo-referenced monitoring mechanisms. These analysed properties were located in the World Heritage area and its surroundings, 'Carioca Landscapes: between the mountain and the sea.

Landscape heritage must be evaluated, ordered and managed in its spatial and temporal context, but also in the social, environmental and economic context in which …

A Scientific Tourism Project With The Community Of The Cultural Landscape Of The Cerro Machín Volcano, Colombia, César Augusto Velandia Silva

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

It is intended to develop a strategy of social innovation and joint creation of didactic and pedagogical objectives for the identification and valuation of the cultural landscape by the inhabitants of Alto de Toche and also aimed at visitors interested in scientific tourism, articulated to the construction of an integrated discourse on the symbolic influence and risk management by the geoheritage represented by the Cerro Machín Volcano, archaeological settlements and pre-Columbian paths.

The strategy will be implemented during 2022 through workshops to account for the process of conceptual construction and subsequent development of materials (maps-social cartography, photographs, routes, identification of …

Sustaining Vernacular Working Landscapes, Ekaterini Vlahos

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The American West offers an invaluable laboratory for research focused on vernacular cultural landscapes, specifically working landscapes. Ninety percent of the state of Colorado is classified as rural and held in private or agency ownership. Unfortunately, a small percentage of the cultural resources on these properties and landscapes have been identified, recorded, studied, and protected.

Predictions show that most vernacular working landscapes in the state will transition to new development to support a population expected to double by 2050. The visible impact of current rapid growth and future change necessitated a model for gathering information, educating the next generation on …

Contributions To The Debate On The Revision Of The Concept Of Cultural Landscape: Icomos Brazil’S National Scientific Committee, Betina Adams, Isabelle Cury, Vanessa Gayego Bello Figueiredo, Jose Antonio Hoyuela Jayo, Laura Beatriz Lage, Marcos Olender, Mônica Bahia Schlee, Rafael Winter Ribeiro

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The concept of landscape is polysemic and transdisciplinary, a basic condition for the recognition, planning and management of cultural landscapes, with a view to their integrated, shared and sustainable preservation. The recent extensions of the concept of cultural heritage have brought with them a breadth, diversity and complexity that prove to be counter-hegemonic, demanding greater participation and socio-cultural integration.

The construction of the concept of cultural landscape has had in Brazil important thinkers, Charters and Regulations such as the "Chancela del Landscape Cultural", the "Portaria 375" or the Federal Constitution itself, in addition to various local initiatives and the declaration …

Recommendation On The Historic Urban Landscape, The New Urban Agenda And Cultural Landscapes. Looking At Concepts And Vocabulary, Marie-Noël Tournoux

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), adopted in 2011, updates UNESCO's international instruments by emphasizing the links between conservation and sustainable development. It was developed following the boom in conservation issues in urban World Heritage properties or in properties in urban contexts from the 2000s, particularly in historic centers. Its principle is to pursue the proposals made in the 1976 Nairobi Recommendation and other normative instruments concerning heritage conservation by extending it to the concept of territory and landscape while emphasizing the importance of taking people into account and the concept of quality of life. Its originality also …

The Evolution Of Conserving Cultural Landscapes In Canada: Paralleling The Isccl, John Zvonar

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

In the 1960s, the discipline of Heritage Conservation originated with the period restoration of the Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia. This work spawned the Restoration Services Division of Parks Canada. As a student, I learned of the meticulous restoration of the landscape of Motherwell Homestead in Saskatchewan, in the spirit of the Florence Charter whose mantra was ‘garden as monument’.

While educated in the various treatments – whether preservation, period restoration or rehabilitation (aka adaptive re-use) – it seemed that no one was yet talking about heritage values in the 1980s. About that time, Parks Canada had released …

Influence Of The Evolution Of Cultural Landscapes As Heritage On 20th Century International Heritage Preservation Doctrine, Cari Goetcheus, Nora J. Mitchell

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The Athens and Venice charters are generally considered the philosophical foundation of modern heritage preservation. Throughout the 20^th century, preservation practitioners have continually debated these early doctrines, especially as they’ve been applied to increasingly diverse places in ever-changing social contexts. As important shifts in heritage preservation theory have evolved, a broad range of values have extended the definition of cultural heritage from monument-specific sites to larger landscapes, from local to regional and national scales, from expert to traditional knowledge, and from static cultural fabric to dynamic ecological processes.

This paper argues that the recognition and development of cultural landscapes …

Refreshing ‘Cultural Landscapes’ - Isccl Global Dialogue 30 Years Later, David Jacques, Patricia Odonnell

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Until 1992 none of the UNESCO criteria for World Heritage allowed specifically for landscapes shaped by humanity. Following on about a decade of dialogue, at the World Heritage Committee meeting in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, the States Parties agreed to add definitions and types of ‘cultural landscapes’ to the World Heritage Operational Guidelines.

The formulation of ‘cultural landscapes’ at that time has proved to be largely robust, though inevitably, after nearly 30 years, with a wider range of experts involved and topics covered, a retrospective study seeks to explore potential clarifications and adjustments from diverse global viewpoints. The ISCCL …

World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: The Old And The New For China, Feng Han

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The term “cultural landscape” has many different meanings for different people throughout the world. It has been widely circulated since the international recognition of cultural landscapes extended to World Heritage prominence in 1992 with three categories of cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value defined as the “combined works of nature and man”. However, the application of World Heritage Cultural Landscapes (WHCLs) encountered difficulties in China. This presentation reviews the history of nature-related World Heritage conservation in the country, examines the cross-cultural confusion of World Heritage practice from Chinese traditional cultural perspective of culture and nature relationship to address to the …

Naturecultures Guidance: Steps In Our Journey, Kristal Buckley, Leticia Leitao, Nora J. Mitchell, Maya Ishizawa, Jessica L. Brown, Nicole Franceschini, Dr. Steve H. Brown

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The emergence of cultural landscapes concepts heralded important mindset shifts in heritage practices. These have underpinned development of landscape approaches that recognise larger-scale interactions and the relationships between natural and cultural elements and processes. However, it has become apparent that an enduring nature-culture binary in heritage practices can result in adverse outcomes ‘on the ground’.

The ISCCL has provided a forum and a source of global leadership for these issues, including the exploration of the implications of working with naturecultures to achieve conservation outcomes that are effective and inclusive. Naturecultures was coined by Donna Haraway in 2003 to recognise that …

The Evolving Place Of Indigenous People And Their Cultural Landscapes In The World Heritage Convention At 50, Diane Menzies, Gregory W. De Vries

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Indigenous people, associated cultural landscapes, and the 1972 World Heritage Convention offer an evolving constellation of challenges and opportunities for cultural and natural resilience and self-determination. This discussion explores ongoing transitions in the relationship between the World Heritage List and indigeneity with respect to terminology, representation, distribution, and the real-world issues of poverty, climate change, resource and habitat loss, health crises, and power imbalances affecting current experiences and future directions for World Heritage. Institutional legacies still haunt processes of inscription and management; however, the engagement of Indigenous people is increasingly multi-faceted and mutually reinforcing. Over time, Indigenous perspectives on nature-culture …

Cultural Landscape As Place, Process, And Practice, Dr. Steve H. Brown

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

As Australian cultural geographer Lesley Head notes, cultural landscape is not just one idea, but ‘the concept of cultural landscape has changed over time and evokes a range of contrasting understandings in different regions of the world, different academic disciplines, and different government contexts’ (Head 2010, p. 427). While there is a vast literature on the subject, cultural landscapes can be considered to encompass three broad meanings. First, cultural landscape as place; that is, the phrase can be applied to a selected region of the Earth that has been transformed by human-ecological intra-action. Second, cultural landscape as process; that is, …

Legal Framework Of Cultural Landscape As A Listed Cultural Heritage In Taiwan, Chun-Hsi Wang

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The cultural landscape has been protected as a cultural heritage in Taiwan since the amendment of the law in 2005. The definition in the law of 2005 was “the spaces and related environment of myths, legends, circumstances, historical events, community life, or ceremony”. However, the 2005 definition was ambiguous, which resulted in several unclear registered cases. For instance, some cases may have been registered as cultural landscapes but have buildings as their major attributes. This reflects the fact that the preservation of cultural heritage in Taiwan still focuses on the preservation of buildings, which highlights the difference between the concept …

Significance, Opportunities And Challenges Of Cultural Landscape Conservation And Bhutan Heritage Bill – Unesco’S Experiences Of Bhutan, Roland Chih-Hung Lin

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

UNESCO was the first United Nations agency to deal with landscapes at a global scale, notably through the 1962 UNESCO Recommendation on the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites and the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. This article shares the knowledge and experience garnered by UNESCO through its conservation and management activities at Cultural Landscapes in Bhutan and highlights the urgent need for a cultural-historical-natural territory approach to address the pressing challenges for the conservation of Cultural Landscapes in Bhutan, and for a strong focus on the peoples and communities that …

Historical Evolution Of Cultural Landscape Protection In Japan And Perspectives Towards Climate Change, Mikiko Ishikawa

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The concept of cultural landscapes has existed as a social foundation in Japan since the 11th century. Numerous gardens and community forests were created and protected as the spiritual site of cultural landscapes. Modernization took place in 1868, and based on social change, various laws were established for protecting cultural landscapes.

In this presentation, the author will explain the challenges for protection, especially focusing on the movements in the historical city of Kamakura since the 1960’s, considering the birth of the law of Historic Landscape Preservation. Based on the establishment of this law in Kamakura, a Green Preservation Law was …

Evolution Of Landscape Scale Protection In Australia Since 1974, Jane Lennon

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Australia ICOMOS found the Venice Charter principles to be universally sound but not applicable to an ancient landscape encompassing 60,000 years of Aboriginal occupation and modified by only 200 years of European settlement. In response, Australia ICOMOS members created the Burra Charter to deal with conservation of places of cultural significance, and in the years since 1981, it has been updated to reflect contemporary practice and improved understanding of intangible values. Although its principles and planning steps have been followed for large publicly-owned conservation landscapes such as national parks or for urban historic parks, the challenge is to apply it …

When You Can't See The Trees For The Forest: An Analysis Of Heritage Tree Protection And The Implications For Nature Culture Integration, Elizabeth Brabec

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Heritage trees provide a sense of permanency and sense of place, spiritual connections, and also a critical repository of a gene pool, climate adaptation history and future human resources. Characterized as the oldest and/or largest tree of a species, heritage or "champion" trees as they are often termed, contain a "library" of climate changes that have taken place over hundreds and in some cases thousands of years. But in the designation and protection of heritage trees, the criteria of ecosystem services and economic values are mentioned much more frequently in the legislation and research, than cultural or heritage values. This …

Policy Challenges To Recognizing And Conserving Cultural Landscapes In The United States, Brenda Barrett

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Cultural Landscapes have come late to the game in the US government’s historic preservation policy schemes. While the US National Park Service (NPS) established a documentation program - the Historic American Landscapes, landscapes are not specifically identified as a historic resource type to be recognized and protected by any of the existing statutory frameworks. In 2013 the NPS cultural resource leadership sought to remedy this deficiency by undertaking an extensive study, the National Register Landscape Initiative, with the goal of proposing legislative changes to the National Historic Preservation Act. Cultural landscapes would be added as a distinct property type to …

A Holistic Approach To Conservation And Management At World Heritage Sites: The Contribution Of Biocultural Practices And Traditional Knowledge To Sustainability, Leanna Wigboldus

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Historical separation of cultural and natural property values at World Heritage Sites (WHS) in determining a site’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for evaluation and management purposes has often neglected intrinsic intangible elements such as traditional knowledge, biocultural practices and sustainable management systems that reflect human interaction at WHS. This project will review and analyze the integration of WHS values where biocultural practices and traditional management and knowledge structures exist and contribute to site sustainability and resilience.

A study of selected WHS, including cultural landscapes and mixed WHS, where traditional management structures and biocultural practices have been developed and implemented over …

Kc 4.4 Building Multi-Cultural Understanding Through Translation And Dialogue: Languages And Terminologies For Icomos Ifla Isccl Rural Landscapes Principles, Raffaella Laviscio, Hossam Mahdy, Haeedeh Laleh

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The spread and put in action of the Principles’ text in the national context require, first of all, the translation of the original English version. It is not automatic and requires different considerations and challenges (as linguistic and cultural). For instance, some English terms have no known equivalent Arabic terms (such as landscape, vernacular and integrity), other terms have different equivalents used by different individuals or institutions, others (as bio-cultural diversity, conservation, heritage, sustainable development) require some specifications due to differences in worldview and value systems in the different national contexts (and according to different disciplinary sectors in the same …

Sustainability, Resiliency And Authenticity Of Rural Landscapes. The Forced Relocation Of Inhabitants At A Port In Terraba Sierpe Wetlands, Costa Rica, And The ‘Un-Ruled’ Practices In The Abandoned Landscape Of Penyagolosa Mountain, Spain., Juan A. García-Esparza, Ofelia Sanou

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

The poster presented hereby is intended to establish a lively debate on the eventual interpretation of the dynamics in two specific rural landscapes and how their analysis depends on the ability to appropriately select and assimilate the transformations of the place. The two cases expose potential problems that arise when interpreting and managing these rural landscapes. Interpretations can be ‘colonial’ or ‘indigenous’. These approaches, therefore, aim to question why space is sometimes constructed under ‘conscious’ and ‘unconscious’ interpretations of imaginaries, behaviours, expressions, and adaptations which result in characteristic experimentations and transformations of the rural landscape.

In this realm, the approach …

Kc 5.1: Traditional Systems And Methods Of Rural Landsconservation In Mali And Africa // Systemes Et Methodes Traditionnels De Preservations Des Paysages Ruraux Au Mali Et En Afrique, Alpha Diop, L. Cisse, M. Dembele

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Rural landscapes in Africa and elsewhere constitute a precious heritage for rural communities, which have since the onset of time been able to develop endogenous techniques, systems and practices for the development and preservation of natural and cultural landscapes. Within African territorial entities, culture and nature are harmoniously interconnected and their management and preservation are based on systems created and transmitted from generation to generation according to socio-cultural environments and contexts.

Based on ancestral social and religious practices, traditional systems and methods for preserving rural landscapes are more focused on a community-oriented approach.

Several traditional methods, systems, practices and approaches …

Kc 4.1: Rural Heritage And Urban-Rural Linkages In The Icomos Sdgs Policy Guidance, Ege Yildirim, Ilaria Rosetti, Patricia O'Donnell

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

This Knowledge Café aims to provide a discussion platform to contribute to the drafting of a new ICOMOS SDGs Policy Guidance, from the perspective of rural heritage, landscapes and rural-urban linkages. While 50%-plus of global populations are urban dwellers, we tend to forget that the other half dwell in rural places.

One of the 7 Priority Actions of the ICOMOS SDGs Working Group in 2018 is the preparation of a consolidated policy statement, as an effective tool for advocacy and communication to wider society and the development world. Based on the need to boost the role of cultural heritage in …

Panel 12. Paper 12.3: El Camino Tierra Adentro As A Rural Landscape, Graciela Mota, Pilar Rincón Mtra., Sara E. Narvaez Martínez Ph.D

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Camino Real de Tierra Adentro was the Royal Inland Road, also known as the Silver Route. The inscribed property consists of 55 sites and five existing World Heritage sites lying along a 1400 km section of this 2600 km route, that extends north from Mexico City to Texas and New Mexico, United States of America. The route was actively used as a trade route for 300 years, from the mid-16th to the 19th centuries, mainly for transporting silver extracted from the mines of Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosí, and mercury imported from Europe. Although it is a route that …

Panel 12. Paper 12.2: Public Policies, Cultural Landscape And Rural Development, Cecilia Calderón-Puente Dr., Zazanda Salcedo Gutierrez Msc

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

This panel incorporates two case studies of cultural landscapes and their management in Mexico and Bolivia. According to a new vision of government after the Mexican Revolution, it’s established in Mexico, in addition to the “ejidos”, a policy of production and settlement in rural areas, based on the generation of irrigation systems. Thus, from 1926 to 1940, “agricultural cities” are designed in the country, among which is founded, in the southern area of the northern state of Chihuahua, a city named Delicias, whose main objective was the production of vine and cotton. However, by 1960, there was a change in …

Panel 12. Paper 12.1: Rural Landscapes And Urban Development In Latin America, Leonardo B. Castriota, Betina Adams Msc

ISCCL Scientific Symposia and Annual General Meetings // Symposiums scientifiques et assemblées générales annuelles de l'ISCCL // Simposios científicos yy las Asambleas Generales Anuales

Within the expansion of the concept of heritage, in the last decades, some new ideas have gained a decisive and innovative role. "Cultural landscapes", for instance, adopted by UNESCO since the early 1990s, inextricably combines the material and immaterial aspects of the heritage concept, that formerly was often thought separately. It also enhances the significant interactions between man and the natural environment. Thus, this concept seems to offer a rich perspective when applied to the traditional ideas in the field of conservation. Considering the historical centres, for example, its’ perspective could be significantly broadened, allowing interpretations that focus on the …