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Plybond Strength Development Of Secondary Fiber Using The Marine Polymer Chitosan, Christopher G. Sinkovitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate plybond strength development of secondary fiber by the addition of the marine polymer chitosan.

The chitosan was applied to refined, lightly refined and unrefined pulp suspensions. Two-ply handsheets were produced with addition levels of .5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 percent chitosan based on fiber weight.

Results indicate that addition of chitosan to two-ply handsheets significantly increased plybond strength from 30 to 120 percent depending on furnish and degree of refining. It was also determined that maximum strength values of selected tests occurred at approximately the two percent addition level of chitosan. …

Effects Of The Degree And Type Of Sizing On The Dyeing Of Paper, J. Pease

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was made comparing papers dyed in a rosin/alum sized system to papers dyed in two alkaline sized systems. The alkaline sizes chosen were alkyl ketene dimer and alkenyl succinic anhydride. The dye types studied were acid, basic, anionic direct, and cationic direct. The degree of sizing was varied for each sizing type to see if the amount of sizing would effect dye retention. The papers dyed with anionic and cationic direct dyes and the basic dye were not significantly effected by sizing type of sizing degree. The direct dyes did give a lighter shade when the rosin size …

Sulphonation Of Tmp Fibers, Alfonso Bello

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Paper made from TMP fibers offers good opacity and stiffness, but its use is limited because of its low strength. Chemical post-treatment of TMP offers possibilities of improving strength. Sulphonation of lignin appears to be the most economically feasible treatment. This thesis was oriented toward finding out if sulphonation of TMP fibers would improve the strength properties of TMP handsheets. Southern pine TMP fibers were treated with sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃). The chemical concentration to be used was between 3-27% in alkali solution between pH 7-9. The temperature was between 90°-150°C. Pulp was consistency was 10%. Handsheets …

The Effects Of Temperature And Ph In Flotation Deinking Of Ultraviolet-Cured Inks, Jeffrey A. Downing

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Since 1974, the use of ultraviolet-cured inks and coatings has become popular with the printing industry. Unfortunately for the deinking industry, removal of these inks is difficult using conventional methods in the U.S. Theory and laboratory work suggests these special inks may be removed using the flotation process.

It was discovered that the optimum flotation cell temperature for UV-cured inks is not significantly different than the optimum temperature for normal emulsifiable inks. However, optimum cell pH was found to be different between the two inks, and most effective at low pH for UV-cured ink.

Integrated Deinking System, Gregory A. Murray

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project concentrated on the development and subsequent results of an integrated deinking system. Although the chemistry and basic principles are quite different, a few European companies are successfully combining the two·systems by taking advantage of the differences.

Advantages of an integrated system over the conventional type included higher brightness, lower ash content and decreased sensitivity to particle size.

The experiment consisted of two different two-stage deinking systems. Each system was run twice; once with a sodium-precipitate chemistry and once with a calcium precipitate chemistry.

The system with first stage flotation, second stage washing and sodium chemistry was determined to …

The Effect Of Temperature On The Emulsification Of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride, Steven S. Riegsecker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study is to look at the effect of starch temperature on the emulsification of ASA. Historical information was limited, but it was discovered that an emulsion particle size range of 1-2 microns would give optimum size results.

A continuous emulsification apparatus was constructed using a glass venturi and power syringe to emulsify the starch and ASA. The basic conclusions drawn from the experiment were that the starch temperature did have an effect on the final sizing characteristics of the sheets. It was also possible to correlate a visual inspection of the emulsions with the final test …

Refiner Peroxide Bleaching, Sharon E. Perkins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Refiner peroxide bleaching trials were carried out at the Abitibi-Price Research pilot plant using a Sunds-Defibrator CD300 pilot-scale refiner. Results show that, at the pilot scale, blowline addition of bleach liquor gives better brightness gains than addition in the refining zone. Using this technique, brightness gains equivalent to tower bleaching can be obtained when the bleaching parameters are properly controlled. The most important factors were post-refiner retention time and temperature, and the alkali charge in the bleach liquor. These three factors were shown to be highly interdependent. Refining pressure (temperature) was shown to have little effect on brightness gain in …

An Analysis Of Binder Migration During Drying At Different Rates, Tokunbo S. Onadipe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this laboratory study is to quantitatively analyze the distribution of adhesive during drying at different rates. The effect of binder migration on physical paper coating properties was also studied. This report reviews past laboratory studies on binder migration, and the factors that affect binder migration. The coating application was done on a laboratory keegan coater. Dried coating was physically removed using a surface grinder, and the grind offs were analyzed for latex concentration, to determine the degree of binder migration. A gravimetric method of analysis was used to separate the latex and clay. Results showed that the …

The Comparison Of Linear Nip Pressing Vs. Extended Nip Pressing On The Bulk And Strength Of Unbleached Kraft Linerboard, Eric J. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is of increasing importance to find improved methods of dewatering in the wet press section. New technology has allowed us to improve dewatering and final sheet properties with the press section. Presently, we are faced with a choice between two pressing configurations; the conventional roll press and the extended nip press. Both press configurations are discussed. The fundamental characteristics of paper which affect it's properties are density, fiber dimensions, fiber strength, fiber orientation, and fiber bonding. This thesis investigates the effect of the pressure pulse on the final sheet properties of bulk and strength of a kraft linerboard. Strength …

Eliminating Drainage At The Forming Board And Its Effects On Formation And Retention, Michael F. Scholly

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The pilot paper machine at Western Michigan University was modified to eliminate drainage at the forming board. This was achieved by inserting a thin plate under the wire, from the breast roll beyond the point of jet impingement. Two different plates were used - one five inches and one ten inches. Data was collected to determine the effects the modifications had on the table's performance and web formation and retention. The following can be concluded from this study: the modifications increased the web's consistency leaving the couch, yielded poorer formation, and had insignificant affects on solids retention. Problems occurred when …

The Effect Of Shear And Alum Addition On Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride Retention, Patricia L. Houle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl succinic anhydride is an effective sizing agent involved in alkaline papermaking. There are many factors in the alkaline papermaking system which effect the retention of the sizing agent. This study reviews factors which influence sizing and the effects of shear and alum addition on the retention of ASA. The Dynamic Drainage Jar was employed to subject four levels of shear on the system and Hercules size determinations were conducted as a measure of retention. Alum is necessary in the system to provide proper retention of the ASA. Retention of ASA with alum present was found to increase with increasing …

The Pressability Of Once Dried Pulps Vs Never Dried Pulps, Martha Welburn Wells

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was made on the dynamic press simulator to determine the pressability differences of once dried pulps and ·never dried pulps. As water is removed in the drying process, nearly all of the water-to-cellulose bonds are replaced by cellulose-to-cellulose bonds. Rewetting the dry pulp reestablishes only part of the water-to-cellulose bonds. Therefore, at the same moisture content the once dried pulp holds its water 'looser' than the never dried pulp. The results prove that previously dried pulps reach higher consistencies in the press section than pulps that have never been dried. The results also indicate that the dynamic press …

The Effect Of Drying Conditions On Asa Sized Paper, Melanie K. Blanchard

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study is to determine the roles of the drying variable and solids content of the sheet in the ASA sizing mechanism. Handsheets were produced according to the Western Michigan University Standard Hardsheet Procedure for Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) sized sheets. A control value of 346 seconds was set drying sheets in a forced draft oven at 221^◦F (105^◦C) for 60 minutes. Additional handsheets were then dried on a hot plate at one of the following temperatures: 100-120^◦F, 200-210^◦F, 317^◦F or 475^◦F, and they experienced …

The Effects Of Wet-Pressing And Degree Of Refining Upon The Strength Properties Of Paper, Mary Beth Ciofu

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The dynamic press simulator has great potential to become a reliable tool in the study of wet pressing. This instrumental allows the researcher to duplicate wet press nip conditions in the laboratory.

I was unable to complete my planned study concerning the relationship between refining and wet pressing as they effect the development of fiber bonding because of equipment failure. The press loadings and drop heights used in my experiment caused the development of stresses which exceeded the press simulators design limitations.

If the dynamic press simulator is to be used to study the wide range of pressing conditions found …

The Effect Of Press Drying On Groundwood, Corrugated Material, And Various Mixes Of Groundwood And Corrugated Material, Thomas A. Derusha

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Research was conducted to determine the effect of press drying on the physical properties of handsheets made from groundwood, corrugated material, and various mixes of groundwood and corrugated material. During this study, press dried handsheets were compared to conventionally dried handsheets.

There was a difference in handsheet properties as the blend ratio of corrugated-to-groundwood stock changed. Strength related properties were positively affected by the amount of corrugated material present for both press dried and conventionally dried handsheets. The press dried sheets had higher burst factor and tear factor as corrugated content increased. Burst factor, elongation, and tear factor increased with …

The Effects Of Air Entrainment In Centrifugal Cleaners On The Removal Of “Neutral” Density Contaminants, Karrie L. Kane

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study, two centrifugal cleaners -- the C-E Bauer Water-Master and the Beloit Uniflow -- were evaluated to determine the effects of entrained air in the stock on cleaning efficiency. A "neutral" density hot melt contaminant (specific gravity = 0.99) was added to dry lap pulp to simulate a recycled furnish. Various levels of a nonionic surfactant were used to induce foam in the stock; this foam was measured as percent air by volume. The cleaners were operated at a series of air levels and pressure drops, in order to generate characteristic curves. The results of the project indicate …

The Effect Of Air Knife Geometry On Coated Board Properties, Michael L. Iveson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the effect of air knife angle and the distance between the air knife blades and backing-roll on coated board properties. Results of the experiment indicated that increasing the angle resulted in more uniform and smaller coated pore size. Increasing the distance resulted in more uniform pores with no effect on size. The optimum angle of operation was found to be between 17 and 20 degrees (approximate impingement angle) and optimum distance was determined to be between 80 and 90 mils. Further work that can be completed as a result of this thesis …

Characterization Of A High Solids Tio2 – Dispersant System At High Rates Of Shear, Stephen R. Holmes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this research was to study rheograms of high solids titanium dioxide dispersions at different dispersant levels. Viscometric measurements were collected with a Hercules High-Shear Viscometer. Viscosity was calculated using the initial slope of the increasing shear rate flow curve from the rheogram. This technique was incorporated to calculate viscosity in the laminar reagion up to the critical shear rate, where flow instability was expected to develop according to Taylor vortical flow calculations. The dispersant levels (dispex) were varied based on grams of titanium dioxide at varying percent solids levels. The results were evaluated according to a two-phase …

The Effects Of Drying Rate On Properties Of Pigment Coated Papers, Francis G. Osorno

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drying rate on the characteristics of coated paper. A laboratory dryer was assembled consisting of an IR dryer and a steel backing can to dry the coated paper. Two differently sized papers and three drying rates were used. The final sheet properties increased as the rate of drying was increased from 0.27 to 0.49 lbs/hr.-ft.². Further increase in the drying rate had little effect on sheet properties. The surface of the coated paper was found to be more open after drying at the middle drying rate, thus …

An Investigation Into The Parameters Affecting Vehicle Migration During The Redistribution Of Aqueous Coatings, Mark K. Phiscator

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine what effect shear has upon the vehicle migration in aqueous coatings. The roll inclined-plane apparatus was utilized to generate various ranges of shear rate. An immobilization factor was then calculated for these different rates of shear indicating the degree of vehicle penetration. The particle size of the binder and the particle size of the pigment were varied to determine their effect on the penetration into the base substrate.

It was concluded that high shear rates pack the particles, either binder or pigment, into the pores of the base substrate. This phenomenon prevents …

The Effects Of Different Carboxymethylcellulose Molecular Weight Grades With Polyamide Epichlorohydrin Resin On Wet And Dry Paper Strength, Edward J. Schodowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Four different molecular weight grades of carboxymethylcellulose were used in combination with polyamide epicholrohydrin resin to study wet strength development. Noble and Wood handsheets were made with deionized water, using a white water recirculation system. Resin was added to thick stock followed by CMC, in dilute conditions. Wet and dry tensile strength were tested. Increasing CMC molecular weight increased dry strength. Increased CMC molecular weight had no effect on wet strength. CMC addition with resin increases wet strength.

CMC increases wet strength by a carboxyl group reaction with resin which results in increased resin retention. It was concluded that increased …

Design, Construction And Operation Of A Four Stage Sidehill Screen Deinking System, Scott Sleeman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis project was to design, construct and place into operation a four stage sidehill screen deinking system.

The Effect Of Improved Brownstock Washing On Bleach Plant Effluent Quality, Paul S. Wiegand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to quantitatively determine the effects of reduced brownstock washer carryover on bleach plant effluent quality with respect to BOD and Color. More specifically; if efforts are made to reduce brownstock washer carryover by "X" pounds of BOD and Color, how many pounds of BOD and Color will be removed from the bleach plant sewer?

Very little work has been done in this area. The laboratory procedure involved extensive washing of hardwood pulp and subsequent re-introduction of weak black liquor to simulate carryover. Black liquor was added as pounds Salt Cake loss per ton pulp. …

The Effect Of Shear On Asa Sized Paper, Phillip G. Purpura

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkaline papermaking systems have many advantages over the conventional acid systems; however, they have disadvantages in that they do not produce a highly sized sheet of paper consistently. This study investigation how shear, at the point of addition of an Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride/starch emulsion to a cellulose system, effects the sizing properties of a sheet. It was found that at no agitation, the sizing was low and very non-uniform. This was probably due to a lack of mixing, and thus a lack of contact between the emulsion and the fiber. The sizing increased as the mixing and contact between the …