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A Multi-Method Examination Of The Effects Of Students’ Unconscious Biases On Student Evaluations Of Instructors, Brittany M. Kowalski
A Multi-Method Examination Of The Effects Of Students’ Unconscious Biases On Student Evaluations Of Instructors, Brittany M. Kowalski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
In this dissertation, I complete three studies to evaluate potential reactions to target role congruity, especially gender role congruity, through an examination of Student Evaluations of Instructors (SEIs). Target role congruity refers to assessments an observer makes of whether or not the various roles a target person fills “fit” with one another. For example, a woman surgeon may be perceived as being in an incongruent role due to the masculine characteristics associated with the occupation and the continued dominance of men in the field. Researchers utilizing congruity theories has shown that both women and men in roles that are incongruent …
Supervisee Experiences Of Impression Management, The Supervisory Working Alliance, And Counseling Self-Efficacy, Jennifer M. Haist
Supervisee Experiences Of Impression Management, The Supervisory Working Alliance, And Counseling Self-Efficacy, Jennifer M. Haist
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Supervision plays a vital role in fostering competent, ethical and effective counseling psychologists. However, studies have shown that supervisees act in ways that counteract the benefits of supervision. Trainees manage supervisor impressions to the detriment of their professional growth; they withhold information that would help supervisors promote learning, clarify misunderstandings, gain insight into supervisee weaknesses and strengths, and provide feedback that would enhance supervisee competence. Supervisee nondisclosure is a particularly prevalent impression management behavior documented in the supervision literature (Hill, Thompson, & Corbett, 1992; Ladany et al., 1996). It and other forms of impression management may be particularly related to …
Disclosure And Perceptions Of Social Support In Male Victims Of Child Sexual Abuse, Abigail Leslie
Disclosure And Perceptions Of Social Support In Male Victims Of Child Sexual Abuse, Abigail Leslie
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Child sexual abuse of males is a serious issue that is largely hidden in the United States because many victims never disclose the abuse. The literature review highlights the prevalence and severity of child sexual abuse of males and the negative effects non-disclosure has on the psychological well-being of the victim. The need to study factors affecting whether or not a male victim discloses is stressed, and social support is proposed to be an influencing factor. This study explored the impact of social support on disclosure status for male victims of child sexual abuse in parts of West Virginia and …
Experimentally-Induced Savoring And Its Impact On Positive Emotions, Cognitions, And Behaviors: Investigating Individual Differences In Effectiveness, Cara A. Palmer
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By broadening cognitions and actions, positive affect increases our ability to engage in novel behaviors and build resources, which can lead to better social relationships, better health, more success, and increased resilience (Fredrickson, 2001). Thus, finding ways to increase and maintain positive affect and its broadening effects is essential. One way to up-regulate positive affect is by savoring, or actively trying to prolong or intensify a positive feeling. Although savoring is associated with a number of positive outcomes, the nature of the relationship between savoring, positive affect, and the resulting cognitive effects is not well explored. Furthermore, while some preliminary …
Why And How Organizational Members Encourage Their Peer Coworkers To Voluntarily Exit The Organization: An Investigation Of Peer-Influence Exit Tactics, Michael Sollitto
Why And How Organizational Members Encourage Their Peer Coworkers To Voluntarily Exit The Organization: An Investigation Of Peer-Influence Exit Tactics, Michael Sollitto
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Previous scholars have found that organizational members use various tactics to encourage their peer coworkers to voluntarily exit their organizations. These tactics are known as peer-influence exit tactics. What has been missing from the literature is clarity about the factors that influence organizational members' use of peer-influence exit tactics. This dissertation explored the construct of peer-influenced exit to develop greater clarity about the motives for encouraging peer coworkers to leave, the characteristics of the peer-influence exit tactic source and receiver, and the organizational influences on peer-influenced exit. Study 1 used an open-ended survey design to explore the motives, process, and …
Friendship Quality Of Early Adolescent Girls In Relation To Maternal And Paternal Parenting, Social Anxiety, And Interpersonal Skill, Joanna T. Prout
Friendship Quality Of Early Adolescent Girls In Relation To Maternal And Paternal Parenting, Social Anxiety, And Interpersonal Skill, Joanna T. Prout
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Social anxiety has been shown to negatively impact friendship quality across the lifespan, leading to relationships that are less intimate and emotionally supportive. In turn, lower friendship quality and lack of social support have been linked to increased risk for isolation and depression. Early adolescence is a period of transition when the basis of friendship shifts from the ability to be a good play partner to the ability to engage in more complex interpersonal skills such as self-disclosure, provision of emotional support, and assertiveness. The early adolescent period is also a time when levels of social anxiety increase as children …
Developing An Intergroup Anxiety Toward Muslims Scale, Patricia Hopkins
Developing An Intergroup Anxiety Toward Muslims Scale, Patricia Hopkins
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Understanding intergroup relations and the anxiety that can result has become increasingly relevant to interactions between Muslim and non-Muslim individuals due to current tensions between Islamic groups and many Western nations (e.g., acts of terrorism in Madrid and London, the U.S. War on Terror). Furthermore, the anticipated increase in migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Western countries will undoubtedly lead to increased contact between Muslim and non-Muslim groups. In order to improve intergroup relations and reduce potential conflict between groups, it is important to understand factors that influence intergroup contact. One such factor is intergroup anxiety, or …
Male-Female Workplace Friendships: Third Party Coworkers' Perceptions Of And Behavior Toward Organizational Peers In Cross-Sex Workplace Friendships, Hailey G. Gillen
Male-Female Workplace Friendships: Third Party Coworkers' Perceptions Of And Behavior Toward Organizational Peers In Cross-Sex Workplace Friendships, Hailey G. Gillen
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Workplace relationships range from professional working relationships, to workplace friendships, to romantic relationships at work. Cross-sex (male-female) workplace relationships, including friendships, are especially important for women, as research suggests they may help women to break through the "glass ceiling." Cross-sex workplace friendships are often perceived as romantic (e.g., Elesser & Peplau, 2006; Marks, 1994) and workplace romances are generally perceived negatively (Cowan & Horan, 2014, in press; Gillen & Chory, 2014a; Horan & Chory, 2009, 2011, 2013; Malachowski, et al., 2012). Guided by equity theory (Adams, 1965) and feminist organizational communication theorizing (Buzzanell, 1994), it is therefore hypothesized that organizational …
Supports Of And Barriers To Pursuing A Natural Resource Degree And Career: Perspectives Of Culturally Diverse Young Adults, Kelly Balcarczyk
Supports Of And Barriers To Pursuing A Natural Resource Degree And Career: Perspectives Of Culturally Diverse Young Adults, Kelly Balcarczyk
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Federal natural resource agencies are facing a human resource crisis. Many natural resource professionals are reaching retirement and attracting young adults to fill vacancies may prove difficult. Although currently on the rise from a recent fall, enrollment in natural resource degree programs has not increased overall in the past three decades, which has resulted in a small and possibly shrinking pool of applicants for natural resource positions. In addition, increasingly young adults in the recruitment pool depart from the traditional background of current natural resource professionals (rural-raised, fisheries/wildlife/biology-educated, angler/hunter, white male) and agency workplace culture has not changed to match …
Political Sophistication: How Values And Social Capital Contribute To Political Knowledge And Cognition, Jonathan C. Young
Political Sophistication: How Values And Social Capital Contribute To Political Knowledge And Cognition, Jonathan C. Young
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This study argues that value types defined by Shalom Schwartz should relate to social capital and political sophistication in particular ways. Individual value types that emphasize "other-orientation" should positively relate to social capital characteristics that increase information flows which in turn will relate to increased political sophistication. On the other hand, it is expected that individual value types that emphasize "self-orientation" will positively relate to social capital characteristics that decrease information flows which in turn would correlate to decreased political sophistication. Using post-materialism as a theoretical basis and a survey that measures political knowledge and ideology, value orientation, social network …
The Role Of Physical Appearance In The Peer Acceptance Of Emerging Adults Undergoing Chemotherapy, Megan E. Samples
The Role Of Physical Appearance In The Peer Acceptance Of Emerging Adults Undergoing Chemotherapy, Megan E. Samples
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Peer acceptance has been shown to influence the overall social development of an individual and physical appearance has been shown to be heavily influential in the overall peer acceptance of an individual. This study considered how appearing as if undergoing treatment for cancer impacted peer acceptance. A sample of 182 emerging adults (79% female; 21% male) evaluated four types of hypothetical emerging adult peers (a healthy male, a healthy female, a male who appears to be undergoing chemotherapy, and a female who appears to be undergoing chemotherapy. Results showed that the healthy female model had significantly higher peer acceptance scores …
Stressors And Coping Behaviors Of Female Peer Leaders Participating In College Club Sports, Leigh A. Bryant
Stressors And Coping Behaviors Of Female Peer Leaders Participating In College Club Sports, Leigh A. Bryant
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Peer leadership positions on collegiate club sport teams can be valuable opportunities for students to develop leadership skills, maintain healthy habits, create friendships, and foster organizational and personal connections across the university setting. Nevertheless, involvement in club sports can create stress over and above the many stressors that college students may encounter during their undergraduate experience. This study focused on exploring female leaders' perceived stressors inside and outside of the sport setting, and the ways in which they coped with them. Participants ( N = 7) were interviewed based on nominations from their respective teammates. Interviews were conducted using a …
The Influence Of Gender On The Peer Leadership-Cohesion Relationship, Michael E. Berrebi
The Influence Of Gender On The Peer Leadership-Cohesion Relationship, Michael E. Berrebi
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Research shows that a moderate to large cohesion-performance relationship exists, suggesting teams that build strong social and task cohesion are more likely to be successful. This effect has also found to be stronger in female over male teams. Peer leadership positions are somewhat overshadowed by coach positions on sport teams but can have an important influence on a team's task and social cohesion. This study investigated the influence gender has on the peer leadership-cohesion relationship. Participants were 381 NCAA Division I male and female soccer players from 67 different universities. Each participant completed questionnaires assessing team cohesion and athlete leader …
Cross Cultural Relationships Of Depression, Attachment Styles, And Quality Of Romantic Relationships: Cultural Difference Between Taiwanese/Chinese And American College Students, Yi-An Lo Burleson
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Relationship quality has been determined to be a positive factor in the treatment of depression (Brown, 2000; Fagan, 2009). Although the importance of marriage has been broadly studied, little research has investigated correlations among relationship quality, depressive moods, and attachment styles. Although the prevalence of depressive moods has been documented within populations of Taiwanese/Chinese international students and American college students (Wei et al., 2007), Wang and Mallinckrodt (2006) found that definitions of ideal attachment differ in these groups. Furthermore, researchers have not yet investigated the effect of cultural differences and attachment styles on the interactions between relationship quality and depressive …
An Exploratory Investigation Of Baseball Coaches' Attitudes And Experiences With Sport Psychology, Jesse D. Michel
An Exploratory Investigation Of Baseball Coaches' Attitudes And Experiences With Sport Psychology, Jesse D. Michel
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This study examined baseball coaches' attitudes and experiences with sport psychology. The researcher used a descriptive and multivariate approach to explore baseball coaches' relationship with sport psychology professionals and sport psychology services. A modified version of the Sport Psychology Attitudes Revised Coaches -- 2 (SPARC-2) (Zakrajsek, 2011) was administered to survey coaches' stigma tolerance towards sport psychology, confidence in sport psychology consultation, openness to hiring a sport psychology professional, and cultural preference towards sport psychology practitioners. Additional survey items were included to address coaches' experiences with sport psychology. All 2013 members of the American Baseball Coaches Association and all 2012-2013 …
The Effect Of Mood On The Perception Of Facial Expressions And Social Interaction In Adults, Chit Yuen Yi
The Effect Of Mood On The Perception Of Facial Expressions And Social Interaction In Adults, Chit Yuen Yi
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The present study examined how mood influences perception of facial expressions, and how emotion perception predicts differences in social interactions, in a sample of 75 young adults (49 females and 26 males, 18--37 years of age). Participants were assigned to one of the two experimental conditions in which they recalled a personally meaningful emotional event (positive vs. negative). They then completed an emotion perception task that assessed their recognition accuracy and perceived intensity of emotions. At the end of the study, they also engaged in a social interaction with a same-sex confederate while being unobtrusively observed. The results did not …
On The Origin Of Shame: Feelings Of Disgust Toward The Self, John A. Terrizzi Jr.
On The Origin Of Shame: Feelings Of Disgust Toward The Self, John A. Terrizzi Jr.
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Shame and disgust are believed to be evolved psychological solutions to different adaptive challenges and, thus, independent emotions. Shame is thought to promote the maintenance of social hierarchies (Gilbert, 1997; Fessler, 2004), whereas disgust is believed to encourage disease avoidance (Curtis et al., 2004; Oaten et al., 2009). Although shame and disgust are often treated as orthogonal emotions, they share some important commonalities. Both shame and disgust involve bodily concerns, have been described as moral emotions, and encourage avoidance of social interaction. The purpose of the current studies was to investigate the relation between shame and disgust. More specifically, the …
Relationship Maintenance Differences In Close And Casual Friendships On Facebook, Brittany N. Legg
Relationship Maintenance Differences In Close And Casual Friendships On Facebook, Brittany N. Legg
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Social media, notably Facebook, has become ubiquitous in American life. There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence that a primary use of this technology is the maintenance of relationships with friends and family. The extent to which relationships can be maintained, and the type of relationships that can be maintained, in America, by using social media is an unresolved question. Using the reciprocity expectations inherent in Social Exchange Theory, the behavior of young adults was examined. Students were asked to rate their Facebook usage across the five maintenance strategies of positivity, openness, assurances, social networks, and shared tasks with …
Psychosocial Concerns In Pediatric Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury Patients, Janelle M. Mentrikoski
Psychosocial Concerns In Pediatric Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury Patients, Janelle M. Mentrikoski
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Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) occur during childbirth when the child's shoulder blade gets stuck on the mother's pubic bone, resulting in damage to nerves in the child's shoulder. Due to the possible visible nature (e.g., injured arm may be shorter than the non-injured arm) and mobility limitations (e.g., difficulties in raising the injured arm to brush one's teeth) associated with these injuries, youth with OBPI may experience psychosocial difficulties. However, little research has examined the psychosocial functioning in this population. The current study sought to investigate possible predictors of social functioning and self-concept in youth with OBPI. This study …
The Association Of Social Anxiety And Parenting Factors With Adolescent Use Of Facebook, Brian Creasy
The Association Of Social Anxiety And Parenting Factors With Adolescent Use Of Facebook, Brian Creasy
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Computers and the Internet play a substantial role in how adolescents communicate with one another. Social networking websites, in particular, are a popular medium used by adolescents in which users can develop and maintain a large number of relationships from a single profile page. Facebook represents one of the most widely used social networking websites; however, little is known about the types of factors that are associated with the way in which adolescents use it. The present study examined the association of social anxiety and parenting with adolescent Facebook use. One hundred and sixty-two adolescents between the ages of 16 …
Exploring The Effects Of Implementation Intentions And Goal Formation On Anxiety And Communication Effectiveness When Discussing Difficult Interpersonal Topics, Colleen C. Malachowski
Exploring The Effects Of Implementation Intentions And Goal Formation On Anxiety And Communication Effectiveness When Discussing Difficult Interpersonal Topics, Colleen C. Malachowski
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This study addressed the effects of two specific types of planning (i.e., goal intention and implementation intention formation) on interpersonal discussions of difficult topics (e.g., discussing the future of a relationship, discussing past romantic partners, discussing the current status of a relationship). Goal intentions specify a certain end point (e.g., "I intend to reach x"), and implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1999) specify when, where, and how a goal will be achieved (e.g., "If x, then y"). In addition, four personality traits (i.e., need for cognition, cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy, and trait dyadic communication apprehension) were examined in order to further understand the …
Community Leadership Motivation: Factors That Influence Individuals Holding Leadership Roles In West Virginia Communities, Kelly Nix
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Community organizations play a vital role in a community's quality of life. Many organizations must count on volunteers to provide core services (Clary, Snyder & Ridge, 1992). Over the years, the volunteer rate has declined in West Virginia (Volunteering in America, 2010). The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence individuals holding volunteer leadership roles in communities. The population for the study was 577 members of the West Virginia Regional Planning and Development Council and the West Virginia Economic Development Council. The participants received a mailed survey that included 89 questions. Seventy of the 89 questions …
Entertaining A False Reality: A Social Comparison Examination Of Beauty Pageant Participation And The Effect On Body Dissatisfaction, Depression, And Self-Esteem, Angela Everhart
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This study investigated the effects of beauty pageant participation on body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem among women. A group of 20 women who participated in reality show beauty pageants as adults was compared with another group of 20 women who had never participated in beauty pageants. Pageant participants scored higher on body dissatisfaction as well as self-esteem. Neither group had mean depression scores in the clinically significant range. These findings suggest that beauty pageant participation among young adult women may influence their body dissatisfaction and self-esteem but may not have a significant effect on depression.
The Sharing Of And Reactions To Positive Events In Romantic Relationships, Jennifer N. Morey
The Sharing Of And Reactions To Positive Events In Romantic Relationships, Jennifer N. Morey
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This study investigated positive event sharing (i.e., capitalization) in romantic relationships as well as partners' responses to participants' positive event sharing, and examined how each relates to attachment style and relationship satisfaction. Participants (aged 18--25, with 89 men and 95 women within 92 couples) completed online daily logs of positive events that occurred over a one week period, whether or not they shared those events with their romantic partners, and their reaction and their partners' reaction to those events. They also completed measures of attachment, their partner's general reactions to their positive event sharing, and support-seeking in a lab visit. …
Psychological Impact Of Cyberbully Victimization Among College Students, Allison M. Schenk
Psychological Impact Of Cyberbully Victimization Among College Students, Allison M. Schenk
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With the growth of technology, bullying has expanded into the technological realm. Labeled cyberbullying, individuals are utilizing technology, such as cell phones and the Internet, to bully and harass others with the intention of causing harm. Most cyberbullying research has been conducted with elementary, middle, and high school-aged students in countries such as Finland, Canada, Taiwan, and Australia. The purpose of this study was to expand prevalence, psychological impact, and coping strategy research with college-student victims of cyberbullying in the United States. 799 college students from a mid-Atlantic university were surveyed via the Internet. It was found that 8.6% of …
Communicative Facework In Marital Dissolution And Post-Dissolution Processes, Brandi N. Frisby
Communicative Facework In Marital Dissolution And Post-Dissolution Processes, Brandi N. Frisby
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Divorce affects nearly 24,000 adults (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2008) and one million children yearly (Amato, 2000), often with negative consequences for those who are involved (Amato, 2000; Kiecolt-Glaser & Newton, 2001). Unlike previous research which focused on predictors of divorce, this dissertation (2 studies) focused on the communicative processes that occur when divorce is initiated and in turning points which comprise the interactions in post-divorce relationships. In study one, participants (N = 69) reported on the conversation where the decision to divorce was made, the face threats and facework which were communicated during that conversation, and the individual …
Do Parental Monitoring Strategies, Parental Knowledge, And Adolescent Risk -Taking Differ Based On Family Income And Parental Marital Status? The Role Of Resiliency, Shawn M. Golden-Llewellyn
Do Parental Monitoring Strategies, Parental Knowledge, And Adolescent Risk -Taking Differ Based On Family Income And Parental Marital Status? The Role Of Resiliency, Shawn M. Golden-Llewellyn
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Adolescents living in low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors, such as alcohol and other drug use, sexual behavior, and vandalism. Resiliency theory suggests that protective factors could reduce adolescent risk-taking in low SES families. Parental monitoring, parent behaviors involved in tracking their adolescents' whereabouts and activities, tends to be less evident in low SES families. However, it has also been identified as a protective factor in fostering resiliency in adolescents living in high-risk situations. The current study examined group differences in parental knowledge, parental monitoring strategies, and adolescent risk-taking based on two socioeconomic factors, …
Sex Segregation And Young Adults' Gender-Typed Attitudes About Occupations, Lisa M. Didonato
Sex Segregation And Young Adults' Gender-Typed Attitudes About Occupations, Lisa M. Didonato
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The present study examined the relation between the prevalence of sex segregation, or the division of men and women within social interactions, and young adults' gender-typed attitudes. Specifically, gender-typed attitudes about the occupations that are preferred for the self and viewed as appropriate for others were investigated. The objectives of the current study were partially based on the suggestion that gender-typed attitudes may be a consequence, as well as a cause, of sex segregation (McHale, Kim, Whiteman, & Crouter, 2004). The gender-typed personality traits of expressivity (i.e., traits typically associated with femininity; e.g., being emotional) and instrumentality (i.e., traits typically …
Three Essays On Relative House Size And House Price, Susane J. Leguizamon
Three Essays On Relative House Size And House Price, Susane J. Leguizamon
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This dissertation is comprised of three essays in which I examine the influence that the size of the neighbors' houses have on predicted house price. I estimate the associated effect of a change in neighbor house size on predicted house price, how the effect changes when considering different reference groups, and how the effect changes when considering observations along the distribution. The analysis of results are framed within the context of behavioral explanations which are then compared to previous results regarding housing consumption behavior and status symbol consumption behavior. In Chapter 2 I estimate the change in predicted house price …
Intergenerational Transmission Of Health-Promoting Behaviors: Examining Participation In Physical Activity Between Middle-Aged Mothers And Their Younger Adult Children, Sarah T. Stahl
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Research has provided considerable evidence that participation in regular physical activity is associated with numerous physical and mental health benefits (Penedo & Dahn, 2005). Despite public health efforts to increase the activity levels adults, only 25% of the U.S. adult population is regularly active and nearly 60% remains sedentary (US Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2008). A small, but growing, area of research has examined physical activity from an intergenerational or dyadic perspective that considers how involvements in close, personal relationships influence levels of physical activity. In a sample of middle-aged mothers and their younger adult children, the …