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Species Level Differences In The Ecology Of Two Neotropical Tadpole Species: Responses To Nonlethal Predators And The Roles Of Competition And Resource Use, Zacharia Costa
Theses and Dissertations
Closely related species at the same trophic level are often considered to be ecologically equivalent. However, it is clear that individuals species can have unique functional roles that drive community and ecosystem processes. In this study we examine the growth responses of two Neotropical hylid tadpole species, Agalychnis callidryas and Dendropsophus ebraccatus, to intraspecific and interspecific competition. We also look at density-dependent effects of each on phytoplankton, periphyton and zooplankton, as well as their responses to a caged dragonfly predator through ontogeny. Intraspecific competition affected both species similarly, and their effects on resources were qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. Predators …
Evaluation Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Introductions And Re-Introductions Into Four Virginia Blue Ridge Mountain Streams, Michael Isel Iii
Evaluation Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Introductions And Re-Introductions Into Four Virginia Blue Ridge Mountain Streams, Michael Isel Iii
Theses and Dissertations
Approximately 100 brook trout were transplanted into each of four Virginia streams in September 2008. Garth Run and Kinsey Run were re-introductions, and Wildcat Hollow and Sweet Run were new introductions. Single pass electrofishing (EF) surveys were conducted with a backpack electrofisher five times during the study. Selected trout > 70 mm but < 100 mm and all trout > 100 mm received a Biomark® 134.2 kHz passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag to identify individual fish upon recapture. Trout were present in all streams almost three years post introductions. Catches decreased across the first four surveys. Young of year catch rates severely decreased from June 2009 (n = …
Characterizing The Phosphorylation State Of Tie2 Using Sh2 Domain Fusion Proteins, Kenneth Yuth
Characterizing The Phosphorylation State Of Tie2 Using Sh2 Domain Fusion Proteins, Kenneth Yuth
Theses and Dissertations
The cardiovascular system develops through two distinct processes in embryogenesis: vasculogenesis, whereby the primary plexus in the heart is formed along with embryonic and extraembryonic vasculature, and angiogenesis, which begins after vasculogenesis and results in the refinement and maturation of the branched vessel system. In pathological angiogenesis, tumors expand by releasing pro-angiogenic factors in response to hypoxic conditions. The Tie receptors, Tie1 and Tie2, are receptor tyrosine kinases that are integral to angiogenic pathways. A family of Angiopoietins, Ang1-4, have been shown to act as ligands for Tie2, of which Ang1 and Ang2 are best characterized. Activation of the receptor …
Woody Encroachment Mechanisms Of A Symbiotic N-Fixing Shrub: Ecophysiology, Facilitation, And Resource Use Efficiency, Jaclyn Vick
Woody Encroachment Mechanisms Of A Symbiotic N-Fixing Shrub: Ecophysiology, Facilitation, And Resource Use Efficiency, Jaclyn Vick
Theses and Dissertations
Causes and consequences of woody encroachment into grass dominated systems have been widely studied, however functional mechanisms which promote encroachment are largely unknown. Many expansive woody species are shrubs with rhizobial or actinorhizal N-fixing symbiotic associations. Morella cerifera L. (Myricaceae) is an actinorhizal N-fixing shrub which rapidly expands into grasslands on the barrier islands off the coast of Virginia, USA. The objective of this research was to determine physiological drivers of woody encroachment resulting in increased woody cover of M. cerifera on Southeastern, US barrier islands. Variations in physiology and resource use efficiencies (RUE) of M. cerifera and co-occurring shrubs …
Factors Controlling Dissolved Organic Carbon Lability And Ecological Fate In The East Branch Swift River, Massachusettes, Hall Eric
Theses and Dissertations
Fluvial systems have been estimated to transform, transport, or store 2.75 petagrams (Pg) of Organic Carbon (OC) per year. Although approximately 1Pg per year of terrestrial carbon is fluxed to the atmosphere through inland waters, little is known about the factors regulating its eventual ecological fate. 28 day lability incubations were conducted concurrent with the measurement of several environmental parameters including discharge, nutrient concentration, DO13C, and DOC:DON at several sites along Bigelow Brook and the East Branch of the Swift River, Massachusetts. Temporal and spatial variation of DOC, DOC:DON and DO13C were explored. Two distinct DOC consumption rates, short and …
Shrubs As Sentinels Of Ordnance Contamination: Using Plant Physiology And Remote Sensing To Detect Tnt In Soils, Kathryn Rubis
Shrubs As Sentinels Of Ordnance Contamination: Using Plant Physiology And Remote Sensing To Detect Tnt In Soils, Kathryn Rubis
Theses and Dissertations
Methods for rapid, safe and effective detection of unmapped buried ordnance are vital to the protection of humans and environmental quality throughout the world. This study aimed to investigate the use of phytosensing and to understand the physiological response of woody plants to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination. Baccharis halimifolia were potted in soils containing various concentrations of TNT and physiological responses were observed over a 9-week experimental period. Measurements included the collection of remotely sensed data, such as hyperspectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence, and traditional plant-level physiological data. In accordance with the hypothesis, low levels of TNT improved physiological response in …
Computational Modeling And Simulation Study Of Dermal Wound Healing Proliferative Phase, Le Yang
Computational Modeling And Simulation Study Of Dermal Wound Healing Proliferative Phase, Le Yang
Theses and Dissertations
Dermal wound healing proliferative phase is a complicated physiological process in which many growth factors, cell types and matrix components participate. The process must be well coordinated to restore the structural and functional integrity of tissue injured. Many disorders interrupting healing process result in abnormal healing such as chronic wounds or excessive scarring. Mathematical modeling has been used to investigate many aspects of wound healing. Angiogenesis is pertinent for dermal wound healing since the cellular activities involved in tissue repair requires oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the wound site. By using a hybrid agent-based model, we investigated the …
Composition Of Suspended And Benthic Particulate Matter In The Tidal Freshwater James River, Anne Schlegel
Composition Of Suspended And Benthic Particulate Matter In The Tidal Freshwater James River, Anne Schlegel
Theses and Dissertations
Investigating linkages between the compositions of suspended (seston) and benthic particulate matter is important to the understanding of organic matter (OM) cycling and nutrient retention in aquatic systems. We compared the quantity and quality of the truly suspended (TS) and settleable (SB) fractions of seston as well as benthic particulate matter in the tidal freshwater James River, Virginia. The mass of seston and OM was consistently higher in the TS fraction compared to the SB fraction. OM was preferentially retained in the TS fraction relative to seston. The proportional contribution of OM constituents (chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen) …
Characterization Of Hpk2-Rrp2, Two-Component Regulatory System In Treponema Denticola, Sarkar Juni
Characterization Of Hpk2-Rrp2, Two-Component Regulatory System In Treponema Denticola, Sarkar Juni
Theses and Dissertations
Treponema denticola levels in the gingival crevice become elevated as periodontal disease develops. Oral treponemes may account for as much as 40% of the total bacterial population in the periodontal pocket. The stimuli that trigger enhanced growth of T. denticola and the mechanisms associated with the transmission of these signals remain to be defined. A hypothesis was set that the T. denticola ORFs tde1970 (histidine kinase) and tde1969 (response regulator) constitute a functional two component regulatory system that regulates, at least in part, responses to the changing environmental conditions associated with the development of periodontal disease. The results presented demonstrate …
Gene Expression In The Right Ventricle During Development Of Pulmonary Hypertension, Jennifer Drake
Gene Expression In The Right Ventricle During Development Of Pulmonary Hypertension, Jennifer Drake
Theses and Dissertations
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of the lung vessels that causes severe effects on the right ventricle of the heart; ultimately, most patients with severe PAH die as a result of right heart failure. However, little is known about the causes of right heart failure. Here, we describe a pattern of gene expression that differs between the normal rat left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV). These genes are known to be involved in the development of the heart as well as adaptations to the heart during stress. This gene expression pattern is used as a baseline to …
Enumerating Alternate Optimal Flux Distributions For Metabolic Reconstructions, Umaporn Siangphoe
Enumerating Alternate Optimal Flux Distributions For Metabolic Reconstructions, Umaporn Siangphoe
Theses and Dissertations
Metabolites consumed and produced by microorganisms for mass and energy conservation may cause changes in a microorganism’s environment. The microorganisms are unable to tolerate a particular environment for a long period. They may leave their old existence to find a new environment to sustain life. Essentially, organisms need to maintain their metabolic processes to survive in the new environment. Limitations of experimental studies to explore cell functions and regulations in detail result in insufficient information to explain processes of metabolic expressions under environments of organisms. Consequently, mathematical modeling and computer simulations have been conducted to combine all possible cellular metabolic …
The Abundance And Infection Status Of Anopheles Spp. Mosquitoes At Three Sites In Loudoun County, Northern Virginia, Priya Krishnan
The Abundance And Infection Status Of Anopheles Spp. Mosquitoes At Three Sites In Loudoun County, Northern Virginia, Priya Krishnan
Theses and Dissertations
Malaria is a re-emerging infectious disease with approximately half of the world's population at risk. In the US, since the 1950’s the Center for Disease Control (CDC) has been reporting between 1,000 and 1,500 cases of malaria every year. A majority of these cases were among US travellers and were attributed to Plasmodium falciparum. In August 2002, two cases of human malaria due to Plasmodium vivax were reported in Loudoun County, Northern Virginia. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention concluded that these cases were acquired locally. This was because of an absence of other risk factors such as international …
Legacy Sediments In Streams - Effects On Nutrient Partitioning During Simulated Re-Suspension Events., Molly Sobotka
Legacy Sediments In Streams - Effects On Nutrient Partitioning During Simulated Re-Suspension Events., Molly Sobotka
Theses and Dissertations
Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and sediment are a widespread problem in U.S. streams causing localized impairment and contributing to eutrophication of coastal habitats. Sediments and dissolved nutrients interact through diverse processes including ion exchange, sorption and biotic assimilation by particle-bound bacteria. This study examined the effects of sediment re-suspension on nutrient partitioning in lab microcosms using fine benthic matter collected from two Virginia Coastal Plain streams. Kimages Creek was recently restored following dam removal and was characterized by large deposits of legacy sediments. Courthouse Creek was characterized by sandy substrates typical of Coastal Plain streams. Sediment characteristics differed between the …
Determining The Mechanism Of Double-Stranded Rna-Induced Cell Death In Ovarian Cancer., Danielle Van
Determining The Mechanism Of Double-Stranded Rna-Induced Cell Death In Ovarian Cancer., Danielle Van
Theses and Dissertations
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological cancers. Current ovarian cancer drug regimens, including taxanes and platinum-based agents, are susceptible to chemoresistance necessitating the development of novel chemotherapeutics. Within tumors pathogen-derived ligands, such as dsRNA, can activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are capable of inducing apoptosis. In this dissertation we have found that in ovarian cancer cell lines (DOV-13, SKOV-3, CAOV-3, and OVCAR-3), dsRNA treatment alters cell survival. When treated with dsRNA, ovarian cancer cell lines and patient samples could be divided into two categories, responsive which undergo significant levels of apoptosis (CAOV-3 and OVCAR-3) or non-responsive …
Association Between T Cells-Related Gene Expression And Fibrosis Progression In Hcv Recurrence Disease., Alexander Philip
Association Between T Cells-Related Gene Expression And Fibrosis Progression In Hcv Recurrence Disease., Alexander Philip
Theses and Dissertations
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide and a leading cause for liver transplant. Unfortunately, graft HCV infection is a universal phenomenon despite of pre-transplant prophylactic strategies. Acute HCV infection and innate immune responses elicit an inflammatory scenario that triggers the recruitment of adaptive immune response cells. Of those chronically infected, 30% experience accelerated fibrosis with concomitant cirrhosis development within 5 years post-LT and require re-transplant. With many patients responding unfavorably to antivirals and ineffective vaccines, much attention is now placed on T cell immunity in controlling HCV infection. This study represents a retrospective analysis …
Molecular Pathways Involved In Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity In Kidney Allograft Transplants, Huong Nguyen
Molecular Pathways Involved In Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity In Kidney Allograft Transplants, Huong Nguyen
Theses and Dissertations
ABSTRACT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND GENE SIGNATURES INVOVLED IN CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR NEPHROTOXICITY IN KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT By Huong Le Diem Nguyen, M.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physiology at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011. Major Director: Valeria Mas, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Surgery and Pathology Director of Molecular Transplant Research Laboratory, Division of Transplant Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, are potent immunosuppressive agents but induce toxicities causing damages and graft dysfunction, and have been suggested to contribute to late-term loss of graft in kidney transplant …
Characterizing The Distribution Of Planktonic Fecal Bacteria In The James River, Richmond, Virginia, John Furry
Characterizing The Distribution Of Planktonic Fecal Bacteria In The James River, Richmond, Virginia, John Furry
Theses and Dissertations
Surface waters containing fecal bacteria present significant public health risks. Understanding the sources of and factors affecting the distribution of fecal-indicating bacteria is necessary to predict potential illnesses more effectively. This thesis presents two studies on the distribution of fecal bacteria in the James River through Richmond, Virginia. Chapter 1 describes nearly 11 years of water quality, climate, and hydrologic data that occurred with changes in Escherichia coli concentrations, concluding that Richmond contributes significant quantities of fecal bacteria to the James River, and that the distribution of these bacteria varies seasonally. Chapter 2 details the development of Polymerase Chain Reaction …
The Potential For Eutrophication Mitigation From Aquaculture Of The Native Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, In Chesapeake Bay: Quantitative Assessment Of An Ecosystem Service, Colleen Higgins
Theses and Dissertations
Native oysters have been promoted as a means to improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. This project added important insights into the potential of oyster aquaculture to process and remove nutrients from Bay waters. Results clarified that nutrient removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and carbon (C) through harvest of cultivated oyster biomass can be quantified and modeled with high levels of statistical confidence. A simple, yet accurate, method is now available for estimating the amount of nutrients removed via harvesting aquacultured oysters. Based on model estimates, 106 harvest sized oysters (76 mm TL) remove 132 kg TN, 19 kg …
Morphology, Material And Vibratory Properties Of The Swimbladder In The Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, Yasha Mohajer
Morphology, Material And Vibratory Properties Of The Swimbladder In The Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, Yasha Mohajer
Theses and Dissertations
The carp Cyprinus carpio has a two-chambered swimbladder and excellent hearing. I explored the hypothesis that the anterior chamber, which connects to Weberian ossicles, is adapted for hearing by testing both chambers for material properties. I also determined displacement and auditory responses to mechanical strikes. Wall stress is higher in the posterior, strain in the anterior and modulus lower in the anterior chamber. Strikes increase pressure followed by a variable rebound that rapidly decays. Displacement and sound amplitude increase with hammer force, and amplitude is similar in both chambers for within chamber strikes but lower across chambers. Normalized for equivalent …
Opioid Addiction Treatments During Pregnancy And Their Effects On Axonal Growth And Myelination In The Developing Central Nervous System, Manisha Magar
Theses and Dissertations
Treatment with buprenorphine represents a promising alternative for pregnant opioid addicts but there is a need to understand potential effects on nervous system development. We previously showed effects of perinatal exposure to buprenorphine on axonal caliber and myelination in 26-day-old rat corpus callosum. These changes, detected at the end of rapid brain myelination and accompanied by earlier oligodendrocyte maturation, suggested interference with mechanisms coordinating axonal growth and myelination. To better understand buprenorphine actions and to establish whether these effects extend to the spinal cord, we analyzed the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract at 16 days of age, just before the …
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate In Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Responses, Megan Price
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate In Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Responses, Megan Price
Theses and Dissertations
Mast cells play a critical role in both acute and chronic inflammation and mature in peripheral tissues from bone marrow-derived progenitors that circulate in the blood as immature precursors. Mast cell progenitors are likely to encounter the serum-borne bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), during migration to target tissues. Mast cells developed from human cord blood-derived progenitors cultured with stem cell factor (SCF) alone express intragranular tryptase (MCT), the phenotype predominant in the lung. S1P accelerated the development of cord blood-derived mast cells (CB-MCs) and strikingly increased the numbers of mast cells expressing chymase. These mast cells have functional FcepsilonRI, and …
Structural Basis For Thermal Stability Of Thermophilic Trmd Proteins, Jamar Uzzell
Structural Basis For Thermal Stability Of Thermophilic Trmd Proteins, Jamar Uzzell
Theses and Dissertations
Thermal stability of theG37 tRNA methyltransferase proteins from Thermotoga maritima and Aquifex aeolicus have been compared using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. It was shown that the Thermotoga protein is remarkably stable and is denatured at temperatures in excess of 100 degrees Centigrade. The Aquifex aeolicus protein was less stable, denaturing broadly at temperatures between 55oC and 100oC. In contrast, the mesophilic E. coli protein was completely denatured at 55oC. Enzymatic activity of the proteins was measured at various temperatures. Both the Thermotoga and Aquifex enzymes are active at ambient temperatures, and display a significant decrease in activity when the temperature is …
Novel Methodology For Assessing Phytoplankton Response To Pco2 Enrichment In Fresh And Saltwater, Susan B. Gifford
Novel Methodology For Assessing Phytoplankton Response To Pco2 Enrichment In Fresh And Saltwater, Susan B. Gifford
Theses and Dissertations
Atmospheric CO2 emissions are on the rise and are expected to reach 780 parts per million by the year 2100. Research investigating the impacts of increasing CO2 is a relatively new field and the response of phytoplankton communities is largely unknown, especially in coastal and freshwater ecosystems where no CO2 manipulation studies have completed. The present study attempts to encourage uniformity in methods utilized in CO2 perturbation studies and identifies changes in phytoplankton abundance in freshwater (James River) and coastal ocean (Atlantic, Cape Hatteras) sites. A novel bubbling method to manipulate pCO2 was compared with the classic method of acid …
Role Of Tyk2 In The Development Of Beige Cells, Samantha Umali
Role Of Tyk2 In The Development Of Beige Cells, Samantha Umali
Theses and Dissertations
Obesity results from an excess of adipose tissue and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Adipose tissue exists in two main forms: white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy as triglycerides, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which dissipates stored energy as heat. White adipose tissue is composed of several subcutaneous and visceral depots, each possessing distinct molecular and functional characteristics. Brown-like adipocytes can emerge in WAT depots in response to cold or beta-adrenergic stimulation. These cells have been called “beige” or “brite” (brown-in-white) cells. The reduction of obesity in mice treated with beta-adrenergic …
Quantitative Analysis Of Contactin-Associated Protein And Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform 1.6 Following Experimental Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury, Daniel Gardiner
Quantitative Analysis Of Contactin-Associated Protein And Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform 1.6 Following Experimental Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury, Daniel Gardiner
Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) contributes to the mortality and morbidity following diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous work has shown that following TBI, alterations in the molecular domains of axons result in TAI. It is currently posited that injury induced ionic flux is responsible for activating deleterious proteolytic cascades, resulting in altered distributions of axonal components. However, the underlying mechanism of this progressive pathology remains elusive. This study further explores the hypothesis that altered molecular domains contributes to the progressive intra-axonal changes that characterize TAI. Using a rodent model of impact acceleration TBI we examined the expression of nodal and …
Investigation Of Pre- And Post-Zygotic Reproductive Barriers Between Two Host-Plant Complex Races Of The Parasitic Wasp Cotesia Congregata (Say) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae], Justin Bredlau
Theses and Dissertations
Investigations of host-associated differentiation of parasitoids have largely focused on the degree of molecular genetic differentiation, but a true test of species status must examine the mating patterns of differentiated populations to determine if they can interbreed in the wild and produce viable offspring. We examined possible mechanisms of isolation between two genetically distinct host-plant complex races of the braconid, Cotesia congregata, originating from hosts on tobacco and catalpa. We compared male responses to female pheromones, elements of male acoustic courtship signals, and breeding success between the two races. Males responded to pheromones from both sources and male courtship signals …
Characterization Of Lysophosphatidic Acid Subspecies Using A Novel Hplc Esi-Ms/Ms Method, Eric Mayton
Characterization Of Lysophosphatidic Acid Subspecies Using A Novel Hplc Esi-Ms/Ms Method, Eric Mayton
Theses and Dissertations
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid with a plethora of biological functions, including roles in cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Although high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC ESI-MS/MS) technology has been used to measure the levels of LPA in human blood, serum and plasma, current methods cannot readily detect the minute levels of LPA from cell culture. In this study, a novel HPLC ESI-MS/MS method with enhanced sensitivity was developed which allows accurate measurements of LPA levels with a limit of quantitation at approximately 10 femtomoles. The method was validated by quantitation of LPA levels in …
Receptor Influences In Girk Current Activation And Desensitization, Gyu Park
Receptor Influences In Girk Current Activation And Desensitization, Gyu Park
Theses and Dissertations
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that sense extracellular signal and activate intracellular signaling pathways. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is one of the GPCRs coupled to Gi/o proteins whose Gβγ subunits stimulate G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRKs). Previous experiments demonstrated that in planar lipid bilayer both active forms of G proteins [Gα (GTPγS-stimulated) and Gβγ subunits] were required to activate GIRK channels in the absence of the receptor, but surprisingly, the Gβγ subunit alone could activate GIRK channel in the presence of GPCR. Currently, it is not clear whether GPCRs play a role beyond catalyzing …
Examination Of Nak-Associated Protein-1 (Nap1) Homo And Hetero-Interactions In The Interferon Pathway”, Richard Call
Examination Of Nak-Associated Protein-1 (Nap1) Homo And Hetero-Interactions In The Interferon Pathway”, Richard Call
Theses and Dissertations
Double stranded RNA (dsRNA), the genomic material of some viruses and a replication intermediate in others, is recognized by multiple signaling receptors that initiate the anti-viral response1. Viruses have developed mechanisms to circumvent the anti-viral response by targeting components of the signaling pathway. An example of one such pathway is the TLR3 signaling pathway, which contains a kinase complex that activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), leading to production of type I interferons. The kinase complex consists of a scaffold protein, NAK-associated protein 1 (NAP1), and two kinases, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1) and IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε). A fourty residue …
Analysis Of The Mechanism By Which Ykl-40 Promotes Glioma Cell Migration, Bahiya Osrah
Analysis Of The Mechanism By Which Ykl-40 Promotes Glioma Cell Migration, Bahiya Osrah
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis elucidates the crucial role of YKL-40 in enhancing glioma cell migration and invasion in vitro. Increased levels of YKL-40 are specifically associated with the increased invasive capacity of glioma multiforme (GBM) tumors and lower survival rate of GBM patients. In order to examine the effects of YKL-40 on the migration and invasion of GBM cells, we overexpressed YKL-40 in three different glioma cell lines. The overexpression of YKL-40 significantly enhanced glioma cells migration and invasion in vitro and also increased ERK phosphorylation, which is believed to enhance glioma cell survival, and invasiveness. Although receptors for YKL-40 are still …