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Strength Characteristics Of Multi-Ply And Single-Ply Handsheets, Yale Brandt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In a multi-ply handsheet there are three fundamental strengths. These fundamental strengths are the bonding between plies, bonding between fibers and the strength of the fibers. The strengths are interrlated and controlled by the preparation and mechanical handling of the stock.

The beating of the fibers, the consistency at which the sheet is formed, the couching pressure, and the final pressing all produce certain marked effects on the strength characteristics in a multi-ply handsheet.

In general it may be said that the strength characteristics of a given weight sheet may be increased by forming a multi-ply sheet.

The Influence Of Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution On Some Strength Characteristics Of A Commercial Pulp, David Kraske

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this thesis, four groups of fibers with varying average fiber lengths have been separated from a coniferous bleached kraft pulp which had been beaten to different levels of freeness. The fractionation of the pulp was accomplished with a Bauer-McNett fiber classifier. The groups of fibers were analyzed for average fiber length, fiber length distribution and for their strength characteristics.

The results of this survey show interesting and significant trends, particularly with regard to the apparent density, tensile strength and the tearing resistance of the various fractions. The contributions of the various fractions to the strength characteristics of the whole …

A Study Of Methods Used To Determine Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distributions By Optical Means, Russell Larson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Various methods of slide preparation and fiber measurement are discussed in this literature survey. It is generally agreed that the time required to complete an individual test of fiber length has been an important factor in preventing a wider application of fiber length measurements in stock preparation control. Most authors use a method whereby a slide containing a number of fibers is projected and. the measurements are made directly on the screen.

A method of measuring; fiber length and fiber length distribution by a projection arrangement is described and the operating procedure given. The relation between pulp at different degrees …

Non-Cellulosic Fibers Their Properties And Influence On The Characteristics Of Handsheets, James W. Winn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Some non-cellulosic fibers have been discussed as to their paper making characteristics.

In the field of inorganic chemistry only glass fibers have been used in paper making. The methods used in the conversion of the brittle filament into paper have been described in detail.

In the field of thermoplastic fibers, Vinyon, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate; Saran, a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride; and Styrene, polymerized styrene units, have been discussed. The limited data found in the literature on the performance of Vinyon have been presented.

The Influence Of Single, Two, And Three Stage Bleaching On Fading Characteristic Of Deinked Stock, Phillip H. Avery

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey on the various bleaching methods used on deinked stock and the factors which influence the fading characteristic of deinked stock is compiled. Mention is also made of various additives which have an influence on the fading of a sheet. A description of the experimental work with caustic deinked stack of various groundwood content follows. Results indicate that the groundwood content has more effect upon fading of deinked stock than the number of stages of bleaching, although the increase in the number of stages of bleaching does reduce the amount of fading in a sheet. A greater effect …

The Evaluation Of Paper By Means Of The Densichron Instrument, Edward G. Degalan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An Evaluation of the Universal Magnephot Densichron as a Reflectometer, Opacimeter and Color Analyzing Device

This paper is a report on the evaluation of the Universal Magnephot Densichron, an electronic photocell instrument developed for the photographic industry, for use in the paper industry. This instrument has been found to have several errors which make its use impractical for research work in the laboratory, but it can be used in paper mills for control purposes. If this used for this type of work certain precautions have to be taken as outlined. The major portion of this paper deals with the possibility …

A Comparison Of The Strength Characteristics Of Sheets Produced By Standard T.A.P.P.I. Method And By Means Of The Noble And Wood Sheet Machine, William C. Geiger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The first section of this paper is devoted to a literature survey in which the following sheetmaking variables, and their effects upon strength were examined: drying, tension, couching, pressing, consistency of stock in headbox, effect of differences in wire mesh, and drainage time.

The second section is composed of results obtained by personal experimental work. In order to provide an accurate comparison of the two sheetmaking machines in question, their relative differences in procedure were interchanged so as to bring out the variations in strength values for force drying versus air drying, tension during drying versus drying without tension, and …

A Proposed Method Of Forming A Sodium Hexametaphosphate Film On The Fourdrinier Wire, Theodore Richard Kielts

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The addition of sodium hexametaphosphate to the white water system of the paper mill is an effective method of preventing pitch deposition. The ability of this compound to prevent pitch agglomeration is due to its tendency of forming monomolecular films on metallic surfaces to which pitch will not adhere.

This thesis has attempted to evaluate whether this monomolecular protective film is best formed by spraying a solution of sodium hexametaphosphate onto the moving Fourdrinier wire or whether it is best formed by the present-day method of allowing the film to form from the white water system to which sodium hexametaphosphate …

The Influence Of Electrolytes On Certain Characteristics Of Corn Starch, Arthur H. Hupp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The survey of literature shows that very little work has been done showing the effect of small amounts of electrolytes on the properties of native corn starch. The literature seems to be in agreement in that electrolytes do effect gelatinization when added in small amounts before cooking. Just what role the anion or cation plays seems to be controversial.

Varying amounts of electrolytes with different cations but the same anion were added to different concentrations of native corn starch before cooking. Viscosities were then taken after cooking under a standard cooking procedure. The results seem to indicate that the mono …

The Influence Of Beating Of Pulp On Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution, Rudolf Schmut

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

1. Introduction

Recent studies and researchers assume that certain relationships exist between different properties of pulp - such as between bulk, tearing resistance, bursting strength, tensile strength, freeness, and fiber length index. It has been found furthermore that such relations are different for different types of pulp and that some may even vary from pulp to pulp of the same type.

The Retention Of Wet Strength Resins As Determined By The Kjeldahl Method, Walter J. Redmond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

True wet strength is not a gauge of water proofness of paper, but is a measure of the residual strength of the paper gauged by the mullen, tear, burst, and fold, after the paper has been completely soaked in water and the resistance to water penetration has been completely broken (1).

To increase the wet-strength of paper, a number of different resins may be applied, and these resins may be broadly classified as anionic or cationic in nature. Of these resins, three particular resins will be discussed, cationic melamine-formaldehyde, anionic urea-formaldehyde, and cationic urea-formaldehyde.

The Influence Of Urea & Melamine Formaldehyde Resins Upon Absorbency, Softness, & Dry Strength Characteristics Of Paper, H. B. Herman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature is reviewed on urea and melamine formaldehyde resins and their possible effects upon softness, absorbency, and physical characteristics. The standard tests of these sheet properties are also defined and reviewed. Experimental work is described in which resin treated sheets were prepared and evaluated. The resultant data is evaluated from the standpoint of property variations and is graphically illustrated. Conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility of resin treatment for soft absorbent sheets.