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Differential Expression Of Gap Junctions In Neurons And Astrocytes Dervied From P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells, Daniel Belliveau, J. Bechberger, K. Rodgers, C. Naus Dec 1996

Differential Expression Of Gap Junctions In Neurons And Astrocytes Dervied From P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells, Daniel Belliveau, J. Bechberger, K. Rodgers, C. Naus

Daniel J. Belliveau

The P19 embryonal carcinoma cell line represents a pluripotential stem cell that can differentiate along the neural or muscle cell lineage when exposed to different environments. Exposure to retinoic acid induces P19 cells to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes that express similar developmental markers as their embryonic counterparts. We examined the expression of gap junction genes during differentiation of these stem cells into neurons and astrocytes. Untreated P19 cells express at least two gap junction proteins, connexins 26 and 43. Connexin32 could not be detected in these cells. Treatment for 96 hr with 0.3 mM retinoic acid induced the P19 …


Circumnavigating International Space Law, Ty Twibell Dec 1996

Circumnavigating International Space Law, Ty Twibell

Ty Twibell



Space industrial development has many difficulties; however, many of the difficulties are legal obstacles. The author has asserted that international space law presently hinders the commercial development of outer space, and thus, requires legal change. Vigorous space commercial development is crucial, however, not for intellectual development alone. It offers massive economic, medical, industrial, and humanitarian rewards. Better vaccines and antibiotics can be produced in space in far greater quantities than on earth. Mining the moons, asteroids, and comets provides answers to future energy depletion and would provide enormously less expensive construction of spacecraft and colonies than launching from Earth. Apace …