Digital Commons Network^™

Water Availability For Cannabis In Northern California: Intersections Of Climate, Policy, And Public Discourse, Betsy Morgan, Kaitlyn Spangler, Jacob Stuivenvolt Allen, Christina N. Morrisett, Mark W. Brunson, Shih-Yu Simon Wang, Nancy Huntly

Environment and Society Faculty Publications

Availability of water for irrigated crops is driven by climate and policy, as moderated by public priorities and opinions. We explore how climate and water policy interact to influence water availability for cannabis (Cannabis sativa), a newly regulated crop in California, as well as how public discourse frames these interactions. Grower access to surface water covaries with precipitation frequency and oscillates consistently in an energetic 11–17 year wet-dry cycle. Assessing contemporary cannabis water policies against historic streamflow data showed that legal surface water access was most reliable for cannabis growers with small water rights (m³) and …

The Effects Of Maternal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol And Cannabidiol Exposure On Fetal Heart Development In Mice, Gregory Robinson

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Up to 22.6% of pregnant women consume cannabis during pregnancy despite the uncertainty of teratogenicity of the main ingredients in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). This study tested the hypothesis that gestational THC and CBD exposure leads to heart abnormalities. Daily, oral THC exposure induced heart abnormalities in 68% of offspring with three main phenotypes including thickened semilunar valves, ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and hypoplastic coronary arteries in fetuses, and postnatal cardiac dysfunction. Altered gene expression of key cardiogenic regulators, increased proliferation, and reduced epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition were demonstrated implicating potential mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities. Also, maternal CBD exposure resulted …

Commercializing Cannabis: Confronting The Challenges And Uncertainty Of Trademark And Trade Secret Protection For Cannabis-Related Businesses, John Mixon

Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts

Over the last couple of decades, society has become more accepting of recreational cannabis and an ever-growing number of states have passed pro-cannabis legislation. With this change, the cannabis industry has, to some extent, exploded into a booming enterprise in states that have legalized marijuana. Nonetheless, cannabis' status as a Schedule I banned substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 remains unchanged. As a result, businesses in the cannabis industry face the unique challenge of having to toe the line between "legally" operating under state law and violating federal law, which trumps state law. One particular situation in which …

Have You Ever Consumed Cannabis?, Victoria C. Mba-Jonas

Capstones

This project is the final product of my Social Journalism practicum at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism. For the program, I focused on Black and brown cannabis consumers, especially Black women. I particularly examined the weed industry as it pertains to diversity, inclusiveness, and social equity. I discuss how I researched, reported, created content, and cultivated community within cannabis using engagement journalism for this project. I also examined my goals to entertain, educate, engage people with cannabis stories and visuals, and change weed stigmas in Black communities. Then, I evaluated the project using both quantitative and qualitative metrics. …

Cannabis For Therapeutic Purposes: Older Adult Perspectives, User Characteristics And Motivations For Use, Lean Fiedeldey

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Use of cannabis among adults 55 years of age and older is increasing. In Q4 of 2018, slightly over half of cannabis users used for therapeutic purposes at least once, where many reported using for both medical and non-medical reasons (mixed use). Research on older adults regarding the use of Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (CTP) is fragmented and there are no comprehensive or in-depth studies on their perceptions or self-reported motivations. Understanding in these areas is important to inform policy that takes the protection of public health and safety as central aims. Does policy affect one of, if not both, …

Going For The Green: Social Equity In The Recreational Cannabis Industry, Benjamin P. Sheppard

Lincoln Memorial University Law Review Archive

In the Summer of 2020 Americans marched in the streets to protest police brutality and the killing of George Floyd. Some activists point out that the disparate enforcement of the war on drugs frequently makes minorities a frequent target for police brutality. After decades of total war, the war on drugs is showing signs of drawing down as 11 states have legalized recreational cannabis. Nonetheless, as states legalize recreational cannabis rich white entrepreneurs enjoy a greater share of legalization’s economic benefits. Seeking to remedy this problem, six states have enacted cannabis social equity laws that encourage the participation of individuals …

Genetic Variation And Sex Mediate Differential Responses To ∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Among Inbred Mice, Cory Parks

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

The plant Cannabis sativa has been used by people for both recreational and medicinal use for thousands of years, but scientific investigation of the plant and its components didn’t begin until the early nineteen hundreds when Cannabis components known as phytocannabinoids were characterized and later isolated. In the 1970’s, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was isolated and recognized as the major constituent responsible for the psychoactive and intoxicating effects associated with consumption of cannabis. This opened the door for intensive research in the field that lead to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system and its associated receptors, effectors of signaling, and biosynthetic …

Washington Cannabusiness: Washington’S Durational Residency Requirement Should Be Eliminated On Economic, Social, And Constitutional Grounds, Alejandro Monarrez

Seattle University Law Review SUpra

No abstract provided.

Screening For More Than 1,000 Pesticides And Environmental Contaminants In Cannabis By Gc/Q-Tof, Philip L. Wylie, Jessica Westland, Mei Wang, Mohamed M. Radwan

Faculty and Student Publications

A method has been developed to screen cannabis extracts for more than 1,000 pesticides and environmental pollutants using a gas chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC/Q-TOF). An extraction procedure was developed using acetonitrile with solid phase extraction cleanup. Before analysis, extracts were diluted 125:1 with solvent. Two data mining approaches were used together with a retention-time-locked Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) containing high-resolution accurate mass spectra for pesticides and other environmental pollutants. (1) A Find-by-Fragments (FbF) software tool extracts several characteristic exact mass ions within a small retention time window where the compound …

Trajectories Of Initiation For The Heroin-Based Drug Whoonga – Qualitative Evidence From South Africa, Griffin A. Tyree, Nzwakie Mosery, Elizabeth F. Closson, Zonke Mabude, Carol Du Toit, David Bangsberg, Steven A. Safren, Kenneth H. Mayer, Jennifer A. Smit, Matthew J. Mimiaga, David J. Grelotti

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Whoonga is a smoked heroin-based street drug that first emerged in South Africa a decade ago. While previous scientific reports suggest that use is growing and youth are particularly vulnerable, trajectories of initiation are not well characterized. Methods: In 2015, 30 men undergoing residential addiction treatment for this smoked heroin drug in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa participated in semi-structured interviews about their experiences using the drug. Interview data were coded using qualitative content analysis. Results: Participant trajectories to initiating smoked heroin were “vertical” in the context of marijuana use or “horizontal” in the context of other hard drug use. Participants …

Green Garbage: A State Comparison Of Marijuana Packaging And Waste Management, Kevin Dalia

Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal

This article provides a brief historiography of legislative prejudice against marijuana to provide greater context as to why marijuana laws are strict, excessive, and improperly motivated, leading to environmental concerns that could be mitigated. The article compares waste management, packaging, and labeling regulations in the ten states that have legalized commercial marijuana. This comparison allows us to explore two sides of the same regulatory coin, showing examples of excessive and environmentally harmful regulations on one side, while highlighting regulations that should serve as exemplars for future legislation on the other. Also included are some of the industry practices and community …

Bankruptcy For Cannabis Companies: Canada’S Newest Export?, Stephanie Ben-Ishai

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.

Associations Between Cannabis Use Characteristics, Impulsivity, And Mindfulness, Sam Feck

Theses

Dual-process theories of addiction have suggested that drug use behavior is influenced by the interaction between an automatic system, which uses affective and motivational significance to appraise stimuli rapidly, and a reflective system, which includes conscious emotion regulation and decision making. The current study examined the constructs of impulsivity and mindfulness, selected to approximate the automatic and reflective systems, respectively, and their associations with cannabis use characteristics. Research suggests deficits in impulsivity and mindfulness are hallmark characteristics of substance use. However, evidence supporting this association specific to cannabis use is inconsistent. A community sample of adults (N = 289, 137 …

Pot For Potholes: Could Cannabis Taxation Revenues Solve The Municipal Infrastructure Funding Deficit In Ontario?, Lori Jivan

MPA Major Research Papers

In Canada, it is estimated that the total value of core municipal infrastructure is over $1.1 trillion dollars or about $80,000 per household. Of this value one-third is in poor or very poor condition which increases the risk of service disruption. Municipalities are struggling to fund these infrastructure renewal needs with limited revenue tools. Property taxes remain the largest source of revenue for Canadian municipalities but are currently insufficient to meet their long-term needs. Municipalities in Ontario have been advocating for additional revenue tools to address this challenge. This paper uses a common set of evaluation criteria to analyze three …

Recreational Cannabis In Ontario: An Evaluation Of The First Year Of Legalization, Irena Sziler

Major Papers

Recreational cannabis was legalized in Canada on October 17, 2018 and has created new business and income for the country. Focusing on Ontario, this paper analyzes how the province failed to benefit from legalization during its first year. As a result of the change in provincial government—which led to ineffective sales models, delays, and financial losses—Ontario has failed in cannabis legalization. Using the theory of federalism, this paper explores the division of power within Canada’s levels of government and its impact on cannabis legalization and sales. Further, this paper includes a case study on Alberta and its free-market success with …

Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Symptoms In Patients With Cannabis Abuse Presenting To The Emergency Room, Hadiatou Barry, Md, Mph, Botros Shenoda, Md, Phd, Msc, Purujit Thaker, Md, Mary Naglak, Phd

Health Equity and Quality Improvement (HEQI) Summit

Introduction: Cannabis is a common recreational drug among young adults that is used to induce euphoria, promote relaxation and enhance appetite. There is a recognized correlation between cannabis abuse and cyclic episodes of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome). However, the contribution of such symptoms to emergency room visits and hospital admissions is not known.

Methods: A one-year, retrospective study was conducted on patients who presented to the emergency department and were later admitted at Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health with confirmed cannabis use (positive urine drug screen).

Aim/Goal: Our primary outcome was to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms …

The California Cannabis Industry: The Complexities Since Recreational Legalization, Talia Lux

The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law

This comment will first provide a look into the history and legality of cannabis in the United States, followed by a look into California’s cannabis industry. There will be a discussion on both medical and recreational legality in California and the provisions surrounding both types of legality. Next, the complexities of the cannabis industries will be discussed in terms of opening and operating a cannabis business, the different cannabis business types and the requirements for starting them, and state and local limitations. Immediately following, there will be a federal illegality discussion and how federal illegality conflicts with California law in …

A Phenomenological Qualitative Study To Discover The Attitudes And Perceptions Of Police Officers On The Legalization Of Recreational Cannabis And Crime, Izedomi Ayeni

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to discover the attitudes and perceptions of police officers on the legalization of recreational cannabis and crime.

Methodology: This qualitative, phenomenological methodology employed the use of semi-structured interview questions consisting of open-ended questions to understand the lived experiences of Colorado Police and Sheriff Officers and their perspectives on the experiences with the legalization of cannabis and crime. The sample size of 16 officers was selected from the sampling frame, which included Denver Police officers and Larimer County Sheriff officers.

Findings: Analysis of the data from interviews resulted in the identification of …

Impacts Of Embryonic Exposure To Cannabidiol Or ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol On Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Frailty In F0 And F1 Generations, Anika Faruque

Honors Theses

Exposure to cannabinoids during critical development periods has increased with epileptic children being commonly prescribed CBD for seizures and pregnant women taking it recreationally. Many studies have been done on the possible benefits and drawbacks of cannabinoid exposure on the human brain, but not much is known about how it can affect the developing brain long-term. To see the potential adverse effects of cannabinoid exposure during critical stages of development and discover potential developmental origins of disease in consuming cannabinoids during embryogenesis, zebrafish embryos (6-96 hours post fertilization) were exposed to varying concentrations of CBD (0.02, 0.1, 0.5 µM), THC …

Analysis Of Cannabinoids In Serum By Gc-Ms/Ms, Christie Cannarozzi

Student Theses

Due to recent changes in federal and state legislations, the availability and consumption of cannabis products have increased in the United States. The expanded use of recreational and medicinal cannabis products increases the importance of implementing sensitive and selective instrumental methods in toxicological laboratories, as legal implications may arise in forensic cases, such as driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). The purpose of this study was to perform a cross-validation for the quantitative analysis of cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in serum by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GCTQ). This method was fully …

High Crimes: Liability For Directors Of Retail Marijuana Corporations, Lauren A. Newell

Law Faculty Scholarship

Selling retail marijuana in the United States is illegal — or is it? A rising number of states have legalized the retail sale of marijuana and are busily regulating these sales and the companies that make them. Even so, the sale of marijuana is a crime under federal law. Are companies that sell retail marijuana duly sanctioned, productive contributors to their state economies, or are they felons just waiting for the wheels of justice to turn in their direction? At this moment, no one can answer that question with certainty.

What is certain is that more companies are being formed …

Cannabis And Its Historical Role In America’S Intentional Segregation Of Race, William E. Kelley

Student Publications

One of the more dramatic shifts in attitudes towards a particular trend or culture we have seen during the turn of the century is none other than attitudes towards marijuana. The Cannabis plant, commonly known as marijuana, has been illegal in the United States for a while now. In the past ten years, we have seen an influx of states and countries relaxing their attitudes towards marijuana, and it's potential benefits. While this shift in attitude towards a relatively harmless drug is a step in the right direction, many are unaware of the sinister and racist history behind outlawing the …

Exploring Alcohol Use, Cannabis Use, And Desire To Dissociate In College Female Victims Of Sexual Violence, Gabrielle Krause, Jessie Tibbs, Antover Tuliao, Dennis Mcchargue

UCARE Research Products

Almost 20% of undergraduate women experience some type of completed sexual assault before graduating college. Experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, has been shown to increase difficulties with emotion regulation, and both PTSD symptoms and emotion regulation difficulties have been associated with marijuana-use coping motives (Bonn-Miller et al., 2011). Additionally, prior research has found that emotion dysregulation predicts alcohol involved sexual assault (AISA) in the short term, and alcohol problems increases the risk for AISA in the long term (Messman-Moore et al., 2014). This suggests a cyclical relationship in coping drinking motives. This study seeks to further examine …

Medical Cannabis And Recreational Marijuana: Patient Perceptions, Stigma, And Gender During A Time Of Emerging Legalization, Matt Reid

Dissertations

Marijuana’s status as an illegal drug has been redefined over the previous three decades. Despite Michigan and 32 other states having comprehensive medical cannabis programs, both academics and laypeople commonly present the medicalization of marijuana as an intermediary phase or proxy for fully legalized recreational use. While some evidence exists to support this position, this framework marginalizes the struggles and experiences of patients who have found relief through their therapeutic use of cannabis. As such, the goal of this study is to re-center the voices of cannabis patients in academic conversations of cannabis as medicine.

My study is unique in …

El Sistema Endocannabinoide Y Su Relación Con El Glaucoma, Implicaciones Terapéuticas: Revisión De Tema, Nicoll Andrea Márquez Buitrago

Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular

Introducción: el glaucoma es una de las principales causas de ceguera legal en el mundo; es la enfermedad neurodegenerativa retiniana más prevalente. Los tratamientos estándar se limitan a reducir la presión intraocular, por lo que se requieren nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. Los cannabinoides, además de reducir la presión intraocular, muestran actividad neuroprotectora contra la serie de vías hostiles que desencadena la apoptosis ganglionar. Objetivo: describir la aplicación del sistema cannabinoide en la fisiopatología del glaucoma. Métodos: el acceso de la información se realizó mediante las bases de datos científicas como Medline, Science Direct y Pubmed, con un intervalo de tiempo entre …

Patterns Of Gambling And Substance Use Initiation In African American And White Adolescents And Young Adults, Kimberly B. Werner, Renee M. Cunningham-Williams, Manik Ahuja, Kathleen K. Bucholz

ETSU Faculty Works

The focus of the current investigation is to examine the temporal relationship of gambling onset and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis initiation in adolescents and young adults (M age = 20.3 years) by examining the prevalence and pattern of onset for each substance and gambling pairing and the associated risk between gambling and each substance use. Data were drawn from the multiwave Missouri Family Study (n = 1,349) of African American (AA; n = 450) and White families (n = 317) enriched for risk for alcohol use disorder and includes those who were assessed for gambling behaviors and problems: AA (360 …

Effects Of Oral, Smoked, And Vaporized Cannabis On Endocrine Pathways Related To Appetite And Metabolism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Human Laboratory Study., Mehdi Farokhnia, Gray R Mcdiarmid, Matthew N Newmeyer, Vikas Munjal, Osama A Abulseoud, Marilyn A Huestis, Lorenzo Leggio

Institute of Emerging Health Professions Faculty Papers

As perspectives on cannabis continue to shift, understanding the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabis use is of paramount importance. Previous data suggest that cannabis use influences food intake, appetite, and metabolism, yet human research in this regard remains scant. The present study investigated the effects of cannabis administration, via different routes, on peripheral concentrations of appetitive and metabolic hormones in a sample of cannabis users. This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty participants underwent four experimental sessions during which oral cannabis, smoked cannabis, vaporized cannabis, or placebo was administered. Active compounds contained 6.9 ± 0.95% (~50.6 mg) …

Going Hemp Wild: Understanding The Challenges And Opportunities For Fda Regulation Of Cbd In Food Products, Hannah Catt

Journal of Food Law & Policy

After the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, champions of hemp began to tout opportunities for farmers and businesses involved with the crop. The industry has rallied around one of hemp’s major byproducts, cannabidiol, or CBD. However, the demand for CBD has left the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) playing catch-up. This article explains what CBD is, how it is derived, current FDA-approved uses, and a current path forward for the FDA in creating guidance for industry and consumers.

Off-Label Use Of Recreational Cannabis: Acid Reflux In Colorado, Jacqueline M. Doremus, Sarah S. Stith, Jacob M. Vigil

Economics

Medical cannabis access has been shown to affect clinical health outcomes and health care spending. Unlike medical access, which requires a doctor's recommendation for treatment and only applies to the limited conditions approved under the state's medical cannabis program, recreational access makes cannabis available over-the-counter (OTC). This may create additional benefits through off-label cannabis use to treat unlisted conditions, such as acid reflux, which affects two out of three Americans. Using the roll out of recreational dispensaries in Colorado in 2014, we estimate the change in retailers' market share of antacid medications using a difference-in-differences design. Antacid market share decreases …

Marijuana Use In Pregnancy And The Effects On The Fetus/Infant, Amy Rebecca Hurst, Malia Smylie

All Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the literature and evidence that is available surrounding pre-pregnancy and prenatal use of marijuana and the effects it has on the developing fetus/infant. It was found that across most findings that further research needs to be done on the use of marijuana prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum. It has also been found that screening and counseling needs to be done and focused on prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy and postpartum. Healthcare professionals have the opportunity to establish a trusting relationship with their patients and to be able to …