Digital Commons Network^™

Patent Political Economy - Indian Lessons On Pharmaceutical Patent, Julien L. Chaisse, Samira Guennif

ExpressO

The Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime adopted by any country is essentially a tool that strives to ensure both the growth of the domestic pharmaceutical industry and people’s access to medicines. But, contrary to the very easily advanced theory, there is no paradox between the two. From this perspective, the Indian experience has shown that it is precisely the relaxation of its national IPR regime that promoted the growth of its domestic industry, thereby ensuring a better patient access to medicines. However, the globalisation process does not overlook any sector, which means that medicines too are submitted to the new …

Procedural Issues In The Anti-Dumping Regulations Of China: A Critical Review Under The Wto Rules, Won-Mog Choi, Henry S. Gao

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established, China his made large-scale efforts to shape its trade remedy system through legal and organizational changes. Through these changes, China could clarify the meanings of WTO anti-dumping provisions including the provision relating to the definition of domestic industry. Moreover, procedural disciplines on reviews were fortified in Chinese anti-dumping system. While the overall improvements to the trade remedy system of China are evident, definitions of several key legal terms, including the concept of related producers, the negligible import standard, and adjustment factors for a fair comparison between normal values and export prices are …

The Wto Appellate Body Gambles On The Future Of The Gats: Analyzing The Internet Gambling Dispute Between Antigua And The United States Before The World Trade Organization, Kelly Ann M. Tran

ExpressO

The World Trade Organization’s recent Appellate Body decision in the Antigua – United States dispute found that U.S. restrictions on Internet gambling qualified for an exception under Article XIV of the GATS. This paper criticizes the Appellate Body’s decision to overturn the WTO Panel on two grounds. First, it argues that the Appellate Body erred when it concluded that U.S. gambling restrictions are necessary to protect public morals or maintain public order. Second, it argues that the Appellate Body failed to adhere to previous WTO measures dealing with similar jurisprudence and both panels did not adequately explain the significance of …

Choice Of Jurisdiction In International Trade Disputes: Going Regional Or Global?, Rafael Leal-Arcas

ExpressO

This article is a legal and policy analysis of two international trade disputes fora, namely the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for countries that have standing in both jurisdictions, i.e., the United Mexican States, the United States of America, and Canada. Both fora are judicially compared from the perspective of the respondent and of the complainant, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each forum. The chosen time-frame of judicial analysis is between 1995 and 2001. The article concludes with two cases which may have been brought in either forum, Broomcorn and Canada – …

Is Ec Trade Policy Up To Par?: A Legal Analysis Over Time - Rome, Marrakesh, Amsterdam, Nice, And The Constitutional Treaty, Rafael Leal-Arcas

ExpressO

This article is an attempt to a thorough chronological analysis of the European Community’s (EC) existing law and policy in the field of international trade law since the beginning of the European Economic Community. It deals with the evolution of the EC’s common commercial policy competence through the years, starting with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), moving on to the necessary changes brought by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, signed in Marrakesh in 1994, until the days of the European Union (EU) Constitutional Treaty, with a view to enabling the EC with a coherent trade policy in …

Evaluating The Wto's Two Step Test For Environmental Measures Under Article Xx, Nita Ghei

ExpressO

There has been considerable dissatisfaction expressed by both free trade proponents and environment activists with respect to the WTO’s exercise of authority on the impact of environmental measures on international trade. The Article first sets out a analytical framework, based on public choice theory, which examines the incentives to implement measures to achieve environmental goals which function effectively as disguised barriers to trade. This is followed by a careful examination of the WTO’s jurisprudence in the area, which suggests that the WTO’s focus on the measure being implemented is correct. Furthermore, the two step test under Article XX, as conceived …

Thieves In Cyberspace: Examining Music Piracy And Copyright Law Deficiencies In Russia As It Enters The Digital Age, Michael Mertens

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.

Realism, Sovereignty And International Relations: An Examination Of Power Politics In The Age Of Globalization, Tyler Harrison

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Many globalization theorists make the claim that the state, in its current Westphalian context, is no longer a viable unit of analysis in comparative politics or international relations. Globalists claim that in the wake of unprecedented, global integration, the state is either in retreat or on the verge of full scale extinction. In a general sense, this paper explores whether there is a sufficient amount of evidence to supports the claims of globalists that the state is dying. Moreover, the paper looks at the specific issue areas of international trade, multilateralism and the environment to determine what effects globalization has …

Towards A Development-Oriented Multilateral Framework On Competition Policy, Jae Sung Lee

San Diego International Law Journal

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is a successful attempt by the international community to codify and unify the law of the sea. After long negotiations, the LOSC opened for signature at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) in 1982. Together with its two formal associations, the Part XI Implementation Agreement 1994 and the Straddling and Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement 1995, it is regarded as one of the most comprehensive documents ever adopted by the international community. The LOSC not only succeeded in addressing all topics covered …

The Lack Of Dissent In Wto Dispute Settlement: Is There A “Unanimity” Problem?, Meredith Kolsky Lewis

ExpressO

This article is the first piece of scholarship to analyze in detail the fact that there has been almost no dissent in World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement reports. The article first examines the empirical data with respect to dissenting and concurring opinions at both the panel and Appellate Body levels. Fewer than five percent of panel reports and two percent of Appellate Body reports contain separate opinions of any kind. It second shows that the WTO is in fact actively discouraging dissents, and discusses why this might be the case. The article argues that dissents are valuable in general, …

Briefs, University Of Michigan Law School

Law Quadrangle (formerly Law Quad Notes)

Voting Rights Act still needed; Refugee and Asylum Fellows; Consensus guides WTO's Applellate Body; Putting "boilerplate" under the microscope; Panelists: Katrina disabled already ailing legal system; Saving the Great Lakes; December Commencement.

China's Acquistions Abroad - Global Ambitions, Domestic Effects, Nicholas C. Howson

Law Quadrangle (formerly Law Quad Notes)

The following essay is based on a talk delivered to the Law School's International Law Workshop on October 17, 2005.

In the past year or so, the world has observed with seeming trepidation what appears to be a new phenomenon - China's "stepping out" into the world economy. This move, labeled the "Going Out Strategy" by Chinese policy makers, sees China acting in the world not just as a trader of commodities and raw materials, or trhe provider of inexpensively-produced consumer goods for every corner of the globe, but as a driven and sophisticated acquirer of foreign assets and the …

The International Intellectual Property Law System: New Actors, New Institutions, New Sources, Graeme B. Dinwoodie

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

International intellectual property norms are ow being developed by a wide range of institutions- some national, some international, and some that do not fit neatly into either category; by bodies designed to address intellectual property; by trade and other bodies; and by actors public, private, and indeterminate. This new wave of international norm creation not only augments a growing body of substantive norms but also raises difficult structural questions about the future development of the international intellectual property system.

Trips: A Link Too Far? A Proposal For Procedural Restraints On Regulatory Linkage In The Wto, Sean Pager

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

In dramatically expanding the reach of international intellectual property law, the TRIPs Agreement both epitomizes a new trend toward globalized regulation and signaled a controversial shift in approach by the WTO away from its narrow focus on trade. Equally controversial was the manner in which TRIPs came about. By strategically linking intellectual property protection to substantively unrelated trade negotiations, developed countries were able to push through a much more ambitious harmonization of IP law than would otherwise have been possible. Such package dealing making offers a powerful mechanism to advance global governance. However, unrestricted use of linkage strategies risks suboptimal …

Is There An Antitrust Antidote Against Ip Overprotection Within Trips?, Marco Ricolfi

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

The Article explores the mini-body of antitrust provisions to be found within TRIPs. It advocates a general-principles based and systematic interpretative approach of these provisions with a view to finding in them an antidote to the ratcheting up of IP protection otherwise encouraged by TRIPs. In this framework, it is argued that member countries retain considerable flexibility to incorporate pro-competitive inputs and to give appropriate consideration to non-intellectual property interests in adopting legislation at the intersection of antitrust and IP. The Article further develops criteria to assess the TRIPs-compatibility both of antitrust intervention and of generalized, ex ante legislative measures …

The Law Of The World Trade Organization And Its Domestic Implementation: With Special Reference To The People's Republic Of China, Hongliu Gong

Theses and Dissertations

On January 15, 1995, a new international economic organization came into being. The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which the tenth anniversary recently passed, marks "a watershed moment for the institutions of world economic relations reflected in the Bretton Wood system." Through a decade of existence, the WTO has grown into a "common institutional framework for the conduct of trade relations," serving to "develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system."

Like many international economic organizations that emerged after World War II, the WTO is a treaty-established inter-governmental institution. "Treaties are often an awkward albeit …

Global Copyright, Local Speech, Michael Dan Birnhack

ExpressO

Copyright is no longer a matter of "promoting the progress of science" in the words of the U.S. Constitution. It is now more than ever before a matter of trade. Furthermore, under the WTO's TRIPS Agreement, we now have a global copyright (G©) regime.

The globalization of copyright law destabilized previous balances. The shift to a trade environment requires us to reevaluate the previous balance. The concern explored in this article is that the old foundations will collapse under the heavy weight of global forces. The concern is that local culture, access to information, research and free speech in general, …

Global Pharmaceutical Patent Law In Developing Countries- Amending Trips To Promote Access For All, Angela J. Anderson

ExpressO

This comment will analyze the need to amend and revise the current global pharmaceutical patent system under TRIPS to take into account the needs of developing countries and overall public health. This comment will emphasize that the current international trade rules, which although administered by the WTO, are dictated by developed country governments and powerful pharmaceutical companies, and therefore, without reform will further diminish the access of poor people in developing countries to vital medicines. Part II of this comment will provide a general overview of the international trade law governing patents on pharmaceuticals focusing specifically on the development of …

The Role Of Science In Risk Regulation Under The Sps Agreement, Lukasz A. Gruszczynski

Lukasz A Gruszczynski

This paper attempts to present a comprehensive and coherent picture of the role performed by science under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement and SPS case law. It argues that the approach adopted by the Appellate Body is predominantly based on a technical paradigm, supplemented, however, with some considerations arising from other paradigms. The paper argues that the approach adopted in the case law is generally compatible with the text of the SPS Agreement and provides a coherent SPS system. However, it also identifies certain areas which lack coherence, as certain standards seem to violate the right of the …

The Impact Of Regional Economic Integration Under The Gatt/Wto Regime Toward The Peace Process: The Case Of Conflict Resolution Between Taiwan And Mainland China, Chen-Yu Wang

SJD Dissertation Abstracts

The main idea of this dissertation is to analyze the possible range of expected a bilateral trade agreement toward economic integration between Taiwan and Mainland China as the first step of peace process. By doing this, this dissertation is devoted to the examination of the "regional economic integration under the GATT/WTO regime" and its impacts on the "peace process," especially in the circumstance of Taiwan Strait.

Although the mutual economic and trade transactions are closer than ever before, the political conflicts between Taiwan and Mainland China are too serious to nearly reach war. Taking into consideration the successful accession into …

Diminishing Borders In Trade And Terrorism: An Examination Of Regional Apllicability Of Gatt Article Xxi National Security Trade Sanctions, Eric J. Lobsinger

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The concept of "war" has undergone extensive usage in U.S. foreign policy since the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001.

Science In The Process Of Risk Regulation Under The Wto Agreement On Sanitary And Phytosanitary Measures, Lukasz A. Gruszczynski

Lukasz A Gruszczynski

This article attempts to present a comprehensive and coherent picture of the position occupied by science under the SPS Agreement and in the SPS case law. It claims that the approach adopted by the Appellate Body reflects the explicit language of the SPS Agreement and is predominantly based on a technical paradigm. In consequence, science plays a critical role in distinguishing between legal and illegal SPS measures. The article argues that such an approach is generally compatible with the text of the SPS Agreement and provides a coherent SPS system. However, it also identifies certain areas, which lack coherence, as …

Anti-Dumping Sunset Reviews: The Uneven Reach Of Wto Disciplines, Bolormaa Tumurchudur, Olivier Cadot, Jaime De Melo

Olivier Cadot

The paper uses a new database on Anti-Dumping measures worldwide to assess whether the 1995 Uruguay Round Agreement on AD sunset reviews had any effect. Estimates from a count of revocations for a panel of AD-using countries over 1979-2005 show that a five-year cycle is more apparent after the WTO agreement than before, with the marginal propensity to revoke AD measures at five years jumping from 0-2% to 45%. A survival analysis of AD measures confirms that those covered by the agreement stick on average for shorter periods, and a semi-parametric difference-in-difference approach confirms a strong de-jure component to the …

Principles Of Fairness For International Economic Treaties: Constructivism And Contractualism, John Linarelli

Scholarly Works

No legal system deserving of continued support can exist without an adequate theory of justice. A world trade constitution cannot credibly exist without a clear notion of justice upon which to base a consensus. This paper examines two accounts of fairness found in moral philosophy, those of John Rawls and Tim Scanlon. The Rawlsian theory of justice is well-known to legal scholars. Scanlon's contractualist account may be less well-known. The aim of the paper is to start the discussion as to how fairness theories can be used to develop the tools for examining international economic policies and institutions. After elaborating …

Parallel Trade, Unparallel Laws: An Examination Of The Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade Laws Of The United States, The European Union And The World Trade Organization, Julia A. Moore

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Current Developments Of Wto Dispute Settlement Body Findings On The U.S. Antidumping Sunset Review Regime, Changho Sohn

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Climate Change, The Kyoto Protocol, And The World Trade Organization: Challenges And Conflicts, Daniel Mcnamee

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

No abstract provided.

Fundamentally Conflicting Views Of The Rule Of Law In China And The West & (And) Implications For Commercial Disputes, Benedict Sheehy

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This paper is an examination of the notions of law, the Rule of Law, and commercial practice in the West and China. The paper outlines the basic philosophical principles and legal concomitants of the Rule of Law, and the corollary Chinese principles and concomitants. It examines the traditions, differences, and similarities in thinking about the issues in each tradition. It then examines the implications of these differences in commercial dispute resolution. After this discussion of traditions, similarities, and differences and their impact on commercial dispute resolution, the paper turns to address how the discrepancies could be dealt with in the …

Trips And Its Discontents, Peter K. Yu, Peter K. Yu

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

This Article traces the development of the TRIPs Agreement and explores why less developed countries were dissatisfied with the international intellectual property system. It also looks at the future challenges confronting these countries and what they need to do to preserve the goals and intentions behind the TRIPs negotiations. The Article begins by describing the four different narratives used to explain the origins of the TRIPs Agreement. It contends that, while none of these narratives is complete, each of them provides valuable insight into understanding the context in which the Agreement was created. The Article then explores why less developed …

What Do We Owe Each Other In The Global Economic Order?: Constructivist And Contractualist Accounts, John Linarelli

Scholarly Works

No legal system deserving of continued support can exist without an adequate theory of justice. A world trade constitution cannot credibly exist without a clear notion of justice upon which to base a consensus. This paper examines two accounts of fairness found in moral philosophy, those of John Rawls and Tim Scanlon. The Rawlsian theory of justice is well-known to legal scholars. Scanlon's contractualist account may be less well-known. The aim of the paper is to start the discussion as to how fairness theories can be used to develop the tools for examining international economic policies and institutions. After elaborating …