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The Microvasculature Of Human Oral Mucosa Using Vascular Corrosion Casts And India Ink Injection I. Tongue Papillae, Q. X. Yu, W. Ran, K. M. Pang, H. P. Philipsen, J. Theilade, X. H. Chen, Y. C. Mok

Scanning Microscopy

The microvasculature of human tongue papillae originating from 9 males and 6 females, aged 0.5 to 2 years was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts and by light microscopy (LM) of India ink injected specimens. All papillae showed a microvasculature characterized by primary, secondary and tertiary capillary loops. In the filiform papillae the loops were generally arranged in a corolla-like pattern with the tertiary loops demonstrating a hair-pin shape. The fungiform papillae showed basically a similar architectural pattern although the loops were somewhat more compact and complex in structure. A small, shallow depression of the tertiary …

Tooth Tissues Of Certain Sharks And Lungfishes, Yasutomo Iwai-Liao, Yoshikage Higashi, Yoshitaka Tamada

Scanning Microscopy

A comparative odontologic study was conducted on teeth and their supporting tissues from extant sharks, fossil sharks, and living lungfishes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray microprobe to investigate evolutionary changes in tooth structure of the fishes.

No histological differences between the extant and fossil teeth of lamnoid sharks were observed. The weight percent of calcium in osteodentin of the fossil shark was higher than that in the extant shark. The weight percents of both P and Ca of tooth tissues in the giant extinct shark showed comparatively low values.

Both the upper and lower …

Correlation Of Cochlear Pathology With Auditory Brainstem And Cortical Responses In Cats With High Frequency Hearing Loss, R. J. Mount, R. V. Harrison, S. G. Stanton, A. Nagasawa

Scanning Microscopy

Newborn kittens were treated with the aminoglycoside amikacin to produce a bilateral high frequency cochlear hearing loss. The degree and stability of hearing loss were confirmed by recording auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR audiograms). After maturation, cochleotopic frequency representation within primary auditory cortex (Al) was mapped using standard microelectrode recording techniques. The cochlear sensory epithelium was assessed with SEM and the pattern of damage compared with the ABR audiograms and cortical frequency maps.

Amikacin treatment resulted in various patterns of haircell damage towards the base of the cochlea. A relatively abrupt transition between damaged and undamaged haircell regions resulted in …

The Development Of The Vascular System In Quail Embryos: A Combination Of Microvascular Corrosion Casts And Immunohistochemical Identification, M. C. Deruiter, B. Hogers, R. E. Poelmann, L. Vanlperen, A. C. Gittenberger-De Groot

Scanning Microscopy

Although vascular casts, obtained by injection with methacrylates, are frequently used to investigate the adult vascular system, little data are available for embryonic stages. In this paper we use Mercox^R in quail embryos in the period of 2 to 7 days after incubation. The microvascular corrosion casts were evaluated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with special attention to the development and remodelling of the large arteries and veins. Our results show that the remodelling of the large arteries and veins together with their developing tributary vessels can be visualized from very early embryonic stages onwards. However, complete replication …

Microvascularization Of The Pleura In Rats And Guinea Pigs, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, P. Böck, P. Franz

Scanning Microscopy

The microvascularization of the visceral and parietal pleura was studied in rats and guinea pigs using vascular corrosion casts and scanning electron microscopy.

The visceral pleura was shown to be devoid of a vascular bed of its own. The capillary meshwork observed on the surface of the lung belongs to the pulmonary parenchyma. The parietal pleura, by contrast, possesses its own capillary network with an appropriate arterial supply and a venous drainage. The parietal pleural capillaries cover the costal regions completely, whereas the intercostal spaces are only provided by interspersed small patches of capillaries. That the feeding arteries of the …

Effects Of Photosensitization And Low-Power Helium-Neon Laser Irradiation On Liposomes And Cell Membranes, Timea Berki, P. Németh, L. Pótó, A. Németh

Scanning Microscopy

Low-power He-Ne laser irradiation causes a well-defined and energy dependent cell destruction of in vitro cultured cell lines sensitized by hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). The mechanism of this photosensitization was studied by measuring with polarization microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, and electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectroscopic parameters. The cell damage caused by photosensitization and laser irradiation seems to be a complex process, however the biological membranes seem to be one of the primary targets. The energy of laser light causes rotation and resonance changes of macromolecules and the water molecules, resulting in an increased structural order of the submembraneous components in the living cells, …

The Scanning Electron Microscope: How Valuable In The Evaluation Of Small Bowel Mucosal Pathology In Chronic Childhood Diarrhea?, J. Rainer Poley

Scanning Microscopy

Data are presented on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on small intestinal biopsies of children with chronic diarrhea. In particular, there were 230 patients aged 3 months to 13 years with the following diagnoses: chronic nonspecific diarrhea, cow's milk protein intolerance, soy protein intolerance, giardiasis, cystic fibrosis, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, isolated lactase deficiency, isolated sucrase-isomaltase lactase deficiency, microvillus inclusion disease, rotavirus ententis, protracted diarrhea of infancy, chylomicron retention disease, visceral myopathy and villous asthenia.

Examination of biopsied intestinal mucosa by SEM has yielded important new information and insights on structural pathology and ultrastructural topography. Many of the observed changes helped to better …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of High-Modulus Polyethylene Fibres, N. H. Ladizesky, M. K. M. Pang

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of high modulus polyethylene (HMPE) fibres gives rise to a number of artifacts which are here recognized. Antistatic agents may be successfully used for the observation of the woven fibres, but only in conjunction with an intermediate metallic coating. For isolated threads superior results are obtained with the metallic coating alone.

New SEM evidence suggests that the high density of surface cracks produced by plasma treatment of HMPE fibres is associated with an aging process. This can also be activated by mechanical energy or storage at room conditions.

Hereditary Hair Changes Revealed By Analysis Of Single Hair Fibres By Scanning Electron Microscopy, B. Forslind, M. K. Andersson, E. Alsterborg

Scanning Microscopy

In many disorders with a genetic background the sparsity of scalp hairs may deter the clinician from trying to extract information from single hair fibres. Presenting a number of diverse conditions, we propose to show that simple measures can be taken in the doctor's office which makes single fibre analysis a useful tool for assessment of factors involved in genetic disorders including the integument and its appendages. The paper is focussed on the utilization of the scanning electron microscope with the goal of demonstrating that pertinent information can be gained where information from transmission electron microscopy and other techniques are …

Preparation And Characterization Of Some Particulate Materials In The Aluminum Industry, A. Csordás-Tóth, B. Szikora, J. Kürthy-Komlósy, I. Tassy

Scanning Microscopy

Preparation and characterization techniques for the following particulate materials are reviewed: micromineralogical samples of bauxite, alumina and its trihydroxide, as well as sedimentary and respirable particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS) and image analysis were used to characterize the microminerals of bauxite. Comparisons were made among micromineralogical samples with various grain size fractions and the degree of weathering could be quantified. Programs were developed for characterization of the sandy and floury types of aluminum trihydroxide and alumina. We have used backscattered electron SEM images to characterize the size and shape of various aluminum trihydroxides. Comparison could …

In Vitro And In Vivo Replication For Scanning Electron Microscopy Of The Cervical Region Of Human Teeth, Joan Bevenius, Kjell Hultenby

Scanning Microscopy

A replica technique for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cervical region of human teeth was evaluated on extracted premolar teeth by comparing the replicas and the original specimens in the SEM. For in vivo application, the technique was modified to circumvent contamination by saliva and gingival exudate. Impressions were taken with an addition silicone polyvinylsiloxane material and the replicas were poured in epoxy resin die material. A surface active dentine conditioner facilitated flow of the impression material into irregular surface areas; in vivo a scavenger impression was used to remove surface debris. Custom trays were made of light-cured acrylic …

Seed Coat Surface Patterns And Structures Of Oxytropis Riparia, Oxytropis Campestris, Medicago Sativa, And Astragalus Cicer, D. J. Solum, R. H. Lockerman

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine external and internal seed coat structures of Oxytropis riparia Litv., Oxytropis campestris L., Medicago sativa L., and Astragalus cicer L. for characteristics useful in taxonomic classification and to identify hard seed coat components which affect permeability. Seed coat surfaces of the four species were distinctly different. Palisade and hourglass cell lengths and parenchyma and endosperm cell layer thicknesses were similar among species with the exception of O. campestris seeds which lacked an identifiable endosperm layer. Surface pattern differences and the presence of a distinct endosperm layer are useful in separating these genera and …

A Technique For Correlative Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscopy Of Individual Human Placental Villi: An Example Demonstrating Syncytial Sprouts In Early Gestation, G. J. Burton, K. W. Thurley, J. N. Skepper

Scanning Microscopy

Correlating the surface appearances of certain features with their internal structure is made particularly difficult in the human placenta by the complex three-dimensional branching pattern of the villous tree. This places a possible limitation on the use of the scanning electron microscope in this field, both for basic research purposes and as a tool in pathological diagnosis. To help overcome this problem, a technique for handling individual placental villi has been devised. By attaching single villi to glass pipette tips it has proved possible to scan the villi, embed them in resin and then section them in a known pre-determined …

Preparation Of Inner Ear Sensory Hair Bundles For High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy, M. P. Osborne, S. D. Comis

Scanning Microscopy

Chemical fixation techniques for preservation of sensory hair bundles in the mammalian inner ear for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are reviewed. Fixatives employed were glutaraldehyde, glutaraldehyde-picrate, glutaraldehyde-tannic acid, glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde followed by postfixation with osmium tetroxide and the osmium thiocarbohydrazide (OTOTO) method. Dehydration was routinely accomplished with ascending grades of acetone followed by critical point drying with liquid CO₂ or fluorocarbon sublimation. Specimens other than those prepared by the OTOTO method were metal coated with gold, gold-palladium or platinum. Material was viewed at high resolution (2-3 nm) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) fitted with a scanning system and …

Thin Sectioning Of Carbonaceous Adsorbent Spheres For Visualization By Light Microscopy And Scanning Electron Microscopy, Samuel H. Cohen, Ronald A. Segars

Scanning Microscopy

Three different types of Rohm and Haas carbonaceous adsorbent spheres (XE-340, XE-347 and XE-348) were prepared for light and scanning electron microscopy by embedding in resin and by thin sectioning. Spurr's low viscosity resin, because of its penetrating and wetting ability, contributed to the production of the most uniform and artifact free thin sections. In addition to thin sectioning, gas adsorption surface area measurements were made on batches of each type of sphere.

There was an apparent relationship between the surface area measurements of 417.8 m²/g for XE-340, 583.4 m²/g for XE-347 and 752.9 m^{2 …}

Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis Of Dental Wear On The Heavily Worn Second Molars Of The Wild Japanese Monkey (Macaca Fuscata), Teruyuki Hojo

Scanning Microscopy

Microscopic features on scanning electron micro-graphs of epoxy-replicas of the second molars of nine wild-caught adult female Japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata, from Oita Takasakiyama, Kyushu, were measured using a digitizer. These monkeys had been fed a monkey-diet during three or four days of captivity before replicas were made. Six of these specimens showed such heavily worn second molars that narrow peripheral enamel bands surrounded large dentin exposures and the cusps of the others had been worn off. Microwear measurements from sites near facet 9 were compared with those of facet 9 of three kinds of hard-object feeding primates from …

The Hepatic Microcirculation In Experimental Cirrhosis A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study Of Microcorrosion Casts, E. Gaudio, L. Pannarale, M. Ripani, P. Onori, O. Riggio

Scanning Microscopy

The experimental model of liver cirrhosis induced by intragastric administration of CCl₄ reproduces not only the histological picture of the postnecrotic cirrhosis but also its pathophysiological features.

Corrosion casts of livers affected by CCl₄-induced cirrhosis show the loss of the lobular pattern. Once the cirrhosis has completely developed, the whole microvascular bed appears to be composed of groups of sinusoid nodules of diameters varying between 0.3 and 1.5 mm.. Pre- and post-sinusoidal vessels and anastomoses between the former and the latter are mainly located at the perinodular spaces.

This microvascular situation modifies the normal perfusion gradient within …

Three-Dimensional Morphological Analysis Of Nerve Cells By Scanning Electron Microscopy. A Review, O. J. Castejón

Scanning Microscopy

The present review provides a rational and new approach to study the three-dimensional morphology of nerve cells in situ at both cellular and macromolecular levels, by means of conventional (SEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). The slicing and ethanol-cryofracturing methods, the freeze-fracture SEM method and tissue preparation for HRSEM have been described. Nerve cell outer surface, axon hillock and initial axon segment, axonal collateral ramifications and dendritic processes were visualized either by the slicing technique or the cryofracture method displaying neuronal geometry in situ. The cleavage plane occurred at the satellite neuroglial sheath exposing somatic hidden surfaces of …

Three-Dimensional Morphology Of Cerebellar Protoplasmic Islands And Proteoglycan Content Of Mossy Fiber Glomerulus: A Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscope Study, O. J. Castejón, H. V. Castejón

Scanning Microscopy

The present review summarizes the outer and inner surface features of mossy fiber glomeruli in vertebrate cerebellar granular layer as seen by conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM freeze-fracture method. The intracortical trajectory of mossy fibers and their synaptic contacts with granule cell dendrites were traced by the slicing and freeze-fracture techniques revealing the radial distribution of granule cell dendrites around the central mossy rosette. The "en passant" nature of mossy fiber synaptic contacts and the participation of Golgi cell axonal ramifications were demonstrated. The results obtained were compared with available light and transmission electron microscopy data. The freeze-etching …

The Response Of The Tracheal Epithelium To Concomitant Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (Ii) And Radiation. An Electron Microscopic Study In Rabbits, C. H. Håkansson, M. Albertsson, M. Palmegren, J. Ranstam

Scanning Microscopy

The ciliated epithelium of the rabbit trachea was irradiated with daily fractions of 2 Gy up to an accumulated dose of 20 Gy (total dose: 2, 6, 10, 16, or 20 Gy). Fifteen to forty-five minutes before the start of each irradiation 0.3 mg Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDP) was given by intraperitoneal injection to each rabbit. Examinations were carried out 1-10 days after each fractionation schedule, when specimens were taken for morphological investigations.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination showed a gradual development of ciliary damage, from blebs on the cilia to swollen tips, broken and bent cilia and finally an epithelial injury …

Timed Acid Bath Effects On Kidney Podocytes Prepared For Scanning Electron Microscopy, B. J. Moore, K. R. Holmes

Scanning Microscopy

In perfusion fixation of dog kidney glomeruli, observation of tear fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy reveals the deposition of "debris" on the surface of glomerular visceral epithelium (podocytes) that is not deposited on other kidney tissue surfaces. It is of concern to remove this debris without damage to tissue surfaces. A 5 minute bath in 8N HCI (hydrochloric acid) following postfixation in 1% OsO₄ (osmium tetroxide) removes only some of the debris. A 10 minute acid bath removes this debris without visible damage to podocyte surface structures such as cilia, plicae or blebs. A 20 minute acid bath …

Transplacental Cardiotoxicity Of Cocaine: Atrial Damage Following Treatment In Early Pregnancy, Jacques Gilloteaux, John P. Dalbec

Scanning Microscopy

Using light, transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, cocaine-induced defects were observed in hamster atria. Compared with controls, the treated atria from neonates show endocardial and myocardial damages as the atrial walls thicken. SEM micrographs show intensive blebbing, damage and incomplete coverage of myocardium by the endocardial endothelium. TEM data demonstrate blebs, thinning, and other endothelial cell injuries and complement the SEM findings. Areas of endothelial sloughing may facilitate the formation of luminal and mural thrombi as noticed in many neonatal atria. Adjacent subendocardial myocardial cells display contraction bands, swellings, and vacuolizations. Local and large areas of damaged myocardial …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis Of Rock Varnish Chemistry For Cation-Ratio Dating: An Examination Of Electron Beam Penetration Depths, Steven L. Reneau, Roland C. Hagan, Charles D. Harrington, Robert Raymond Jr.

Scanning Microscopy

Rock varnish is a microns-thick manganese- and iron-rich coating that forms on exposed rock surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments, and empirical correlations of the varnish cation ratio (K+Ca):Ti with age have been used to estimate ages of geomorphic surfaces. One method of obtaining varnish chemistry for cation-ratio dating involves scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis of natural varnish surfaces. The chemical analyses of rock varnish with SEM/EDX utilize a sequence of accelerating voltages to vary penetration depths into the sample. Using elemental x-ray maps of natural varnish surfaces obtained by SEM/EDX analysis, penetration into the substrate …

Barium Concentration In Rock Varnish: Implications For Calibrated Rock Varnish Dating Curves, C. D. Harrington, D. J. Krier, R. Raymond Jr., S. L. Reneau

Scanning Microscopy

Cation-ratio dating of rock varnish is a recently developed technique for obtaining surface exposure ages of a wide variety of geomorphic surfaces. As originally proposed, the technique utilizes a ratio among minor cations [(K+Ca)/Ti] in rock varnish. Although this varnish cation ratio is related to the Ti concentration, it can also be affected by the presence of Ba that may be partially included in the analyzed concentration of Ti. Barium is a minor constituent found in virtually all rock varnishes sampled from the Lake Mead area, Las Vegas Valley, and the Crater Flat region of southern Nevada. Barium is heterogeneously …

Evaluation Of The Images Of Specular Microscopy Of The Cells On Implanted Intraocular Lenses In Vivo, Kiyoshi Okada, Keiko Takahashi, Hiroaki Sagawa, Kuniomi Abe

Cells and Materials

Specular microscopy , an optical method to study the anterior segment of the eye, was applied to observe the cells on implanted intraocular lenses in vivo. The images from specular microscopy were evaluated by comparing the morphology of the same cells on intraocular lenses implanted in rabbit eyes by specular microscopy , light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The time lapse study in living human eyes and the optical evaluation of jts interference images were performed to elucidate its image formation.

The same giant cells, as observed in vivo by specular microscopy, proved to be multinucleated cells. It …

An Electron Microscopical Study Of The Interaction Of Bone With Growth Hormone Loaded Bone Cement, S. Downes, M. V. Kayser, G. Blunn, S. Y. Ali

Cells and Materials

Growth hormone was incorporated into Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with a view to improving the quality of the bone-cement interface. Growth hormone was released from the PMMA and delivered to the cells at the bone-cement interface. The in vivo response to the growth hormone loaded cement was compared to the plain cement, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, in a rabbit model. The results indicate that growth hormone released at the bone-cement interface stimulated osteogenesis and the reorganization of the tissue components. An advancing mineral front was observed in the direction of the bone cement with new bone …

Polylysine Stimulation Of Ectopic Cartilage Formation, Rocky S. Tuan, Dina M. Turchi, David S. Kreitzer

Cells and Materials

Cartilage development, or chondrogenesis, is a process which involves the condensation of prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells, followed by the expression of the cartilage phenotype characterized by the biosynthesis of cartilage-specific, extracellular matrix components. We have previously shown that the cationic biopolymer, polylysine (PL), is able to stimulate chondrogenesis by embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells in vitro. In this study, we have evaluated the chondrogenesis-stimulating activity of PL in vivo using an experimental system consisting of chick embryonic muscle explants, which were grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos maintained in long-term shell-less culture. The muscle grafts were treated with PL …

Fracture Toughness And Fractography Of Dental Ceramics, H. J. Mueller

Cells and Materials

Chevron-notch short-rod fracture toughness (KIv) and scanning electron microscopy analyses of leucite-, tetrasilicic fluormica-, and alumina- reinforced dental ceramics and control materials were investigated. Short-rod fracture toughness is a measure of the bulk resistance to crack propagation but not of the surface resistance to crack initiation. Results indicated significant differences in KIv among the following six groups (from lowest to highest (a) Dicor and Optec, (b) Optec, Excelco's Incisal, Macor and Excelco's Gingival, (c) Excelco's Brush-O-Paque, (d) Vitadur-N core, (e) Coming's 9606 glass-ceramic, and (t) Vita Hi Ceram. Good agreement occurred with published data for Macor and 9606. Comparisons of …

Microstructure And Firmness Of Labneh (High Solids Yoghurt) Made From Cow's, Goat's And Sheep's Milks By A Traditional Method Or By Ultrafiltration, A. Y. Tamime, M. Kalab, G. Davies, H. A. Mahdi

Food Structure

Two types of Labneh (high solids yoghurt) were made from goat's and sheep 's milk: (a) traditional style Labneh was produced by straining yoghurt in a cloth bag, and (b) UF Labneh was made by ultrafiltration (UF) of warm yoghurt. A portion of all products were smoothened by a passage through a lactic curd homogenizer. Irrespective of their origin , the Labneh samples contained 20.5-22.5% total solids (including minerals and un-metabolized lactose), 6.7-8.2% protein, and 7.8- 8.9% fat.

Homogenization markedly decreased firmness of the goat's and sheep's Labnehs and is therefore not re~ commended in industrial production . Firmness of …

Structure And Rheology Of Dairy Products: A Compilation Of References With Subject And Author Indexes, David N. Holcomb

Food Structure

No abstract provided.