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Articles 1 - 30 of 293
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Homelessness In The United States: Factors, Trends, Forensic Considerations, And Housing First As A Response To Traditional Housing Interventions, Amanda Lenertz
Master of Arts in Human Services
The topics of housing instability and homelessness are significant public health concerns within the United States. This review aimed to explore the problem of homelessness through the lens of forensic mental health, assessing current housing interventions and outcomes for affected populations. A literature review of over 45 journal articles was conducted; this review sought to identify relevant themes, affected populations, debates in research, and proposed interventions. Topics reviewed included the history and current state of housing interventions, contributing factors, individual and societal costs and consequences, relationships between homelessness, substance use, mental health, and incarceration, housing first initiatives, considerations for special …
Incarceration Vs Treatment: Is One More Effective Than The Other In Preventing Recidivism For Drug Abuse?, Scott G. Kang
Incarceration Vs Treatment: Is One More Effective Than The Other In Preventing Recidivism For Drug Abuse?, Scott G. Kang
Student Theses
This study aims to determine the most effective approach for reducing recidivism among drug offenders, comparing incarceration with treatment. Two hypotheses were formulated for this research: 1) Drug offenders undergoing residential treatment will experience lower recidivism rates compared to those sentenced to incarceration. 2) Extended therapeutic treatment is more likely to positively influence behavior change among drug abusers compared to longer prison sentences. These hypotheses were tested using data from 263 participants in the Drug Treatment Alternative-to-Prison (DTAP) program, analyzed through logistic regression in SPSS. The results indicate that therapeutic interventions, specifically rehabilitative treatment, are more effective than incarceration in …
Attitudes And Perceptions Of Sex Offenders Amongst Rural Populationns, Riley Allen
Attitudes And Perceptions Of Sex Offenders Amongst Rural Populationns, Riley Allen
Honors Theses
The current study aims to examine rural residents’ attitudes regarding sex offenders and their perceptions of the recidivism rates of these types of individuals. Data from qualitative interviews of rural Illinois residents (N=24) will be used. This archival data will be coded with NVivo software to determine the prevalence of certain responses indicating positive or negative attitudes as well as perceptions of both adult and juvenile recidivism rates. Through the examination and analyses of the coded data, this study will help determine what kind of attitudes rural residents in southern Illinois harbor towards sex offenders and how that may correlate …
Recidivism In Mississippi: Causes, Impacts, And Solutions, Grace E. Brian
Recidivism In Mississippi: Causes, Impacts, And Solutions, Grace E. Brian
Honors Theses
Because the United States is home to the largest prison population in the world, finding solutions to reduce the rate at which prisoners return to prison is paramount to helping reduce crime. Assessments of how Mississippi, the state with the highest incarceration rate, engages with access to prison education, barriers to employment, and youth incarceration compared to the national, Southern, and non-southern averages will be explored to direct recidivism reduction solutions. Results showed that Mississippi had a slightly higher recidivism rate than the national average, had fewer barriers to employment, and a lower youth incarceration rate than the national average …
Recidivism In South Dakota, Allison L. Young
Recidivism In South Dakota, Allison L. Young
Honors Thesis
The South Dakota Criminal Justice System suffers from a high recidivism rate across the state. There are few resocialization methods used within state facilities, and the existing ones have not adequately addressed what is causing the high rate. People who are either incarcerated or were formerly incarcerated have a myriad of systematic barriers that prevent them from finding a stable footing before and after release. This literature analysis aims to compare existing resocialization methods among various countries and states to South Dakota’s techniques to identify which would be most successful for the state. Using a grounded-theory structure for the analysis …
A Comprehensive Examination Of The Post-Conviction Risk Assessment (Pcra) And Risk Prediction Index (Rpi) For General Risk Factors, Criminogenic Outcomes, And Risk-Specific Populations, Logan J. Distasio
Master's Theses
The use of risk assessment instruments has become an increasingly pertinent issue in the realm of reentry. Though sometimes controversial, risk assessment tools provide local, state, and federal governments with actuarial techniques focused on providing unbiased and accurate risk assessments for individuals returning to the community. The present study was focused on the further evaluation of two risk assessment instruments utilized by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)—the Post-Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA) and the Risk Prediction Index (RPI). A mixed-methods approach was taken in order to investigate the associations between these tools, general risk factors, criminogenic outcomes, …
Overlooked Psychometrics: An Examination Of The Construct Validity Of The Level Of Service/Case Management Inventory (Ls/Cmi), Agnieszka M. Nogalska
Overlooked Psychometrics: An Examination Of The Construct Validity Of The Level Of Service/Case Management Inventory (Ls/Cmi), Agnieszka M. Nogalska
Student Theses
Construct validity is an important and under-examined source of evidence contributing to the psychometric properties of risk assessment instruments. This study assessed the construct and predictive validities of the LS/CMI examining a sample of 95 incarcerated male participants in the Northeastern United States. Results support a two-factor structure for the instrument, with the Criminal History, Education/Employment, Procriminal Attitude, and Antisocial Pattern subscales demonstrating convergence with other well-validated measures of these constructs. The results further suggest relatively weak discriminative ability for predicting recidivism (AUC = 0.67). Further research examining and integrating the construct and predictive validity of the LS/CMI specifically is …
America’S Prison Systems: Beginning The Switch From Punitive To Rehabilitative, Sydney R. Clair
America’S Prison Systems: Beginning The Switch From Punitive To Rehabilitative, Sydney R. Clair
Honors Thesis
America has one of the highest rates of incarceration in the world, along with many issues that keep its inmate population and recidivism rates high. The current inmate population faces unique challenges as it disproportionally consists of racial minorities, those with mental illnesses, and nonviolent drug offenders. Correctional rehabilitative programing, while implemented with good intentions, lacks effectiveness. This is due to factors including institutional staffing mindset and minimal development to expand inmate programs. There is also a lack of overall access to drug and educational courses that are so greatly needed for the incarcerated population. The reentry process for inmates …
A Case For Changing The Age Of Majority From 18 To 22 Years Of Age In Massachusetts, Gabriella M. Barbuto
A Case For Changing The Age Of Majority From 18 To 22 Years Of Age In Massachusetts, Gabriella M. Barbuto
Social Work Student Work
The age of majority is when a person is considered legally responsible and culpable for their actions (Cox et al., 2022). Since the advent of the legal system, there seems to be no consensus regarding the ideal age of majority. This is demonstrated by the age varying from state to state and nationally. In the United States, the age of majority has been as low as 14 years old. Until the 19th century, 14-year-olds could be processed in the adult justice system as well as sentenced to the death penalty. As of 2019, 38 of the 50 states, including North …
Beyond Incarceration: Identification Of Post-Incarceration Strategies For Successful Reintegration, Sharon D. Walker
Beyond Incarceration: Identification Of Post-Incarceration Strategies For Successful Reintegration, Sharon D. Walker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed in this study was the high rate of recidivism among released offenders in the United States. Recidivism results in the rearrest of up to 650,000 offenders within 3 years of release. Reentry barriers are a primary cause of recidivism across the United States, as released offenders struggle to reintegrate into their communities. Policymakers and researchers have not focused on non-recidivating ex-convicts who designed, implemented, and maintained strategies for successful living. Rather than identifying obstacles ex-convicts face, which have been long recognized, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate and identify post-incarceration strategies for …
Evidence-Based Leadership Practices Of Reentry Program Leaders To Reduce Recidivism Among African American Women, Mabrey Raymond Duff
Evidence-Based Leadership Practices Of Reentry Program Leaders To Reduce Recidivism Among African American Women, Mabrey Raymond Duff
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The rate of recidivism among African American women is disproportionately higher than among European American or Latino women in a southeastern state. The problem identified was the high prevalence of recidivism among African American women despite undergoing reentry programs. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the practices of reentry program leaders in a southeastern state that reduce recidivism among formerly incarcerated African American women. Evidence-based leadership development provided a conceptual framework for assessing the results of practices in the reentry program. Current reentry program leaders in a southeastern state were asked to describe the leadership practices …
Redefining Rehabilitation: Evaluating The Washtenaw County Pre-Plea Diversion Program, William Ellsworth
Redefining Rehabilitation: Evaluating The Washtenaw County Pre-Plea Diversion Program, William Ellsworth
CMC Senior Theses
The Washtenaw County (MI) Prosecutor’s Office’s Pre-Plea Diversion Program (PPDP) aims to divert eligible misdemeanor defendants from the criminal justice system, offering rehabilitative programming to reduce reoffending and minimize the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction with case dismissal. This research assessed whether PPDP participants were less likely to be re-arrested in the six months following program completion compared to a sample of defendants facing similar charges within the same court. It was hypothesized that the PPDP would effectively reduce re-arrest, with community service and mental health counseling proving particularly impactful. Employing a quasi-experimental design, data from 90 successfully diverted …
The Value Of Prison Education: Evaluating The Impact Of Education Through Desistance, Cheryl Chan
The Value Of Prison Education: Evaluating The Impact Of Education Through Desistance, Cheryl Chan
Honors Theses
The United States faces an epidemic of incarceration, draining resources, disrupting families, and hindering societal participation. Prison education emerges as a method to address this cycle, with vocational and academic programs being pivotal. While vocational programs are more common, their long-term efficacy remains uncertain. Academic education, exemplified by programs like the Bard Prison Initiative, provides incarcerated individuals with an opportunity to change. Typically, the success of these programs are measured using recidivism. However, recidivism has become too narrow of a measure to properly capture the nuances of an education. There has been an emerging body of scholarship studying desistance and …
The Effect Of Early Intervention On Reducing Recidivism, Claire Meyer
The Effect Of Early Intervention On Reducing Recidivism, Claire Meyer
Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects
The current punishment-based system has not led to promising recidivism rates showing the lack of effect it has on changing behavior. By working to understand the effect interventions can have on reducing recidivism, society can improve the criminal justice system. The intention of this paper is to show the benefits of moving to a system focused on rehabilitation instead of punishment, specifically for juvenile offenders. By conducting a literature review of available research, it can be seen that an incarceration-based system is not as effective as the implementation of intervention and prevention methods can be. Cognitive behavioral therapy and community-based …
The Impact Of Mental Health On Recidivism: A Logistic Regression Analysis Examining Federal Probation Outcomes, Stephanie Kowal
The Impact Of Mental Health On Recidivism: A Logistic Regression Analysis Examining Federal Probation Outcomes, Stephanie Kowal
Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts
This research paper investigates the impact of mental health issues on probation success, utilizing secondary data from the Criminology Research Group at the University of Montana. Employing binary logistic regression analysis, the study examines various factors affecting probation outcomes, with a focus on mental health treatment as a primary independent variable. Findings reveal that individuals receiving outpatient mental health care are significantly more likely to recidivate, supporting the hypothesis that ongoing mental health struggles pose substantial barriers to probation success. Moreover, employment status, age at the start of supervision, adult criminal offenses, and days under supervision emerged as significant predictors …
The Connection Between Mental Illness And Prisoner Recidivism: A Study Of The Self-Perceptions And Perspectives Of Mentally Impaired Low-Level Non-Violent Male Exoffenders, Sammie L. Stinson
The Connection Between Mental Illness And Prisoner Recidivism: A Study Of The Self-Perceptions And Perspectives Of Mentally Impaired Low-Level Non-Violent Male Exoffenders, Sammie L. Stinson
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the connection between mental illness and prisoner recidivism in California and Los Angeles County. As the literature review discloses, there are various theories that claim to explain why mentally impaired offenders are reincarcerated for breaking the law after they are released. This dissertation presents five research questions based on the literature review and theoretical framework and collected survey and interview data from a sample of 30, self-reported, mentally impaired ex-offenders. The research questions and theoretical framework is intended to provide the reader with an assessment of the viewpoints of the mentally impaired survey participants regarding the connection …
The Association Between Immigration And Recidivism Among Juveniles: Exploring The Effects Of Acculturation, Moral Disengagement, Employment And Community Involvement., Juanita Mirekuaa Sefa
The Association Between Immigration And Recidivism Among Juveniles: Exploring The Effects Of Acculturation, Moral Disengagement, Employment And Community Involvement., Juanita Mirekuaa Sefa
Theses and Dissertations
The topic of immigration remains a highly debated issue, particularly in light of rising worldwide migration and its potential impacts on crime rates. This study aims to investigate the association between immigration and recidivism among juveniles and the mediating effects of acculturation, moral disengagement, employment, and involvement in community activities on recidivism. The data for this study is drawn from the Pathways to Desistance study of serious adolescent offenders. It follows approximately 1354 serious adolescent offenders, of which 210 are second-generation and 83 are first-generation immigrants. Recidivism was measured using a period of twelve months. Findings indicated that second-generation immigrants …
The Contributions Of Mental Health Issues, Traumatic Brain Injury, And Adverse Childhood Experiences To Recidivism Among Rural Jail Incarcerees, Lauren N. Miley
The Contributions Of Mental Health Issues, Traumatic Brain Injury, And Adverse Childhood Experiences To Recidivism Among Rural Jail Incarcerees, Lauren N. Miley
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Recidivism should be a major concern, particularly for American jails. The Unites States incarcerates 2.3 million people, a number exceeding rates in any other country. Approximately 90% of those individuals will reenter society at some point, and roughly half of those people will ultimately return to jail. This revolving door costs U.S. taxpayers upwards of $39 billion per year, and undermines public safety. Therefore, breaking this cycle of incarceration and recidivism is of utmost concern, and the focus of this dissertation. Mental health problems, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are three potential risk factors for recidivism …
Forgotten Population: The Value Of Correctional Education Programs From The Lived Experiences And Perspectives Of Formerly Incarcerated Women In New York State, Cassandra D. Garrett
Forgotten Population: The Value Of Correctional Education Programs From The Lived Experiences And Perspectives Of Formerly Incarcerated Women In New York State, Cassandra D. Garrett
Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)
In the United States correctional education programs are part of the federal and state prisons effort to rehabilitate offenders. Prisoners may be rehabilitated by learning skills that can prepare them for reintegration into society post-release. This study explored the value of correctional education programs in assisting formerly incarcerated women in avoiding recidivism in New York state. The qualitative interpretive study used semi-structured interviews of 10 formerly incarcerated women released from a New York state jail or prison during 2017 – 2022. The results of this study suggest that low school attainment is one of the educational risk factors associated with …
Reentry Services In Non-Urban Counties In Texas: A Directed Content Analysis Of Reentry Provider Websites, Monica Canizares
Reentry Services In Non-Urban Counties In Texas: A Directed Content Analysis Of Reentry Provider Websites, Monica Canizares
Social Work Theses
Health, social, and justice outcomes for returning residents after incarceration are concerning, with implications for service providers, especially in non-urban areas. Texas has made efforts to reduce its incarcerated population, but more attention is necessary to improve outcomes for returning residents. The state is only able to offer services to a small number of returning residents, and non-profit organizations are filling the gap of reentry service provision. This study aimed to understand what services are being offered by non-governmental reentry providers in non-urban areas of Texas through a mixed-methods, directed content analysis of reentry providers' websites. The results summarize features …
Offender Reintegration In Nevada: A Longitudinal Study Focusing On Transitional Challenges, Reentry Capital, And Recidivism, Carolyn S. Willis
Offender Reintegration In Nevada: A Longitudinal Study Focusing On Transitional Challenges, Reentry Capital, And Recidivism, Carolyn S. Willis
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Offender reintegration (reentry) depends on offender motivation, public policies, community efforts, and resources provided through government and nonprofit sectors. As individuals are released from incarceration and reintegrate into the community, they are often dependent on resources provided by different service providers and the community. The role of the community is crucial as resources are oftentimes not accessible. Lack of employment and housing, mental health issues, substance abuse, and the inability to reestablish personal relationships diminish the prospects of successful reintegration and increase the chances of reincarceration. Reentry capital delivered through community-based programs addresses the transitional issues justice-impacted individuals encounter post-incarceration. …
Juvenile Justice System Involvement And The Transition To Early Adulthood: Does Direct Intervention Help Or Harm?, Cameron Miller Perrine
Juvenile Justice System Involvement And The Transition To Early Adulthood: Does Direct Intervention Help Or Harm?, Cameron Miller Perrine
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The present study examines the effects of the juvenile justice system on youth as they transition to early adulthood. The present study adds to the literature by incorporating comparison groups of youths and by testing multiple explanations of recidivism: Labeling Theory and the Life Course perspective. In total, 267 adults were recruited via online survey and sorted into three groups: Externalizing Behavior and Juvenile Justice Involved, Externalizing Behavior and Not Juvenile Justice Involved, and Not Externalizing and Not Juvenile Justice Involved. In addition to demographics, participants completed measures of past externalizing behaviors, past juvenile justice involvement, social disadvantage, deviant peer …
Occupational Therapy's Role In Helping Individuals In The Us Justice System Transition From Incarceration To The Community, Kathryn E. Foster
Occupational Therapy's Role In Helping Individuals In The Us Justice System Transition From Incarceration To The Community, Kathryn E. Foster
Occupational Therapy Capstone Presentations
Individuals with cognitive disabilities face unique challenges in their transition and integration from prison settings. Occupational therapy offers tailored, client-centered reentry services to address their needs and the evidence on impact is limited. The purpose of this project was to examine the efficacy of strengths-based, occupational therapy-led reentry services on the reentry of individuals on probation and parole with a cognitive challenge into society following incarceration. I used a retrospective, mixed methods design to complete this project. Community-based reentry services were provided post-release in the local St. Louis community. Participants included both occupational therapy practitioners tracking process and impact measures, …
Seeing The Signs: An Analysis Of Early Onset Of Violence And Desistance Amongst Serious Juvenile Offenders, Tailar Brown
Seeing The Signs: An Analysis Of Early Onset Of Violence And Desistance Amongst Serious Juvenile Offenders, Tailar Brown
Criminology & Criminal Justice Theses
There has been increasing literature on juvenile delinquency and the factors that influence deviant behavior among adolescents. However, there has been little exploration of the effects of early displays of violent behavior on desistance for those identified as serious juvenile offenders (SJOs). In order to create effective intervention programs and lower recidivism rates among this population, it is essential to comprehend the effects of early instances of violent behavior on SJOs' desistance. Using longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, this project explored the connection between early displays of violent behavior (i.e., fights at school, violence against siblings, planning …
Adverse Childhood Experiences (Aces) And The Impact On Incarceration & Recidivism: Benefits Of Treating The Trauma, Faye Neeland
Adverse Childhood Experiences (Aces) And The Impact On Incarceration & Recidivism: Benefits Of Treating The Trauma, Faye Neeland
Culminating Projects in Criminal Justice
This paper examined the effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and, if treating childhood trauma of the incarcerated, lowered the rates of recidivism. I examined not only whether ACEs influenced incarceration rates but also, the benefits of trauma treatment programming among the incarcerated. Three primary studies were compared, using Cooper’s Integrative Research Review. The Kaiser original ACE (Adverse Childhood Experience) study, a replica study completed by Finkelhor and Associates, and The Philadelphia Expanded Study were included in this paper. I relied on other research articles to back up my findings that included a connection between ACEs and recidivism. Recommendations were …
Sex Offender Treatment And Recidivism Reduction Strategies, Kathleen M. Newhouse
Sex Offender Treatment And Recidivism Reduction Strategies, Kathleen M. Newhouse
Culminating Projects in Criminal Justice
The assessment, treatment, and risk management of persons who have sexually offended are of considerable interest to a wide variety of stakeholder groups, including legislators and policymakers, court and law enforcement personnel, corrections and community supervision staff, mental health clinicians, victim advocates, and the community-at-large. Utilizing best practices and continually staying up-to-date on the research is imperative to providing quality treatment and/or interventions that may reduce the likelihood of recidivism for individuals who have committed sexual offenses. The goal of treatment for sexual offenses as part of an overall intervention is to hold clients accountable, help them improve their lives, …
Work Skills Programming Within Davidson County Residential Drug Court, Sarah Dinnes
Work Skills Programming Within Davidson County Residential Drug Court, Sarah Dinnes
OTD Capstone Projects
This capstone project was completed through partnership with Davidson County Residential Drug Court (DC4). DC4 is a long-term residential facility that provides on-site treatment and recovery resources for non-violent offenders. The focus of this project was the development of intervention materials that provides resources and tools to help build work readiness skills to better prepare these individuals for long-term employment and becoming productive members of society upon graduation of the program. The handbook includes education and opportunities to apply learned skills in the areas of employment, communication, financial management, and community transportation. To be sustainable for the agency, counselors will …
Delivering Computer-Based Training Within State Prisons, Kunal Jha
Delivering Computer-Based Training Within State Prisons, Kunal Jha
Theses and Dissertations
Internet-connected devices are ubiquitous, and our built environment allows us to tap into formerly impossible solutions. As our world increasingly depends on technology to operate, one demographic cannot gain exposure to internet-connected devices or web-based educational programs: incarcerated individuals. The Department of Justice reports that 5 out of 6 State Prisoners are arrested and returned to prison within nine years of their initial release. Research shows that education is a pathway to reducing the U.S. prison population. Individuals who participated in any educational program are 43 percent less likely to return to prison.1 Prisons in the United States often partner …
Crime Leads To Time And Time Back To Crime: The Effect Of Employment On Recidivism, Connor Weiss
Crime Leads To Time And Time Back To Crime: The Effect Of Employment On Recidivism, Connor Weiss
Master of Arts in Criminal Justice Leadership
This paper opens with a general history of prison systems and the recurring issue of overpopulation in prisons, which leads to the main topic of recidivism rates amongst former offender populations who find themselves with work opportunities. A summary of this issue as a whole is brought up with possible solutions to address the issues, as well as the problems that can and would arise with the proposed implementation of a streamlined prison-based career exploration and job training program. Continuing through the paper, the focus shifts to the ethics of the topic. Ethics play a significant role when looking at …
Female Ex-Offenders Transitioning Into Society, Stacey L. Forte
Female Ex-Offenders Transitioning Into Society, Stacey L. Forte
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine female ex-offenders’ perceptions of their lived experience(s) while transitioning into society after incarceration. This study examined risk factors that female ex-offenders faced while transitioning into society asking the question, “What are the lived experiences of female ex-offenders who utilized transitional housing for reentry with regard to their perception of the benefits of certain services/offerings and staff support?” Nine participants were part of the study ranging from 25–64 years of age, with the majority being between the ages of 25 and 55 years old, residing originally in five different states. Sixty percent …