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Series Reports (1/4): Advancements In Electrochemical Energy Conversions At Prof Wei’S Group Of Chongqing University: High-Performance Oxygen Reduction Catalysts For Fuel Cells, Fadong Chen #, Zhuoyang Xie #, Mengting Li, Siguo Chen, Wei Ding, Li Li, Jing Li, Zidong Wei

Online First

Two major challenges, high cost, and short lifespan, have been hindering the commercialization process of low-temperature fuel cells. Wei’s group has been focusing on decreasing cathode Pt loadings without loss of activity and durability, and their research advances in this area over the past three decades are briefly reviewed herein. Regarding the Pt-based catalysts and the low Pt usage, they firstly tried to clarify the degradation mechanism of Pt/C catalysts and then demonstrated that the activity and stability could be improved by three strategies: regulating the nanostructures of the active sites, enhancing the effects of support materials, and optimizing structures …

Synthesis Of A Diazonium Perfluorocyclobutane Monomer Using Improved Chlorosulfonation Method For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Benjamin Varney, Emma Summers, Hua Mei

Science University Research Symposium (SURS)

The object of this research is the synthesis of a diazonium perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) monomer, with the ultimate goal for a diazonium PFCB polymer. The polymer is designed as an alternative electrolyte for Nafion® polymer, a commonly employed material in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Currently, we are trying to improve the chlorosulfonation of 4,4'-di(2-bromoterafluoroethoxy)biphenyl by using Thionyl chloride with chlorosulfonic acid. The progress of the reaction and the purity of the final product are monitored through diverse characterization techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), proton/fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (IR).

Enhancing The Wettability Of Polyetheretherketone (Peek) Membrane With Ozone For Improving Fuel Cell Performance, Hunter Heineman, Omran Omar, Benjamin Rippel, Ryan Keeley, Michael Mehan, Surendra K. Gupta, Gerald A. Takacs

Articles

Ozone was reacted with the aromatic membrane polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to form oxidized functional groups on the surface to enhance the attraction and transport of protons in fuel cells. Ozonation of unsaturated C-C sp2 bonds in PEEK formed a primary ozonide which dissociated to primarily produce O=C-O/O=C-OH moieties, and the root mean squared roughness factor (Rq) decreased from 7.4 nm, for the untreated sample, down to 3.1 nm. The oxidation of the surface and decrease in surface roughness made the surface increase in hydrophilicity as observed by the decrease in the water contact angle (CA) from 80.3° for untreated PEEK down …

Thermodynamic Modeling Of Hydrogen–Water Systems With Gas Impurity At Various Conditions Using Cubic And Pc-Saft Equations Of State, Amer Alanazi, Saleh Bawazeer, Muhammad Ali, Alireza Keshavarz, Hussein Hoteit

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a viable solution for energy storage of renewable sources, supplying off-seasonal demand. Hydrogen contamination due to undesired mixing with other fluids during operations is a significant problem. Water contamination is a regular occurrence; therefore, an accurate prediction of H2-water thermodynamics is crucial for the design of efficient storage and water removal processes. In thermodynamic modeling, the Peng–Robinson (PR) and Soave Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equations of state (EoSs) are widely applied. However, both EoSs fail to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) accurately for H2-blend mixtures with or without fine-tuning binary interaction parameters due to the polarity of …

Materials For Clean Energy, Ashwin Ramasubramaniam, Omar A. Abdelrahman

Science and Engineering Saturday Seminars

The need to transition to new and cleaner forms of energy has never been more imperative in the face of climate change. At the same time, the twin pressures from increasing global demand for energy and the scarcity of critical materials needed for new energy technologies impose additional challenges in making the transition to clean energy sources. In this workshop, we will explore how theory, modeling, and experiment are rising to the challenge of designing inexpensive, earth-abundant materials to enable the next generation of clean energy technologies. The goals of this workshop are: 1) to integrate concepts from chemistry, physics …

Editors’ Choice-Examining Performance And Durability Of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells With Novel Spirocyclic Anion Exchange Membranes, Ami C. Yang-Neyerlin, Samantha Medina, Kelly M. Meek, Derek J. Strasser, Cheng He, Daniel M. Knauss, Mustain E William, Svitlana Pylypenko, Bryan S. Pivovar

Faculty Publications

A series of spirocyclic copolymer membranes with varying ion exchange capacities (IECs) were investigated to probe the impact of polymer properties on in situ fuel cell performance and stability. In-situ electrochemical tests and post-mortem electron microscopy analysis of cross-sectioned membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) have been combined with voltage loss breakdown analysis to evaluate the performance and degradation of different MEAs, and to probe the catalyst morphology and electrode structure at different stages of operation. Voltage loss breakdown results show that membrane degradation and kinetic losses played only a minor role in observed performance degradation and that performance losses were primarily …

Survey Of Dc-Dc Non-Isolated Topologies For Unidirectional Power Flow In Fuel Cell Vehicles, Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Frede Blaabjerg, Dan M. Ionel, Massimo Mitolo, Dhafer Almakhles

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

The automobile companies are focusing on recent technologies such as growing Hydrogen (H2) and Fuel Cell (FC) Vehicular Power Train (VPT) to improve the Tank-To-Wheel (TTW) efficiency. Benefits, the lower cost, `Eco' friendly, zero-emission and high-power capacity, etc. In the power train of fuel cell vehicles, the DC-DC power converters play a vital role to boost the fuel cell stack voltage. Hence, satisfy the demand of the motor and transmission in the vehicles. Several DC-DC converter topologies have proposed for various vehicular applications like fuel cell, battery, and renewable energy fed hybrid vehicles etc. Most cases, the DC-DC power converters …

Nanomechanical Characterization Of Fuel Cell Ionomers, Jackson Goddard

UCARE Research Products

Energy sustainability can be achieved by improving and adopting clean energy technologies, and a better nanoscale understanding of ionomer-catalyst layers could lead to increased efficiency of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Samples of Nafion ( Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer) and PFIA (Perfluoroimide acid ionomer) of varying film thickness were prepared and then studied using contact resonance force microscopy. It was determined that storage and loss modulus increase as relative humidity increases and ionomer film thickness goes below 100 nm. Furthermore, in this specific study, the similar storage and loss modulus of Nafion and PFIA could be attributed to similar backbone structure …

Effect Of The Electrodeposition Potential Of Platinum On The Catalytic Activity Of A Pt/Gc Catalyst Toward Formic Acid Electro−Oxidation, Islam M. Al-Akraa, Bilquis A. Al-Qodami Ms., Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof

Chemical Engineering

The electrocatalytic activity of platinum (Pt)–modified glassy carbon (GC) (referred as Pt/GC) electrodes toward the formic acid electro−oxidation (FAO) was investigated. The Pt deposition on the GC substrate was carried out by a potentiostatic technique at different potentials (from 0.2 V to −0.2 V vs. Hg/Hg2Cl2/KCl (sat.) reference electrode) and the corresponding influence on the catalytic activity toward FAO was monitored. The electrocatalytic inspection revealed a potential role for the Pt deposition potential in boosting the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst toward FAO and further in mitigating the CO poisoning that eventually deactivate the catalyst. Interestingly, the highest activity toward …

Bridging The Gap Between Automated Manufacturing Of Fuel Cell Components And Robotic Assembly Of Fuel Cell Stacks, Devin C. Fowler, Vladimir Gurau, Daniel Cox

Department of Manufacturing Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Recently demonstrated robotic assembling technologies for fuel cell stacks used fuel cell components manually pre-arranged in stacks (presenters). Identifying the original orientation of fuel cell components and loading them in presenters for a subsequent automated assembly process is a difficult, repetitive work cycle which if done manually, deceives the advantages offered by either the automated fabrication technologies for fuel cell components or by the robotic assembly processes. We present for the first time a robotic technology which enables the integration of automated fabrication processes for fuel cell components with a robotic assembly process of fuel cell stacks into a fully …

High-Throughput 3d Reconstruction Of Stochastic Heterogeneous Microstructures In Energy Storage Materials, Yanxiang Zhang, Mufu Yan, Yanhong Wan, Zhenjun Jiao, Yu Chen, Fanglin Chen, Changrong Xia, Meng Ni

Faculty Publications

Stochastic heterogeneous microstructures are widely applied in structural and functional materials, playing a crucial role in determining their performance. X-ray tomography and focused ion beam serial sectioning are frequently used methods to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) microstructures, yet are demanding techniques and are resolution-limited. Here, a high-throughput multi-stage 3D reconstruction method via distance correlation functions is developed using a single representatively large-sized 2D micrograph for stochastic microstructures, and verified by X-ray micro-tomography datasets of isotropic and anisotropic solid oxide fuel cell electrodes. This method provides an economic, easy-to-use and high-throughput approach for reconstructing stochastic heterogeneous microstructures for energy conversion and storage …

Detection Of Human Plasma Glucose Using A Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor, Gymama Slaughter, Tanmay Kulkarni

Bioelectrics Publications

This work presents the characterization of a self-powered glucose biosensor using individual sequential assays of human plasma glucose obtained from diabetic patients. The self-powered glucose biosensor is exploited to optimize the assay parameters for sensing plasma glucose levels. In particular, the biofuel cell component of the system at pH 7.4, 37 °C generates a power density directly proportional to plasma glucose and exhibited a maximum power density of 0.462 mW·cm⁻² at a cell voltage of 0.213 V in 5 mM plasma glucose. Plasma glucose is further sensed by monitoring the charge/discharge frequency (Hz) of the integrated capacitor functioning as …

A Promising Modification Of Pt Surfaces With Cnts For Decreasing Poisoning Impact In Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr., Yaser M. Asal Mr, Aya A. Khalifa Ms.

Chemical Engineering

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are clean energy sources that have many applications due to the high energy density of methanol as a fuel. However, this type of fuel cells (FCs) has limitations that are preventing it from being commercialized. One such limitation is the adsorption of intermediates such as CO into the surface of the Platinum (Pt) catalyst during methanol oxidation (MO) which deactivates its active sites, where the reaction is taking place, and leads to poisoning of the electrode over the long term. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been introduced to the Pt-modified glassy carbon …

Enhanced Electro-Oxidation Of Methanol At Pt-Au Nanocatalyst For Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr., Yaser M. Asal Mr, Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof

Chemical Engineering

In this investigation, a Pt-Au nanocatalyst prepared by the coelectrodeposition of Pt (PtNPs) and Au (AuNPs) nanoparticles is assembled onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode for efficient methanol oxidation (MO). Several molar ratios between PtNPs and AuNPs have been used and the corresponding catalytic activity towards MO is tracked. The Pt1:Au1 catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity (5 times higher oxidation peak current (Ip) and a 126 mV negative shift in the onset potential (Eonset) toward MO). The catalyst’s morphology, composition and activity are investigated and the ehancement mechanism is recognized.

A New Three-Level Flying-Capacitor Boost Converter With An Integrated Lc2D Output Network For Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Analysis And Design, Nour Elsayad, Hadi Moradisizkoohi, Osama Mohammed

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In this paper, a new three-level boost converter with continuous input current, common ground, reduced voltage stress on the power switches, and wide voltage gain range is proposed. The proposed converter is composed of a three-level flying-capacitor switching cell and an integrated LC2D output network. The LC2D output network enhances the voltage gain of the converter and reduces the voltage stress on the power switches. The proposed converter is a good candidate to interface fuel cells to the dc-link bus of the three-phase inverter of an electric vehicle (EV). A full steady-state analysis of the proposed converter in the continuous …

Fabrication Of Cuox-Pd Nanocatalyst Supported On A Glassy Carbon Electrode For Enhanced Formic Acid Electro-Oxidation, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr., Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof, Mohamed S. El-Deab Prof, Bahgat E. El-Anadouli Prof

Chemical Engineering

Formic acid (FA) electro-oxidation (FAO) was investigated at a binary catalyst composed of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) and copper oxide nanowires (CuOxNWs) and assembled onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. /e deposition sequence of PdNPs and CuOxNWs was properly adjusted in such a way that could improve the electrocatalytic activity and stability of the electrode toward FAO. Several techniques including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were all combined to report the catalyst’s activity and to evaluate its morphology, composition, and structure. /e highest catalytic activity and stability were obtained at the CuOx/Pd/GC …

Proton Transfer In Molten Lithium Carbonate: Mechanism And Kinetics By Density Functional Theory Calculations, Xueling Lei, Kevin Huang, Changyong Qin

Faculty Publications

Using static and dynamic density functional theory (DFT) methods with a cluster model of [(Li2CO3)8H]+, the mechanism and kinetics of proton transfer in lithium molten carbonate (MC) were investigated. The migration of proton prefers an inter-carbonate pathway with an energy barrier of 8.0 kcal/mol at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level, which is in good agreement with the value of 7.6 kcal/mol and 7.5 kcal/mol from experiment and FPMD simulation, respectively. At transition state (TS), a linkage of O–H–O involving O 2p and H 1 s orbitals is formed between two carbonate ions. The calculated trajectory of H indicates that proton has …

On The Catalytic Activity Of Palladium Nanoparticles-Based Anodes Towards Formic Acid Electro-Oxidation: Effect Of Electrodeposition Potential, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr., Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof, Mohamed S. El-Deab Prof, Bahgat E. El-Anadouli Prof

Chemical Engineering

In this investigation, the catalytic activity of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)-modified glassy carbon (GC) (simply noted as PdNPs/GC) electrodes towards the formic acid electro-oxidation (FAO) was investigated. The deposition of PdNPs on the GC substrate was carried out by a potentiostatic technique at different potentials and the corresponding influence on the particles size and crystal structure of PdNPs as well as the catalytic activity towards FAO was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the deposition of PdNPs in spherical shapes and the average particle size of PdNPs deposited at a potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat.) was the smallest (ca. 8 …

A. Catalysis Of Co-Prox By Water-Soluble Rhodium Fluorinated Porphyrins B. Studies Toward Fluorination Of Electron Rich Aromatics By Nucleophilic Fluoride, Shri Harsha Uppaluri

Department of Chemistry: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The rhodium(III) derivative of a water soluble, heavily fluorinated porphyrin is shown to catalyze the low temperature, low pressure selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen gas streams for use in fuel cell applications. The catalytic activity is a direct result of the removal of electron density from the metal center. Selectivity for CO oxidation is a direct consequence of fluorination of the porphyrin periphery, since these substituents enhance the rate of the reaction and prevent the formation of Rh(II)-Rh(II) dimmers. Significantly, the dramatic increase in rhodium hydride acidity caused by fluorination precludes hydrogen activation and generation, thereby permitting preferential …

H3Po4-Imbibed Three-Dimensional Polyacrylamide/Polyacrylamide Hydrogel As A High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane With Excellent Acid Retention, Qunwei Tang, Guoging Qian, Kevin Huang

Faculty Publications

We herein report the use of polyacrylamide/polyacrylamide interpenetrating polymer network (PAM/PAM IPN) hydrogel as a matrix to imbibe proton conducting H₃PO₄, forming a robust proton exchange membrane (PEM) suitable for high-temperature PEM fuel cells by combining excellent acid retention, simple synthesis, and low cost. Its extraordinary ability to absorb large quantity of aqueous solution is fully utilized to achieve high H₃PO₄ loading, showing a proton conductivity of 0.0833 S cm−1 at 183 °C in dry air. The synthesized membrane also shows excellent acid retention even under mechanical load and high humidity. These profound …

Development Of Tailor-Designed Gold-Platinum Nanoparticles Binary Catalysts For Efficient Formic Acid Electrooxidation, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr, Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof, Mohamed S. El-Deab Prof, Bahgat E. El-Anadouli Prof

Chemical Engineering

The modification of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with platinum (PtNPs) and gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles is targeted to fabricate efficient anodes for the electrooxidation of formic acid (FA). A proper adjustment of the deposition sequence of PtNPs and AuNPs could eventually enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode in such a way that suppresses the CO poisoning effect during FA oxidation. The highest catalytic activity is obtained at the Au/Pt/GC electrode (with PtNPs firstly deposited on the GC electrode followed by AuNPs). This superb enhancement is quantified by comparing the relative ratio of the direct vs. the indirect oxidation peaks …

Ligand Fluorination To Optimize Preferential Oxidation Of Carbon Monoxide By Water-Soluble Rhodium Porphyrins, Justin C. Biffinger, Shriharsha Uppaluri, Haoran Sun, Stephen G. Dimagno

Stephen DiMagno Papers

Catalytic, low temperature preferential oxidation (PROX) of carbon monoxide by aqueous [5,10,15,20-tetrakis- (4-sulfonatophenyl)-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octafluoroporphyrinato]- rhodium(III) tetrasodium salt, (1[Rh(III)]) and [5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(3-sulfonato-2,6-difluorophenyl)-2,3,7,8,12,13, 17,18-octafluoroporphyrinato]rhodium(III) tetrasodium salt, (2[Rh(III)]) is reported. The PROX reaction occurs at ambient temperature in buffered (4 ≤ pH ≤ 13) aqueous solutions. Fluorination on the porphyrin periphery is shown to increase the CO PROX reaction rate, shift the metal centered redox potentials, and acidify ligated water molecules. Most importantly, β-fluorination increases the acidity of the rhodium hydride complex (pK_a = 2.2 ± 0.2 for 2[Rh-D]); the dramatically increased acidity of the Rh(III) hydride complex precludes proton reduction …

The Role Of Shewanella Oneidensis Mr-1 Outer Surface Structures In Extracellular Electron Transfer, Rachida A. Bouhenni, Gary J. Vora, Justin C. Biffinger, Sheetal Shirodkar, Ken Brockman, Ricky Ray, Peter Wu, Brandy J. Johnson, Eulandria M. Biddle, Matthew J. Marshall, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Brenda J. Little, Jim K. Fredrickson, Alexander S. Beliaev, Bradley R. Ringeisen, Daad A. Saffarini

U.S. Navy Research

The ability of the metal reducer Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) depends on the activity of a predicted type IV prepilin peptidase; PilD. Analysis of an S. oneidensis MR-1 pilD mutant indicated that it was deficient in pili production (Msh and type IV) and type II secretion (T2S). The requirement for T2S in metal reduction has been previously identified, but the role of pili remains largely unexplored. To define the role of type IV or Msh pili in electron transfer, mutants that lack one or both pilus biogenesis systems were generated and analyzed; …

Powering The Future: The Fabrication Of A Novel Passive Micro Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell, Zachary Chin

Senior Honors Projects

The scope of this research includes principles of operation, areas of enhancement, and the fabrication processes of micro direct ethanol fuel cells. This research spreads light on the technology of fuel cells, offers methods to aide the performance of the direct ethanol fuel cell, and provides the method to produce an enhanced micro direct ethanol fuel cell power supply. The proposed micro direct ethanol fuel cell provides power independent of its orientation and without external fluid pumps. In satisfying these details the fuel cell system is entirely sealed within a small package fabricated using rapid prototyping technology and operates solely …

Slides: The Future Of Energy: What Are The Major Projections For The U.S. Energy Future, And What Are The Implications For The West?, Gary Bryner

Shifting Baselines and New Meridians: Water, Resources, Landscapes, and the Transformation of the American West (Summer Conference, June 4-6)

Presenter: Gary Bryner, Brigham Young University, Department of Political Science

9 slides

Sixth National Garrett Morgan Symposium On Sustainable Transportation, Mti Report S-06-01, Mineta Transportation Institute

Mineta Transportation Institute

The Mineta Transportation Institute brought together experts in surface transportation and students from elementary, middle, and high schools to discuss sustainable transportation topics on March 28, 2006. The goal was to introduce the students to transportation-related careers and to inspire them to pursue the academic curricula that would lead to success in those careers. Students from California, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., participated in a videoconference, during which they heard a keynote statement from the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Norman Y. Mineta. The students also presented project proposals for innovative transportation alternatives during the videoconference. The presentations were followed by …

Dynamic Sulfur Tolerant Process And System With Inline Acid Gas-Selective Removal For Generating Hydrogen For Fuel Cells, Surjit Randhava, W. S. Winston Ho, Richard L. Kao, Elias H. Camara

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Patents

This invention relates to a sulfur tolerant, dynamic, compact, lightweight fuel process and system that is capable of converting sulfur bearing carbonaceous fuels to hydrogen rich gases suitable for fuel cells or chemical processing applications. The process and system is based on the AHR and WGS reactions, followed by cleanup of byproduct sulfur-containing gases and carbon oxides that would otherwise poison the fuel cell electrocatalyst. Advantageously, this is accomplished via an ASMS and a methanator or an AWMR. The process and system preferably uses a special sulfur tolerant catalysts and hardware designs that enable the conversion in an energy efficient …

Fuel Cell Design For Gas Hydrates Exploration And Research, Gerhard Sauer

Masters

In this thesis the design, manufacture and testing of an Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) that provide electrical power to a deep sea measurement problem is described. The fuel cell was designed to operate in a long-term mode at low temperatures. The power required for the measurement probe was in the order of 5 Watts. The measurement probe was designed to operate at a depth of 3000m in sea water at a temperature of approx. 5°C and at 300 bar pressure

the main design issues included: The design of a Fuel Cell to operate at these conditions and produce enough energy …

Alkaline Fuel Cell Engineering And Testing, James Brunton, David Kennedy, Eugene Coyle

Conference Papers

A fuel cell is a device that directly converts the chemical energy of reactants (a fuel and an oxidant) into low d. c. electricity [1]. Used in conjunction with other sustainable energy options, hydrogen and fuel cell technology can provide a realistic alternative to fossil fuels. Although research is continuing in many areas we are no closer now to commercialisation than ten to twenty years ago. This is due to a number of key reasons, some of which include efficiency, scale, accessories and power output. This paper outlines the benefits that could be derived from switching to a hydrogen based …

Fifth National Garrett Morgan Sustainable Transportation Symposium,Mti Report S-05-01, Mineta Transportation Institute

Mineta Transportation Institute

The Mineta Transportation Institute brought together experts in surface transportation and students from elementary, middle, and high schools to discuss sustainable transportation topics on May 9, 2005. The goal was to introduce the students to transportation-related careers and to inspire them to pursue the academic curriculae that would lead to success in those careers. Students from Maryland, Virginia, and California participated in a videoconference, during which they heard a keynote statement from the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Norman Y. Mineta. The students also presented project proposals for innovative transportation alternatives during the videoconference. The presentations were followed by a moderator-led …