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Articles 1 - 20 of 20
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Call Repertoire And Inferred Ecotype Presence Of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) Recorded In The Southeastern Chukchi Sea, Brijonnay C. Madrigal, Jessica L. Crance, Catherine L. Berchok, Alison K. Stimpert
Call Repertoire And Inferred Ecotype Presence Of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) Recorded In The Southeastern Chukchi Sea, Brijonnay C. Madrigal, Jessica L. Crance, Catherine L. Berchok, Alison K. Stimpert
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Killer whales occur in the Arctic but few data exist regarding the ecotypes present. The calling behavior differs among ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on pulsed call type, call rate, and bandwidth. In this study, a passive acoustic recorder was deployed 75 km off Point Hope, Alaska, in the southeastern Chukchi Sea to identify which ecotypes were present. A total of 1323 killer whale pulsed calls were detected on 38 of 276 days during the summers (June–August) of 2013–2015. The majority of calls (n = 804, 61%) were recorded in 2013 with the most calls recorded in July …
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera Physalus) Bones From A 5850 Year Old Shell Midden On San Miguel Island, California, Usa, Jon M. Erlandson, Robert L. Delong, Kelly M. Robertson
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera Physalus) Bones From A 5850 Year Old Shell Midden On San Miguel Island, California, Usa, Jon M. Erlandson, Robert L. Delong, Kelly M. Robertson
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Large cetaceans were heavily impacted by commercial whaling, so relatively little is known about their biogeography prior to historic times. On California’s Channel Islands, maritime peoples hunted dolphins and porpoises for millennia, but ethnohistoric data suggest that larger cetaceans were not hunted. The Island Chumash scavenged beached whale carcasses for food and technological purposes, however, and the bones of large whales are relatively common in many Channel Island shell middens. Cetacean bones from such sites provide unique opportunities to document the ancient distribution and human use of larger whale species, but many bone fragments are not identifiable to the genus …
Restoration Of Tropical Seagrass Beds Using Wild Bird Fertilization And Sediment Regrading, W. Judson Kenworthy, Margaret O. Hall, Kamille K. Hammerstrom, Manuel Merello, Arthur Schwartzschild
Restoration Of Tropical Seagrass Beds Using Wild Bird Fertilization And Sediment Regrading, W. Judson Kenworthy, Margaret O. Hall, Kamille K. Hammerstrom, Manuel Merello, Arthur Schwartzschild
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Shallow water seagrass meadows are frequently damaged by recreational and commercial vessels. Severe injury occurs where propeller scarring, hull groundings and mooring anchors uproot entire plants, excavate sediments, and modify the biophysical properties of the substrate. In climax tropical seagrass communities dominated by Thalassia testudinum (turtlegrass), natural recovery in these disturbances can take several years to decades, and in some environmental conditions may not occur at all. During the recovery period, important ecological services provided by seagrasses are absent or substantially diminished and injured meadows can degrade further in response to natural disturbances, e.g. strong currents and severe storms. To …
Methods For Sampling Sequential Annual Bone Growth Layers For Stable Isotope Analysis, Calandra N. Turner Tomaszewicz, Jeffrey A. Seminoff, Larisa Avens, Carolyn M. Kurle
Methods For Sampling Sequential Annual Bone Growth Layers For Stable Isotope Analysis, Calandra N. Turner Tomaszewicz, Jeffrey A. Seminoff, Larisa Avens, Carolyn M. Kurle
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
1. Stable carbon (§13C) and nitrogen (§15N) isotope analysis (SIA) has proven useful in addressing fundamental questions in ecology such as reconstructing trophic interactions, habitat connections and climate regime shifts. The temporal scales over which SIA can be used to address ecological problems vary depending on the protein turnover times of the analysed tissue. Hard, inert tissues, such as teeth, bones and mollusc shells, grow in regular intervals (i.e. daily or annually), and sequential sampling of these growth layers provides a time series of isotopic patterns. As a result, SIA on these tissues is useful for …
Temporal Variation And Scale In Movement-Based Resource Selection Functions, M. B. Hooten, E. M. Hanks, D. S. Johnson, M. W. Alldredge
Temporal Variation And Scale In Movement-Based Resource Selection Functions, M. B. Hooten, E. M. Hanks, D. S. Johnson, M. W. Alldredge
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
A common population characteristic of interest in animal ecology studies pertains to the selection of resources. That is, given the resources available to animals, what do they ultimately choose to use? A variety of statistical approaches have been employed to examine this question and each has advantages and disadvantages with respect to the form of available data and the properties of estimators given model assumptions. A wealth of high resolution telemetry data are now being collected to study animal population movement and space use and these data present both challenges and opportunities for statistical inference. We summarize traditional methods for …
Modelling Dendritic Ecological Networks In Space: An Integrated Network Perspective, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Dan J. Isaak, Jeffrey A. Falke, Marie-Josée Fortin, Chris E. Jordan, Kristina Mcnyset, Pascal Monestiez, Aaron S. Ruesch, Aritra Sengupta, Nicholas Som, E. Ashley Steel, David M. Theobald, Christian E. Torgersen, Seth J. Wenger
Modelling Dendritic Ecological Networks In Space: An Integrated Network Perspective, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Dan J. Isaak, Jeffrey A. Falke, Marie-Josée Fortin, Chris E. Jordan, Kristina Mcnyset, Pascal Monestiez, Aaron S. Ruesch, Aritra Sengupta, Nicholas Som, E. Ashley Steel, David M. Theobald, Christian E. Torgersen, Seth J. Wenger
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) are a unique form of ecological networks that exhibit a dendritic network topology (e.g. stream and cave networks or plant architecture). DENs have a dual spatial representation; as points within the network and as points in geographical space. Consequently, some analytical methods used to quantify relationships in other types of ecological networks, or in 2-D space, may be inadequate for studying the influence of structure and connectivity on ecological processes within DENs. We propose a conceptual taxonomy of network analysis methods that account for DEN characteristics to varying degrees and provide a synthesis of the different …
Linking Ciguatera Poisoning To Spatial Ecology Of Fish: A Novel Approach To Examining The Distribution Of Biotoxin Levels In The Great Barracuda By Combining Non-Lethal Blood Sampling And Biotelemetry, Amanda C. O'Toole, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, Andy J. Danylchuk, John S. Ramsdell, Steven J. Cooke
Linking Ciguatera Poisoning To Spatial Ecology Of Fish: A Novel Approach To Examining The Distribution Of Biotoxin Levels In The Great Barracuda By Combining Non-Lethal Blood Sampling And Biotelemetry, Amanda C. O'Toole, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, Andy J. Danylchuk, John S. Ramsdell, Steven J. Cooke
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Ciguatera in humans is typically caused by the consumption of reef fish that have accumulated Ciguatoxins (CTXs) in their flesh. Over a six month period, we captured 38 wild adult great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), a species commonly associated with ciguatera in The Bahamas. We sampled three tissues (i.e.,muscle, liver, and blood) and analysed them for the presence of ciguatoxins using a functional in vitro N2A bioassay. Detectable concentrations of ciguatoxins found in the three tissue types ranged from 2.51 to 211.74 pg C-CTX-1 equivalents/ g. Blood and liver toxin concentrations were positively correlated (ρ=0.86, P=0.003), indicating …
Spatial Complexity In Fragmenting Amazonian Rainforests: Do Feedbacks From Edge Effects Push Forests Towards An Ecological Threshold?, Graeme S. Cumming, Jane Southworth, Xanic J. Rondon, Matthew Marsik
Spatial Complexity In Fragmenting Amazonian Rainforests: Do Feedbacks From Edge Effects Push Forests Towards An Ecological Threshold?, Graeme S. Cumming, Jane Southworth, Xanic J. Rondon, Matthew Marsik
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Deforestation and resulting landscape fragmentation are important concerns in many tropical areas. Deforestation is a complex process with many potential feedback loops, many of which are ignored in models that attempt to interpolate forest loss based on past deforestation rates. In addition, most ecological studies of the impacts of deforestation have focused on landscapes that are already fragmented. These studies ignore the fact that edge effects, such as anthropogenic fire, reach their maximum well before habitat connectivity is lost and may create positive feedbacks that result in further fragmentation. We developed a simple model to explore the potential influence of …
Gene-Associated Markers Provide Tools For Tackling Illegal Fishing And False Eco-Certification, Einar E. Nielsen, Alessia Cariani, Eoin Mac Aoidh, Gregory E. Maes, Ilaria Milano, Rob Ogden, Martin Taylor, Jakob Hemmer-Hansen, Massimiliano Babbucci, Luca Bargelloni, Dorte Bekkevold, Eveline Diopere, Leonie Grenfell, Sarah Helyar, Morten T. Limborg, Jann T. Martinsohn, Ross Mcewing, Frank Panitz, Tomaso Patarnello, Fausto Tinti, Jeroen K.J. Van Houdt, Filip A.M. Volckaert, Robin Waples, Fishpoptrace Consortium, Gary R. Carvalho
Gene-Associated Markers Provide Tools For Tackling Illegal Fishing And False Eco-Certification, Einar E. Nielsen, Alessia Cariani, Eoin Mac Aoidh, Gregory E. Maes, Ilaria Milano, Rob Ogden, Martin Taylor, Jakob Hemmer-Hansen, Massimiliano Babbucci, Luca Bargelloni, Dorte Bekkevold, Eveline Diopere, Leonie Grenfell, Sarah Helyar, Morten T. Limborg, Jann T. Martinsohn, Ross Mcewing, Frank Panitz, Tomaso Patarnello, Fausto Tinti, Jeroen K.J. Van Houdt, Filip A.M. Volckaert, Robin Waples, Fishpoptrace Consortium, Gary R. Carvalho
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing has had a major role in the overexploitation of global fish populations. In response, international regulations have been imposed and many fisheries have been ‘eco-certified’ by consumer organizations, but methods for independent control of catch certificates and eco-labels are urgently needed. Here we show that, by using gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, individual marine fish can be assigned back to population of origin with unprecedented high levels of precision. By applying high differentiation single nucleotide polymorphism assays, in four commercial marine fish, on a pan-European scale, we find 93–100% of individuals could be correctly assigned to …
Migration And Behavior Of Juvenile North Pacific Albacore (Thunnus Alalunga), John Childers, Stephanie Snyder, Suzanne Kohin
Migration And Behavior Of Juvenile North Pacific Albacore (Thunnus Alalunga), John Childers, Stephanie Snyder, Suzanne Kohin
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Archival tags were used to study the seasonal movements, migration patterns and vertical distribution of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga). Between 2001 and 2006, archival tags were deployed in North Pacific albacore in two regions of the Northeast Pacific: (i) off Northern Baja California, Mexico and Southern California, and (ii) off Washington and Oregon. Twenty archival tagged fish were recovered with times at liberty ranging from 63 to 697 days. Tagged albacore exhibited five distinct, seasonal migratory patterns. Depth and temperature data also showed a broad range of vertical behaviors. In certain regions such as off Baja …
Life History Of The Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin In The Pearl River Estuary, Southern China, Thomas A. Jefferson, Samuel K. Hung, Kelly M. Robertson, Frederick I. Archer
Life History Of The Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin In The Pearl River Estuary, Southern China, Thomas A. Jefferson, Samuel K. Hung, Kelly M. Robertson, Frederick I. Archer
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
We studied life history characteristics of the Hong Kong/Pearl River Estuary population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), based on data from 120 specimens stranded between 1995 and 2009, 40 individuals biopsied at sea, and a long-term (14+ yr) photo-identification study. Ages were determined for 112 specimens by thin-sectioning teeth and counting growth layer groups. Estimated length at birth was 101 cm. Longevity was at least 38 yr, and there was little difference in growth patterns of males and females. Growth was described by a Bayesian two-phase Gompertz model; asymptotic length was reached at 249 cm. The tooth …
Ontogenetic Dietary Information Of The California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Assessed Using Stable Isotope Analysis, Anthony J. Orr, Seth D. Newsome, Jeffrey L. Laake, Glenn R. Vanblaricom, Robert L. Delong
Ontogenetic Dietary Information Of The California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Assessed Using Stable Isotope Analysis, Anthony J. Orr, Seth D. Newsome, Jeffrey L. Laake, Glenn R. Vanblaricom, Robert L. Delong
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
We used stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes to examine ontogenetic dietary changes in 289 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) at San Miguel Island, California during 2004–2007. Tissues analyzed included fur, red blood cells, plasma, and serum. For all tissues, pups had higher δ15N values and lower δ13C values compared to adults, which indicated that pups were feeding higher trophically than older conspecifics and on a lipid-rich milk diet prior to weaning. Yearling δ15N values were slightly lower than pup or nearly indistinguishable from adult values depending …
The Response Of Fish Larvae To Decadal Changes In Environmental Forcing Factors Off The Oregon Coast, Toby D. Auth, Richard D. Brodeur, Heather L. Soulen, Lorenzo Ciannelli, William T. Peterson
The Response Of Fish Larvae To Decadal Changes In Environmental Forcing Factors Off The Oregon Coast, Toby D. Auth, Richard D. Brodeur, Heather L. Soulen, Lorenzo Ciannelli, William T. Peterson
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
We conducted a statistical analysis to characterize the influence of large-scale and local environmental factors on presence-absence, concentration, and assemblage structure of larval fish within the northern California Current (NCC) ecosystem, based on samples collected at two nearshore stations along the Newport Hydrographic line off the central Oregon coast. Data from 1996 to 2005 were compared with historical data from the 1970s and 1980s to evaluate pseudo-decadal, annual, and seasonal variability. Our results indicate that the most abundant taxa from 1996 to 2005 differ from those of earlier decades. Concentrations of the dominant taxa and total larvae were generally greater …
Development And Application Of Dna Techniques For Validating And Improving Pinniped Diet Estimates, Dominic J. Tollit, Angela D. Schulze, Andrew W. Trites, Peter F. Olesiuk, Susan J. Crockford, Thomas S. Gelatt, Rolf R. Ream, Kristina M. Miller
Development And Application Of Dna Techniques For Validating And Improving Pinniped Diet Estimates, Dominic J. Tollit, Angela D. Schulze, Andrew W. Trites, Peter F. Olesiuk, Susan J. Crockford, Thomas S. Gelatt, Rolf R. Ream, Kristina M. Miller
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Polymerase chain reaction techniques were developed and applied to identify DNA from .40 species of prey contained in fecal (scat) soft-part matrix collected at terrestrial sites used by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in British Columbia and the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Sixty percent more fish and cephalopod prey were identified by morphological analyses of hard parts compared with DNA analysis of soft parts (hard parts identified higher relative proportions of Ammodytes sp., Cottidae, and certain Gadidae). DNA identified 213 prey occurrences, of which 75 (35%) were undetected by hard parts (mainly Salmonidae, Pleuronectidae, Elasmobranchii, and Cephalopoda), and …
Accounting For Uncertainty In Ecological Analysis: The Strengths And Limitations Of Hierarchical Statistical Modeling, Noel Cressie, Catherine A. Calder, James S. Clark, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Christopher K. Wikle
Accounting For Uncertainty In Ecological Analysis: The Strengths And Limitations Of Hierarchical Statistical Modeling, Noel Cressie, Catherine A. Calder, James S. Clark, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Christopher K. Wikle
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Analyses of ecological data should account for the uncertainty in the process(es) that generated the data. However, accounting for these uncertainties is a difficult task, since ecology is known for its complexity. Measurement and/or process errors are often the only sources of uncertainty modeled when addressing complex ecological problems, yet analyses should also account for uncertainty in sampling design, in model specification, in parameters governing the specified model, and in initial and boundary conditions. Only then can we be confident in the scientific inferences and forecasts made from an analysis. Probability and statistics provide a framework that accounts for multiple …
Some Fungi And Water Molds In Waters Of Lake Michigan With Emphasis On Those Associated With The Benthic Amphipod Diporeia Spp., Bozena Kiziewicz, Thomas F. Nalepa
Some Fungi And Water Molds In Waters Of Lake Michigan With Emphasis On Those Associated With The Benthic Amphipod Diporeia Spp., Bozena Kiziewicz, Thomas F. Nalepa
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
To determine types of fungi in the water and associated with the benthic amphipod Diporeia spp., samples were collected at various depths in Lake Michigan in an area where the Diporeia population was in a severe state of decline. No fungi were found associated with living, freshly-dead, or dried Diporeia cultured separately from Lake Michigan water. When dead Diporeia and other organic substrates (snake skin and hemp seeds) were used to grow fungi in Lake Michigan water, a rich and diverse fungal and water mold community was revealed. A total of 31 species were found, with the most common genera …
Evaluating The Performance Of A Multilocus Bayesian Method For The Estimation Of Migration Rates, Pierre Faubet, Robin Waples, Oscar Gaggiotti
Evaluating The Performance Of A Multilocus Bayesian Method For The Estimation Of Migration Rates, Pierre Faubet, Robin Waples, Oscar Gaggiotti
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Bayesian methods have become extremely popular in molecular ecology studies because they allow us to estimate demographic parameters of complex demographic scenarios using genetic data. Articles presenting new methods generally include sensitivity studies that evaluate their performance, but they tend to be limited and need to be followed by a more thorough evaluation. Here we evaluate the performance of a recent method, BAYESASS , which allows the estimation of recent migration rates among populations, as well as the inbreeding coefficient of each local population. We expand the simulation study of the original publication by considering multi-allelic markers and scenarios with …
Retrospective Isotopic Analyses Of Stellar Sea Lion Tooth Annuli And Sea-Bird Feathers: A Cross-Taxa Approach To Investigating Regime And Dietary Shifts In The Gulf Of Alaska, Keith Hobson, Elizabeth Sinclair, Anne York, James Thomason, Richard Merrick
Retrospective Isotopic Analyses Of Stellar Sea Lion Tooth Annuli And Sea-Bird Feathers: A Cross-Taxa Approach To Investigating Regime And Dietary Shifts In The Gulf Of Alaska, Keith Hobson, Elizabeth Sinclair, Anne York, James Thomason, Richard Merrick
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) values of individual tooth annuli of female Steller sea lions (n = 120) collected from the 1960s through the 1980s were used for retrospective analyses of temporal changes in food webs in the Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific Ocean. We also examined isotopically contour feathers of tufted puffins (n = 135) and crested auklets (n = 37) through this period to test for broader isotopic patterns indicative of whole food web changes. Steller sea lions decreased slightly in δ13C and increased in δ15N values, suggesting an …
Whaling As Science, Phillip J. Clapham, Per Berggren, Simon Childerhouse, Nancy A. Friday, Toshio Kasuya, Laurence Kell, Karl-Hermann Kock, Silvia Manzanilla-Naim, Giuseppe Notabartolo Di Sciara, William F. Perrin, Andrew J. Read, Randall R. Reeves, Emer Rogan, Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho, Tim D. Smith, Michael Stachowitsch, Barbara L. Taylor, Deborah Thiele, Paul R. Wade, Robert L. Brownell Jr.
Whaling As Science, Phillip J. Clapham, Per Berggren, Simon Childerhouse, Nancy A. Friday, Toshio Kasuya, Laurence Kell, Karl-Hermann Kock, Silvia Manzanilla-Naim, Giuseppe Notabartolo Di Sciara, William F. Perrin, Andrew J. Read, Randall R. Reeves, Emer Rogan, Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho, Tim D. Smith, Michael Stachowitsch, Barbara L. Taylor, Deborah Thiele, Paul R. Wade, Robert L. Brownell Jr.
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
In an open letter published last year in the New York Times, 21 distinguished scientists (including three Nobel laureates) criticized Japan's program of scientific research whaling, noting its poor design and unjustified reliance upon lethal sampling. In a recent Forum article in BioScience, Aron, Burke, and Freeman (2002) castigate the letter's signers and accuse them of meddling in political issues without sufficient knowledge of the science involved in those issues.
How To Build Marine Artificial Reefs, R. O. Parker Jr., R. B. Stone, C. C. Buchanan, F. W. Steimle Jr.
How To Build Marine Artificial Reefs, R. O. Parker Jr., R. B. Stone, C. C. Buchanan, F. W. Steimle Jr.
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
Artificial reefs provide or improve rough bottom habitat and offer fishery scientists and administrators an effective technique to conserve and develop coastal fishery resources. With careful planning and organized efforts, local reef committees can build reefs to improve fishing and contribute to the recreational and financial growth of coastal communities. Advice and procedures are presented for: 1) selecting construction materials, 2) determining a suitable reef site, 3) obtaining permits, 4) buoying the reef, and 5) preparing, transporting, and placing reef-building materials. Included in appendixes are instructions for preparing permits, addresses of Federal and State agencies involved in approving or funding …