Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Theses and Dissertations

2017

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
File Type

Articles 61 - 90 of 3668

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Occurrence Of Bornean Mammals In Two Commercial Forest Reserves And Characteristics That Influence Their Detectability, Seth Timothy Wong Dec 2017

Occurrence Of Bornean Mammals In Two Commercial Forest Reserves And Characteristics That Influence Their Detectability, Seth Timothy Wong

Theses and Dissertations

The Southeast Asian island of Borneo boasts an incredible diversity of terrestrial mammals which is threatened by habitat loss. Understanding the abundance and distribution of these species is essential for conservation and management. We assessed the occurrence of terrestrial mammals within two commercial forest reserves in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In particular, we investigated the habitat associations of the Sunda stink-badger, whose patchy distribution is not well understood. To improve detection probability and precision of model parameters, we deployed 2 camera-traps at sample stations. Our results showed that Sunda stink-badgers are likely dietary and habitat generalists, that may benefit from forest …


Effecting Organizational Change At The Macro Level Of Professions, Robert Anthony Green Dec 2017

Effecting Organizational Change At The Macro Level Of Professions, Robert Anthony Green

Theses and Dissertations

Much has been written in academic and popular publications about organizational change. Topics have ranged from case studies to anecdotal stories of how leaders can change an organization. There is little written on changing the culture and vision of a profession at the macro level. This dissertation shows that one key to effecting change within a profession is to educate those at the entrant level and thereby effect change with the profession. Over time, these new entrants to the profession will rise to senior positions and be able to effect greater change through the hiring, training, and mentoring processes inherent …


Establishing The Structure Function Relationship Of Polypyridyl Ruthenium And Berenil-Type Compounds In The Formation Of Complexes With B-Dna And/Or G-Quadruplex Dna, Clinton Gregory Mikek Dec 2017

Establishing The Structure Function Relationship Of Polypyridyl Ruthenium And Berenil-Type Compounds In The Formation Of Complexes With B-Dna And/Or G-Quadruplex Dna, Clinton Gregory Mikek

Theses and Dissertations

Cancer results from the accumulation of genetic mutations in a normal cell that ultimately result in the expression (or overexpression) of oncogenes. The design of drugs having high affinity for specific DNA sequences or structural motifs is vital to gaining a better understanding of gene expression and to the development of new cancer treatments that are based on turning off oncogene expression. This dissertation presents studies of the binding of two ligand families, Berenil (DMZ), and ruthenium polypyridyl complexes (RPCs), to B-DNA and G-quadruplex (G4) DNA. The structureunction relationships for the interaction of these ligand families with DNA were probed …


First Principles Study Of Electronic And Thermodynamic Properties Of Two-Dimensional Electrides, Chandani Nilanthika Nandadasa Dec 2017

First Principles Study Of Electronic And Thermodynamic Properties Of Two-Dimensional Electrides, Chandani Nilanthika Nandadasa

Theses and Dissertations

Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used to study fundamental characteristics of electrides. Electronic structure calculations were performed with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA+U (U- “on-site" electron-electron repulsion). Fundamental properties of Y2C were investigated in the first project. The nature of strongly localized anionic electrons in Y2C was demonstrated using the distribution of charge density. Magnetic properties were analyzed with magnetization density and magnetic anisotropy energies. The magnetic anisotropy of Y2C originates from anionic electrons at interlayer spaces. The predicted work functions are in good agreement with reported experimental data. We also investigated the enhancement of magnetic properties by …


Formulation Of Whey Protein Stabilized Multilayered Microemulsion And Nanoemulsion Systems With Hyperoxidative Curcumin, Soma Mukherjee Dec 2017

Formulation Of Whey Protein Stabilized Multilayered Microemulsion And Nanoemulsion Systems With Hyperoxidative Curcumin, Soma Mukherjee

Theses and Dissertations

A primary emulsion with whey protein isolate (WPI) and hexanoic acid was prepared, and chitosan (Ch) (0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03%) was added to evaluate its impact on particle size distribution of the emulsion. NaCl (0, 20, 40, and 80 mM) was added to increase ionic interactions to stabilize the multilayer emulsion. Lecithin (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3 %, w/v) was mixed with the primary emulsion in order to form a multilayer, and casein hydrolysate (CH) was used to stabilize the tertiary emulsion system without the use of NaCl for 28 d at 4 °C. Stable O/W nanoemulsions were generated for use …


The Perceptions And Usage Of Social Media In Higher Education, Nancy B. Bardwell Dec 2017

The Perceptions And Usage Of Social Media In Higher Education, Nancy B. Bardwell

Theses and Dissertations

The study examined students’ perceptions of Facebook, Twitter and blogs as tools for learning in a classroom environment. The population of the research was of 109 students from a 4-year college located in the southern region of the US. The results showed that most of the students were undecided in their perception of Facebook, Twitter and blogs as learning tools. The findings also showed that most of the participants were undecided in perception that Facebook, Twitter and blogs were viewed as sources of learning distraction. The findings equally indicated that significant number (about half of the population) of the participants …


A Simulation Of Lfm Pulse-Doppler Radar And An Application Of Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau Wavelets In Cfar Detection, Aaron Joshua Wright Dec 2017

A Simulation Of Lfm Pulse-Doppler Radar And An Application Of Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau Wavelets In Cfar Detection, Aaron Joshua Wright

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents a simulation of an LFM pulse-Doppler radar for surface-to-air applications and compares the performance of multiple CFAR detectors in processing the resulting range-Doppler maps. Each CFAR detector is reviewed and simulated. Their effectiveness in reducing target masking is analyzed. In addition, a new CFAR detector, the RDWT-CA-CFAR detector, is developed that uses the CDF 5/3 wavelet to decompose the range-data of the range-Doppler map along the range dimension and filter the target data from the reference cells, as a means to reduce or eliminate target masking. The QccPack library is used to perform RDWT functions. It is …


Application Of Non-Targeted Volatile Metabolomics In Plant Pathology, Jinyan She Dec 2017

Application Of Non-Targeted Volatile Metabolomics In Plant Pathology, Jinyan She

Theses and Dissertations

Our study focuses on the application of volatile metabolomics and chemometrics in plant pathology. Specifically, volatile metabolites or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the American chestnut tree (Castanea dentata) and its pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica have been investigated. The American chestnut was once a dominant tree species in the eastern forests of the United States. However, it was nearly devastated by the fungal pathogen C. parasitica. The loss of this tree species has significantly impacted the ecosystem. Therefore, preservation and restoration of American chestnut are crucial. Chapter one provides an overview of mass spectrometry based volatile metabolomics and their implementation …


Feasibility And Marketing Channels Of A Smartphone Application That Brings Nondestructive Techniques To Job Sites, Songyi Han Dec 2017

Feasibility And Marketing Channels Of A Smartphone Application That Brings Nondestructive Techniques To Job Sites, Songyi Han

Theses and Dissertations

This work conducted market research on the use of smartphones and smartphone applications in the forest products industry and academia. This research also attempted to project how likely the industry would be to use an app that measures stiffness of wood. After the review of scholarly literature and existing apps, data was collected via an online survey. Participants were individuals who work with wood or wood-based products. Out of 1,221 invitations, 311 were returned at the response rate of 27.2 percent. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistics. Nearly all of the respondents (95.7%) had smartphones, and over half of them …


Finite Element Study On The Influence Of Bone-Implant Interface Condition On Femoral Fracture After Cementless Total Hip Replacement, Caleb Onuh Yenusah Dec 2017

Finite Element Study On The Influence Of Bone-Implant Interface Condition On Femoral Fracture After Cementless Total Hip Replacement, Caleb Onuh Yenusah

Theses and Dissertations

Finite element analysis was performed on an implanted femur, using loads of daily living activities, performed by total hip replacement patients. A probabilistic bone fatigue failure model was utilized to analysis the risk of post-operative femoral fracture in different patient groups, depending on bone fatigue strength for young and elderly patients, and activity levels for normal and active patients. Different bone-implant interface conditions were considered: after surgery, osseointegrated, fibrous tissue covering, and loose. For young patients, the probability of failure is less than 4% for all cases. While in elderly patients, high of 28.2% and 57.9% are reported for normal …


Control Of Görtler Vortices In High-Speed Boundary Layers, Radwa Alaziz Dec 2017

Control Of Görtler Vortices In High-Speed Boundary Layers, Radwa Alaziz

Theses and Dissertations

Görtler vortices develop in boundary layer flows over concave surfaces due to the imbalance between centrifugal forces and the wall-normal pressure gradient. These vortices can be efficient precursors to transition in boundary layers exposed to free-stream disturbance or surface non-uniformities, because they can alter the mean flow causing the laminar flow to breakdown into turbulence. In this thesis, a control technique aimed at reducing the energy associated with Görtler vortices that develop in supersonic boundary layers is introduced and tested. The control algorithm is based on distributed blowing and suction, with sensors placed either in the flow or at the …


Effect Of Water Temperature, Angling Time, And Dissolved Oxygen Concentration On The Survival Of Angled And Tournament-Handled Largemouth Bass, Kevin Randy Keretz Dec 2017

Effect Of Water Temperature, Angling Time, And Dissolved Oxygen Concentration On The Survival Of Angled And Tournament-Handled Largemouth Bass, Kevin Randy Keretz

Theses and Dissertations

Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides is the most sought after species by recreational anglers in the United States. Survival of angled and tournament-handled Largemouth Bass is related to numerous factors; however, the independent effects of water temperature, angling time, and live well dissolved oxygen concentration on survival have not been measured. Survival was evaluated in simulated catch and release and tournament trials over the range of temperatures encountered by Largemouth Bass anglers (17-33°C) while also testing independent effects of angling time, live well temperature, and live well dissolved oxygen treatments. Caught-and-released Largemouth Bass experienced 100% survival at temperatures ≤33°C after 1 …


Hypervelocity Impact Of Spherical Aluminum 2017-T4 Projectiles On Aluminum 6061-T6 Multi-Layered Sheets, Michael Deivi Marroquin Salvador Dec 2017

Hypervelocity Impact Of Spherical Aluminum 2017-T4 Projectiles On Aluminum 6061-T6 Multi-Layered Sheets, Michael Deivi Marroquin Salvador

Theses and Dissertations

With the growing threat of orbital debris impacts to space structures, the development of space shielding concepts has been a critical research topic. In this study, numerical simulations of the hypervelocity impact response of stacked aluminum 6061-T6 sheets were performed to assess the effects of layering on penetration resistance. This work was initially motivated by set of experimental tests where a stack of four aluminum sheets of equal thickness was observed to have a higher hypervelocity ballistic resistance than a monolithic aluminum sheet with the same total thickness. A set of smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations predicted a 40% increase in …


Spatiotemporal Variation In Space Use By Eastern Wild Turkeys In Mississippi, Ryo Ogawa Dec 2017

Spatiotemporal Variation In Space Use By Eastern Wild Turkeys In Mississippi, Ryo Ogawa

Theses and Dissertations

Spatiotemporal variation in animal space use is critical for understanding how individual animals respond to changes in resource availability across space and time. My study was aimed to: 1) determine functional responses of habitat selection by eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) across 7 study sites in Mississippi; and 2) determine the effect of temporal vegetation variation on order-II habitat selection by wild turkeys over 12 years. I developed resource selection functions using radio telemetry location data. Individual-specific coefficients of order-III habitat selection for forest were related inversely to forest availability in meta-regressions. Yearly coefficients of order-II habitat selection for …


Investigation Of The Directed Self-Assembly Process In Bacteriophage Virus Structures Using The Discrete Element Method, David Peter Mcinnis Dec 2017

Investigation Of The Directed Self-Assembly Process In Bacteriophage Virus Structures Using The Discrete Element Method, David Peter Mcinnis

Theses and Dissertations

Current researchers have looked to nature to learn how self-assembly processes occur. By understanding the self-assembly process, designers can begin to build strong structural materials that are extremely light weight. The discrete element modeling method was used to gain a better understanding of the directed self-assembly of M13 bacteriophage. This model was parameterized from molecular dynamics simulations at the nanometer scale. Three types of functionalized bacteriophage were studied: Wild-type, 4E, and CLP8. Results showed that Wild-type phage are attracted in a head-to-tail orientation, but repelled in head-to-head orientation. The 4E bacteriophage behaved similarly with a stronger bond in the head-to-tail …


Leadership Frames In Comprehensive Community Colleges: Implications For The Market-Responsive College, David Layne Campbell Dec 2017

Leadership Frames In Comprehensive Community Colleges: Implications For The Market-Responsive College, David Layne Campbell

Theses and Dissertations

Market-responsive college leaders are challenged to navigate external relationships with business and industry, government officials, and community leaders, as well as the resulting pressures of multiple missions of the comprehensive community college. The leaders are faced with three predominant issues involving the market-responsive college and its relationship to the overall comprehensive college. These issues include: (a) its relationship to the transfer role, (b) difficulty of defining and measuring its success, and (c) its placement within the organization. Bolman and Deal’s (2013) leadership frames provide a model to understand how framing by market-responsive college leaders influences their organizations. A qualitative case …


Microstructural Behavior And Multiscale Structure-Property Relations For Cyclic Loading Of Metallic Alloys Procured From Additive Manufacturing (Laser Engineered Net Shaping -- Lens), Mohammad Ali Bagheri Dec 2017

Microstructural Behavior And Multiscale Structure-Property Relations For Cyclic Loading Of Metallic Alloys Procured From Additive Manufacturing (Laser Engineered Net Shaping -- Lens), Mohammad Ali Bagheri

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this study is to investigate the microstructure and microstructure-based fatigue (MSF) model of additively-manufactured (AM) metallic materials. Several challenges associated with different metals produced through additive manufacturing (Laser Enhanced Net Shaping – LENS®) have been addressed experimentally and numerically. Significant research efforts are focused on optimizing the process parameters for AM manufacturing; however, achieving a homogenous, defectree AM product immediately after its fabrication without postabrication processing has not been fully established yet. Thus, in order to adopt AM materials for applications, a thorough understanding of the impact of AM process parameters on the mechanical behavior of AM …


The Characterization Of Zebrafish Natural Killer Cells And Their Role In Immunological Memory, Preeti Judith Muire Dec 2017

The Characterization Of Zebrafish Natural Killer Cells And Their Role In Immunological Memory, Preeti Judith Muire

Theses and Dissertations

Rag1-/- mutant zebrafish lack lymphocytes and were used to study the basis of acquired protective immunity in the absence of lymphocytes to the intracellular bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. This study morphologically identified and quantified lymphocyte like cells (LLCs) present in the liver, kidney and spleen of these fish. LLCs included Natural Killer (NK) cells and non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCCs) and were discriminated by size, and by the presence of cytoplasmic granules. The antibodies anti-NITR9, anti-NCCRP-1 (5C6) and anti-MPEG-1 were used to evaluate these cell populations by flow cytometry. Gene expression profiles in these tissues were evaluated after the Rag1-/- mutants were …


Quantum Dragon Solutions For Electron Transport Through Single-Layer Planar Rectangular, Godfred Inkoom Dec 2017

Quantum Dragon Solutions For Electron Transport Through Single-Layer Planar Rectangular, Godfred Inkoom

Theses and Dissertations

When a nanostructure is coupled between two leads, the electron transmission probability as a function of energy, E, is used in the Landauer formula to obtain the electrical conductance of the nanodevice. The electron transmission probability as a function of energy, T (E), is calculated from the appropriate solution of the time independent Schrödinger equation. Recently, a large class of nanostructures called quantum dragons has been discovered. Quantum dragons are nanodevices with correlated disorder but still can have electron transmission probability unity for all energies when connected to appropriate (idealized) leads. Hence for a single channel setup, the electrical conductivity …


Regulation Of Stomata Opening In The Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoe Laxiflora, Anoud Abdulmalik Albader Dec 2017

Regulation Of Stomata Opening In The Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoe Laxiflora, Anoud Abdulmalik Albader

Theses and Dissertations

Stomata are small pores that are located on the surface of epidermal leaves, and they can regulate the uptake of CO2 and prevent water lose by opening and closing the pores. Stomata of plants can be regulated by external condition such as CO2, biotic and abiotic stresses and internal factors. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants adapt to hot and dry environments by closing stomata during the day and opening stomata during the cool night. However, it is still unclear how CAM plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day. In this study, a number of …


Second Law Analysis Of Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion In A Single Cylinder Research Engine, Hamidreza Mahabadipour Dec 2017

Second Law Analysis Of Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion In A Single Cylinder Research Engine, Hamidreza Mahabadipour

Theses and Dissertations

A detailed second law analysis of dual fuel LTC is not yet available in the open literature even though dual fuel low temperature combustion (LTC) has been studied before. To address this gap, a previously validated, closed-cycle, multi-zone, simulation of diesel-natural gas dual fuel LTC was used to perform a second law analysis. In the current study, a 2.4-liter single-cylinder research engine operating at a nominal load of 6 bar BMEP and 1700 rpm was used. Zone-wise thermodynamic irreversibilities as well as total cumulative entropy generated and lost available work over the closed cycle were quantified. Subsequently, two convenient second-law …


Wastewater Remediation Using Modified Biochars, Griffin Allen Burk Dec 2017

Wastewater Remediation Using Modified Biochars, Griffin Allen Burk

Theses and Dissertations

Water polluted by metals and phosphates can be hazardous to both the environment and human health. The aim of this study was used to improve understanding of the adsorption properties of low-cost, green adsorbents for removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. Biochar was used as an adsorbent, which was produced from the gasification of pine wood waste and the fast pyrolysis of Douglas fir. Biochar is a bio-renewable product that can easily be modified, and the cost is lower compared to other adsorbents like activated carbon. The gasifier produced biochar was modified by coating the biochar surface with chitosan. Douglas …


A Survey Of Nearby M-Dwarfs With Robo-Ao, Amy Elaine Ray Dec 2017

A Survey Of Nearby M-Dwarfs With Robo-Ao, Amy Elaine Ray

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents the results of a survey of 913 M-dwarf stars from the Lepine and Shara Proper Motion (LSPM) catalog within 33 parsecs. Data for these targets was collected with the Robo-AO camera on the Palomar 60” telescope. In order to determine which stars were in bound systems, the images with multiple stars, first observed in 2012, were observed again in 2014 to examine changes in separation and position angles. Stars with little change in position with respect to one another suggest they are common proper motion pairs. The Washington Double Star (WDS) catalog and other resources were used …


African American Male Students' Perceptions Of The Community College Experience In Rural Louisiana And How It Influences Graduation And Retention Rates, Aaron Jagers Dec 2017

African American Male Students' Perceptions Of The Community College Experience In Rural Louisiana And How It Influences Graduation And Retention Rates, Aaron Jagers

Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative study explored the obstacles African American male students face that can hinder their academic progress at community colleges within the rural regions of Louisiana. This study viewed the collective experiences of African American males in community colleges in order to improve their academic outcomes, completion, and retention rates. This study also explored the African American male’s educational experiences and the personal and academic obstacles they faced as students in the community college environment. This study used a research design that collected data from African American male students in two rural Louisiana community colleges. This study utilized a survey …


Development Of Herbicide Tolerant Tomato, Gourav Sharma Dec 2017

Development Of Herbicide Tolerant Tomato, Gourav Sharma

Theses and Dissertations

Tomato is a major horticulture crop grown across the globe. Unfortunately, its yield is reduced by 25% because of auxin herbicides and glyphosate drift. In this present study, wild germplasm of tomato was screened for herbicide tolerance. From the greenhouse study nine accessions for glyphosate and 2,4-D, eleven accessions for dicamba, five accessions for quinclorac, eight accessions for aminocyclopyrachlor, and two accessions for picloram and aminopyralid were identified to be tolerant. A few accessions were selected from each herbicide tolerant group for field trials at two locations in Mississippi in 2016 and 2017. Results indicated that TOM18 was most tolerant …


Capturing Aggregate And Binder Interaction Effects On Aging Via Mixture Testing For Single Aggregate Source Asphalt Mixtures, Bradley Scott Hansen Dec 2017

Capturing Aggregate And Binder Interaction Effects On Aging Via Mixture Testing For Single Aggregate Source Asphalt Mixtures, Bradley Scott Hansen

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis compares asphalt mixture properties before and after one year of field aging. Simple mixtures, one aggregate source for coarse, fine, and dust proportions, were developed and tested using four mixture tests to isolate asphalt-aggregate interaction. The results found asphalt-aggregate interaction effects and mixing temperature had considerable effects on mixture aging after 1 year. Differences in mass loss, rut depth, and indirect tensile strength that existed before aging became more pronounced after aging. This thesis’ results agree with the literature reviewed and generates new knowledge for mixture design and materials selection considerations for improved pavement performance. It is recommended …


Senior Food Environments: Predicting Low Food Access And Developing Interventions For Seniors In Nonmetropolitan Counties, Joshua J. Turner Dec 2017

Senior Food Environments: Predicting Low Food Access And Developing Interventions For Seniors In Nonmetropolitan Counties, Joshua J. Turner

Theses and Dissertations

The continued growth of the nation’s older adult population will bring many societal challenges. One of these challenges deals with meeting this population’s basic needs. Among the most crucial basic needs in older adulthood is proper nutrition, which is heavily impacted by one’s ability to access adequate amounts of healthy foods. Extensive research has been conducted on low food access among diverse populations, but opportunities remain to expand upon this research by concentrating on the food access challenges facing the older adult population. The current study had a twoold purpose. First, this study aimed to serve a basic academic purpose …


Effects Of Preemergence Herbicides On Hybrid Bermudagrass Root Growth, Establishment, And Sod Harvestability, Erick G. Begitschke Dec 2017

Effects Of Preemergence Herbicides On Hybrid Bermudagrass Root Growth, Establishment, And Sod Harvestability, Erick G. Begitschke

Theses and Dissertations

Preemergence herbicides are generally considered as a group to negatively affect hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) establishment. However, little is known about the effects upon hybrid bermudagrass root growth, establishment, and sod harvestability. Several research projects were conducted at Mississippi State University to determine the effects of commonly used preemergence herbicides on hybrid bermudagrass sod production. Measured response variables included visually estimated hybrid bermudagrass cover, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), ratio vegetative index (RVI), relative chlorophyll concentration (CI-RE), sod tensile strength, root mass, root length, root surface area, average root diameter, and root carbohydrate concentration …


Evaluating The Validity Of Latency Effects In Robotics Simulation, Leif T. Jensen Dec 2017

Evaluating The Validity Of Latency Effects In Robotics Simulation, Leif T. Jensen

Theses and Dissertations

Latency is a common issue found in robotics teleoperation that is not currently addressed in simulation. This study examined the effects of latency on operator performance for a robot teleoperation navigation task. Operators used a Logitech gamepad controller to teleoperate a robot through both a simulated environment and real-world environment. Both environments had the same dimensions and provided a path with obstacles the participant had to navigate. Participants performed this navigation task under three latency conditions, zero, low and high. Completion time, number of collisions, NASA-TLX, System Usability Survey, and User Experience survey were collected and participant performance compared for …


Authentic Leadership, Research Integrity, And Institutions Of Higher Learning: Why Focusing On Departmental Leadership Is Critical For Preserving The Sanctity Of Science, Katherine I. Echols Dec 2017

Authentic Leadership, Research Integrity, And Institutions Of Higher Learning: Why Focusing On Departmental Leadership Is Critical For Preserving The Sanctity Of Science, Katherine I. Echols

Theses and Dissertations

One of the most overlooked and complex problems that universities and colleges face nation-wide is how to reduce and eliminate research misconduct. Because of the confidential nature of allegations of research misconduct and the high rate of underreporting, administrators at scholarly institutions struggle with understanding the cause of such behavior. Without a clear picture of the prevalence of misconduct or the barriers to reporting, leaders at institutions of higher learning find themselves at a disadvantage when dealing with these problems. This uncertainty coupled with a growing regulatory emphasis from federal funding agencies, results in a reactionary approach while questionable practices …