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'A Civil And Useful Life': Quaker Women, Education And The Development Of Professional Identities 1800-1835, Camilla Leach
'A Civil And Useful Life': Quaker Women, Education And The Development Of Professional Identities 1800-1835, Camilla Leach
Quaker Studies
Exhorted by George Fox to live a 'Civil and useful life', educated middle-class Quaker women who did not feel called to undertake a recognised ministerial role within the Religious Society of Friends still used their education and skills to the benefit of the wider community. This article examines the engagement of Quaker women with education by focussing on the work of Mariabella and Rachel Howard (mother and daughter), who were involved in several educational charities between 1800 and 1835. The article seeks to address the irony of two educational campaigners who as non-professional women sought to professionalise the work of …
The Testimony Of Martha Simmonds, Quaker, Bernadette Smith
The Testimony Of Martha Simmonds, Quaker, Bernadette Smith
Quaker Studies
Martha Simmonds (1624-1665) was an early Quaker whose spiritual journey involved preaching, travelling, becoming a devotee of James Naylor and participating in his re-enactment of Christ's entry into Jerusalem and its aftermath. This event has largely defined her place in history and little serious attention has been given to her writings This paper attempts to fill this lacuna by discussing spiritual writing within the context of her life and contemporary constructs of'signs' and suffering, both on a personal scale and within the wider context of the collective persecution of the early Quakers. It aims to re-assess the Bristol 'sign' and …