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The Effects Of Flooding On Shirakawa Delta Morphology, L Manu, T Tsukamoto, K Nakanishi, Le Lina, H Shirozu, T Hokamura, F Yamada

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Floods can significantly alter the morphology of a delta, from inputting increased volumes of sediments to modifying the reach of incoming waves, currents, and other gravity-driven forces occurring within the near shore. Kumamoto experienced flooding in July 2012. This flood event altered the equilibrium profile of the intertidal flat area of the Shirakawa River. This research looks at these modifications and attempts to explain their long-term implications on the overall delta morphology.

Data collected over a 30-year period was analyzed and profiles were generated to better analyze and assess the trend in delta morphological changes. Numerical predictions on delta morphology …

A Performance-Based Framework For Structural Resilience To Blast-Induced Damage, Shalva Marjanishvili, Spencer Quiel, Brian Katz

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

This paper proposes a framework for establishing quantitative measures and mathematically reproducible definitions of structural resiliency as it pertains to a structure's ability to minimize the potential for undesirable response to low-probability-high-consequence events. The resiliency assessment and design process follow a logical progression of steps starting with the characterization of hazards and continuing through analysis simulations, damage modeling, and loss assessment by balancing functional relationships between design tradeoffs and associated consequences. The outcomes of each subprocess are articulated through a series of generalized variables: topology, geometry, damage, and hazard intensity measures. A rigorous probabilistic framework permits consistent characterization of the …

The Effectiveness Of Post-Katrina Disaster Aid: The Influence Of Sba Loans On Small Businesses In Mississippi, Anna Josephson, Maria I. Marshall

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Following Hurricane Katrina, the United States government provided $45 billion in loans and rebuilding funds to individuals and businesses for the purpose of repairing the damage caused by the hurricane. However, it is not yet clear what impact this assistance had on small businesses in affected areas. In particular, the role of Small Business Administration (SBA) loans has yet to be fully examined. Though few doubt the benefits of short-term and immediate disaster relief, there is some debate on the benefits of SBA loans. Evidence suggests that receiving business loans may do more harm than good if the loan ultimately …

A Multi-Criteria Methodology For Measuring The Resilience Of Transportation Assets And Prioritizing Security Investments, Michelle S. Dojutrek, Samuel Labi, J Eric Dietz

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Transportation project prioritization uses performance measures that are related to the transportation asset, its operations, and its environment. However, in the state of practice, evaluation does not consider directly the likelihood of natural or man-made threats, the infrastructure resilience, or the consequences of the infrastructure damage in the event that the threat occurs. Thus, during the prioritization of investments, assets of low security do not receive the due attention they deserve. In defining security as the lack of risk of damage from threats due to inherent structure or functional resilience, this paper is based on the premise that the inclusion …

Building Resilience In A Major City Evacuation Plan Using Simulation Modeling, Adam Kirby, James Eric Dietz, Eric Matson, Joseph Pekny, Clifford Wojtalewicz

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

This study provides data on the optimal staff, materials, space, and time resources required to operate a regional hub reception center, a “short-term facility with the goal to process and transport displaced survivors (evacuees) to temporary or permanent shelters following a catastrophic incident,” (Regional Catastrophic Planning Team, 2012). The facility will process approximately 20,000 evacuees over its entire seven-day duration following a disaster to assist in community resilience. The study was performed using a model created using the computer simulation software, AnyLogic. The results of the study demonstrated that the goals set forth by the Illinois-Indiana-Wisconsin Regional Catastrophic Planning Team …

Global Response For Capacity Building Of Disaster Preparedness: A Tiems Initiative, Kåre H. Drager, Thomas V. Robertson

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

At the end of 2013, the devastating consequences of the Typhoon Haiyan that struck the Philippines on November 8, 2013, were exposed worldwide through intensive media coverage. The death toll reached more than 6,000 people, and around one million people were displaced and in desperate need of help and support. The international community queued up to offer support and help and showed that worldwide solidarity works when we know our “brothers and sisters” are in desperate need of help. But how can this international community, eager to respond when disaster strikes, better help before disasters strike? Vulnerable areas in the …

Tornado Mitigation In The Canadian Prairie Region, Samanthi Durage Prof.

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Tornadoes are a destructive form of the extreme weather associated with thunderstorms. Canada gets more tornadoes than any other country with the exception of the US. This paper presents some results of a study on tornado mitigation in the Canadian Prairie region. Initially, a regression-based analysis of the Prairie tornado database was conducted, and the trend for the number of tornadoes reported in each year is discussed in this paper. The detection, warning, communication, and evacuation stages at the pretouchdown phase of a tornado were analyzed and compared with the US system to recognize the key areas that need to …

Meeting The Challenge Of Reconstruction And Development In Fragile States: Lessons From Aceh, Haiti, And South Sudan, Josef Leitmann

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Reconstruction and development in poor, fragile countries present a double challenge: tackling the issues of poverty and underdevelopment as well as the constraints posed by instability, poor governance, and weak capacity. This context generates a range of problems that include: insecurity, insufficient planning, inadequate implementation capacity, poor financial management, misprocurement, corruption, a volatile fiscal environment, ineffective donor coordination, and negative environmental and social impacts. The paper draws lessons from positive and negative experiences in meeting these challenges in three conflict- and/or disaster-affected cases: Aceh Province, Indonesia (postdisaster reconstruction and postconflict development following the tsunami and earthquakes of 2004), Haiti (postdisaster …

Simulation Of Bedrock Motion To Obtain Pga Values, Shyanaka Dananjaya, Ranjith Dissanayake, Nimal Senevirathne, Kushan K. Wijesundara

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

This study is focused on producing the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values for important cities in Sri Lanka, which would provide the base to develop the national annex to the Euro Code, the current guideline in designing structures. In order to find out the magnitude and the epicenter distance of a 475-year return period earthquake, an earthquake catalog was developed. To simulate the bedrock motion FLAC Software, which uses the Finite Difference approach, was used. Five 2-D FLAC models representing five cross sections of Sri Lanka were developed. Due to the lack of local data records, a dataset of seven …

Data Preparation For Validation Study Of Hazus Canada Flood Model, Heather Mcgrath, Emmanual Stefanakis, M Mccarthy, Miroslav Nastev

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

As our climate changes, the occurrence of extreme weather events and heavier rainfall becomes more common. This change in weather patterns and precipitation results in a greater number of recorded flood events and a larger magnitude of flood events. Canadian municipalities are therefore facing a pressing demand to perform hazard assessments to identify communities at risk and measure potential economic and societal losses due to flood events. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a standardized tool, Hazus-MH, for loss estimation from natural disasters for use in the US. Recently, Hazus has been adapted for use in Canada. This paper introduces …

Factors In Stimulating Evacuation Behavior During Floods, Ryuji Kakimoto, Fumihiko Yamada

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

The Northern Kyushu Torrential Rain in July 2012 killed 31 people and destroyed more than 2,100 houses. The maximum rainfall per hour and per 24 hours were recorded at 108 mm and 507.5 mm, respectively. It also caused extensive damage to the Tatsuta area in Kumamoto City. Some residents stayed at home in the flooded area and were rescued by boats or helicopters because an evacuation order was delayed by the local government. On the other hand, many residents evacuated in time. We surveyed this evacuation behavior, awareness of disaster prevention, and the social capital, etc. Next, we analyzed the …

Compare And Contrast Major Nuclear Power Plant Disasters: Lessons Learned From The Past, Sayanti Mukhopadhyay, Makarand Hastak Dr., Jessica Halligan

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

The construction of nuclear power plants is a major step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to the conventional coal-fired or oil-fired power plants. However, some of the major nuclear accidents in the past have raised questions about the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. This paper compares and contrasts the major nuclear accidents of the past for example, the Chernobyl disaster (USSR), the Fukushima Daiichi disaster (Japan), and the Three Mile Island incident (USA). Although each of the accidents was unique, a thorough comparison found some common issues, such as faulty design of reactors and safety systems, safety …

Reaching Communities With The Social Resilience Message: Be Prepared, Jamie Richards

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Building resilience to natural and man-made disasters has become a dominant strategic theme and an operational goal in many countries around the world. Of the many parts making up resilient communities, this paper discusses what is commonly termed Social Resilience, and in particular the “education” of communities to initiate a culture of preparedness for them to be able to maintain essential functions for their families/communities in the event of “disruption” to everyday life, whether it be large or small. By examining case studies in New Zealand and internationally, this study looks at a way forward for Auckland, New Zealand’s largest …

The Influence Of National Culture On Effectiveness Of Safety Trainings During Postdisaster Reconstruction, Kevin R. Grosskopf, Behzad Esmaeili, Amy Javernick-Will

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Non-English speaking workers constitute a disproportionately high number of workers involved in postdisaster reconstruction. Additionally, the rate of fatality among these workers is higher than the industry average. Research shows this population is more prone to unsafe behaviors in the working environment, conceivably because many of these workers are sent into the field prior to any formalized training. Recent studies show that the native culture of construction workers can impact risk-taking behavior. While numerous researchers have attempted to develop training materials for Hispanic workers, the number of studies that consider the impact of native culture on safety behavior is minimal. …

Analysis And Classification Of Volcanic Eruptions, Jithamala Caldera, S C. Wirasinghe

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Among natural disasters, volcanic eruptions are some of the most dangerous. The severity level of the most extreme volcanic eruption for which data is available can be categorized as Catastrophe Type II according to the scale introduced by Wirasinghe, Caldera, Durage, and Ruwanpura, (2013). However, an unusually large eruption of a “super volcano” can even cause a partial or full extinction. Aftermaths of a major eruption, such as climate effects, tsunami, and famine, severely impacts populations. Potential severity levels of volcanic eruptions are studied. A multidimensional scale for volcanic eruptions is investigated. Intensity, fatalities, affected population, impacted region, cost of …

Experimental Study On The Fire Resistance Performance Of Prestressed Composite Beam With Corrugated Web Under Standard Fire With Loading Condition, Heung-Youl Kim, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kyung-Hoon Park, Bum-Yean Cho

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

In this study, fire resistance tests were performed on a conventional slim floor beam and a prestressed composite beam with corrugated webs, which is suitable for a long-span structure with a reduction in story height by utilizing the prestress and accordion effect. In the fire test program, the ISO 834 standard fire curve was adopted. Key test variables were the effect of prestress, shape of corrugated webs, and thickness of sprayed fireproofing material. All of the test specimens demonstrated enhanced fire resistance performance exceeding the expected performance level. The prestressed composite beams with corrugated webs especially showed excellent fire performance, …

First Responder/Private Industry Collaboration To Advance Disaster Response, Mark Shaurette, Randy Rapp, T R. Stahr

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

In most developed countries, well-established communities of first responder organizations have formed to provide a quick and coordinated reaction to disasters. In most cases these response organizations are controlled, organized, and funded by related governmental agencies. Because their disaster response contributes to the good of the public, the existence of government funded and coordinated first responder organizations are considered by many to be the most effective approach to provide disaster response. Unfortunately, these organizations do not always have ready access to all of the skills and resources required to efficiently respond to many of the physical challenges that result from …

Motive And Conflict In The Disaster Recovery Process Of Housing Reconstruction In Sri Lanka After The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Chang Yeol Choi, Riki Honda

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Normative solutions for the successful recovery from large-scale disasters have been presented by various researches, but implementation requires a long process, and mechanism for the process to continue is necessary. We consider the consistency among strategies of stakeholders such as government and NGOs. These players make a decision based on not only direct motive but various complex motives and interaction with other players. This paper considers interactive decision-making as a game among stakeholders. As a case to study, we analyze housing reconstruction project in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. There was relatively abundant financial support, but the …

Housing The Workforce Following The Canterbury Earthquakes In New Zealand, Yan Chang-Richards, Suzanne J. Wilkinson, Erica Seville, David Brundson

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Temporary housing following a large-scale disaster has a positive effect on household welfare and community recovery. Following the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes, a shortage of temporary accommodation created barriers for the outside construction workforce to engage in repairs and rebuild in Christchurch. This study investigates the impacts of housing shortages for the overall recovery and the strategies adopted by both households and the workforce in the building industry. Findings suggest that the interplay among the industry strategies and household strategies for securing housing determines the magnitude and scope of economy-wide inflation. One unfortunate consequence of these industry strategies is …

Flood Risk Management: An Illustrative Approach, Natainia S. Lummen, Y Nagayoshi, H Shirozu, T Hokamura, S Nakajo, F Yamada, N Okada

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Widespread flooding with significant damage in many countries, such as the Philippines in 2013, highlights the ongoing need for effective flood risk management (FRM). This hinges on comprehensive access to and dissemination of information about the elements and the people at risk. Simulations, real-time graphs, and maps illustrate the spatial distribution of flood risks, spatial allocation and dissemination of flood effects, if flood risk reduction measures are not implemented, as well as the benefits to be derived from the effective implementation and maintenance of flood risk management measures not realized. Using precipitation, river water, and tide levels, a real-time monitoring …

Postdisaster Reconstruction Of Horizontal Infrastructure Systems: A Review Of The Christchurch Rebuild, Kristen A. Macaskill

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

This paper investigates the decision-making processes guiding postdisaster infrastructure reconstruction— concentrating on wastewater, water supply, stormwater and road networks (“horizontal infrastructure”). It draws on empirical analysis of the postearthquake reconstruction currently underway in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Restoring infrastructure services to provide at least a basic level of essential services after a disaster helps wider economic recovery. Subsequently, there is pressure to restore infrastructure services to predisaster levels as quickly as possible. Reconstruction programmes thus commence in highly uncertain decision-making environments and are reactive to perceived, immediate needs. The extent and nature of the work is later clarified and re-evaluated as …

Rfid Applied To Supply Chain Logistics In Disaster Recovery, Heng Wang, Brian J. Hubbard, Sarah Hubbard

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments to use RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for supply chain logistics in the construction industry and identify potential applications of this technology for disaster recovery in construction operations. Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and extreme weather conditions can cause significant damage to local communities and disruptions to the local supply chain. The effective movement of resources during disaster recovery operations is critical in a postdisaster recovery environment. RFID technology has advanced to the level that the technology could be used to improve the supply chain preparedness, people, material and equipment locating and …