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Co-Designing With Immigrant Women To Imagine An Equitable Mental Health Service Ecosystem, Luz Paczka Giorgi Oct 2023

Co-Designing With Immigrant Women To Imagine An Equitable Mental Health Service Ecosystem, Luz Paczka Giorgi

IASDR Conference Series

Immigrants currently represent a quarter of the Canadian population, and this continues to increase as more people move due to social, financial, political, and environmental causes. However, this population experiences a considerable decline in their health over time upon their arrival; thus, making immigrant health a crucial public health issue. Immigrant women in specific experience a variety of stressors including employment, family support, and cultural shock regarding gender roles, which put their mental health at high risk. Therefore, mental health inequities should be tackled by putting equity and intersectionality front and center. The wide amount of literature supporting the benefits …


Analysis Of The Menotech And Femtech Markets For Menopausal Women In Japan, Yan Liu, Hiroki Sato Oct 2023

Analysis Of The Menotech And Femtech Markets For Menopausal Women In Japan, Yan Liu, Hiroki Sato

IASDR Conference Series

In recent years, Japan has faced significant challenges in declining labour force participation due to falling birth rates, an aging population, and depopulation in rural areas. It is recognized how important it is to support menopausal women in terms of the economy and the gender gap. Here, we identify the status and trends of the Japanese Femtech market to support the health and activities of menopausal women in Japan. We analyse the situation in the domestic and international Menotech markets is analysed to understand the positioning of domestic and foreign companies in the Menotech market. Moreover, through the comparison with …


From The Mothers’ Movement To Cradlr: An Interaction Design For Refugee Children, Jing Zhou Oct 2023

From The Mothers’ Movement To Cradlr: An Interaction Design For Refugee Children, Jing Zhou

IASDR Conference Series

This paper presents the rationale, implementation, social and cultural influences, and historical background of Cradlr, a human-centered digital network concept designed to rescue and keep displaced children connected with their families, resources, and heritage on a global scale. The seed of Cradlr was sown in 2018 when I launched the Jiang Jian project, which sheds light upon the Mothers’ Movement in China, which rescued and educated 30,000 refugee children during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Inspired by the Mothers’ Movement and European countries during World War II, such as the Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS) in UK, Cradlr goes beyond the realm …


Approach Or Avoid Away From Kiosks For The Elderly? A Study On Acceptance And Behavioral Intention Of Self-Service In Hospitals., Chi-Fei Shih, Tseng-Ping Chiu Oct 2023

Approach Or Avoid Away From Kiosks For The Elderly? A Study On Acceptance And Behavioral Intention Of Self-Service In Hospitals., Chi-Fei Shih, Tseng-Ping Chiu

IASDR Conference Series

The growth of contactless service is driven by numerous factors, including changing consumer needs and preferences, technological advances, and the potential for businesses to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Most importantly, it presents a solution to avoid interaction risk, especially during pandemics or other crises. Several companies have adopted kiosks to provide rapid and safe self-service options, with consumers increasingly welcoming convenience and speed. COVID-19 reshaped the flow of how we deal with service. Nowadays, we rely heavily on technology to meet demand or solve problems. However, more research is needed to understand how older adults interact with kiosks as …


How To Promote Consumption In City Metaverse? Research On Xr Experience Design And Consumer Behavior Of Commercial Streets, Jing Liang, Siqi Fan, Mu Jiang, Xin Zhang, Zhiyuan Qi Oct 2023

How To Promote Consumption In City Metaverse? Research On Xr Experience Design And Consumer Behavior Of Commercial Streets, Jing Liang, Siqi Fan, Mu Jiang, Xin Zhang, Zhiyuan Qi

IASDR Conference Series

The emergence of innovative technologies such as 5G, big data, and XR immersive technology is providing richer data sets and a deeper understanding of human behavior, which has the potential to redefine urban design activities and service provision through the metaverse. In the current wave of metaverse digital planning, commercial streets are a significant aspect of urban cultural and tourism, but there is limited knowledge on how to integrate metaverse digital content in real urban spaces to promote consumption.This study aims to investigate the factors that promote purchase in XR environments by integrating the concept of city metaverse and related …


Study On Key Elements Of Kids Cartoon Design In Min-Nam (Hokkien) Language, Hsi-Jen Chen, Chian-Fan Liou, Chih-Yuan Cheng, Ya-Zhu Zhang Oct 2023

Study On Key Elements Of Kids Cartoon Design In Min-Nam (Hokkien) Language, Hsi-Jen Chen, Chian-Fan Liou, Chih-Yuan Cheng, Ya-Zhu Zhang

IASDR Conference Series

As the global markets communicate in a swift speed, the mainstream culture has outweighed the regional cultures. The most effective way to pass down cultures to next generations is have children get involved with listening and speaking from the media, especially the cartoon animations. It has played an important part in each kid’s childhood and his/her development. How to create the most influential regional kids cartoon expressing its local culture is the main study topic in this article. This study is trying to work out the key element design for local kid's cartoon animations in Min-nam language in Taiwan through …


Co-Designing For Whom? Exploring The Benefits Of City-Led Participatory Art Practices In Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Of Madrid, Milagros Hurtig Oct 2023

Co-Designing For Whom? Exploring The Benefits Of City-Led Participatory Art Practices In Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Of Madrid, Milagros Hurtig

IASDR Conference Series

This research examines who benefits from the use of city-led participatory design projects in disadvantaged neighborhoods. After the neoliberal crisis in 2008, discourses on creativity evolved from art projects aimed at pursuing economic growth to art projects with social and cultural aspirations. Participatory art projects are practices where the public is involved in the design and production of the artwork. Urban governments in Europe have used participatory art due to their assumed potential to enhance citizen engagement. However, there is a lack of critical and evaluative insight regarding the implementation and after-use of codesign practices and their inclusionary or exclusionary …


Towards A Design Observatory In Portugal – Results, Reflections And Future Steps, Nina Costa, Vasco Branco, Rui Costa, Afonso Borges, Marlene Ribeiro Oct 2023

Towards A Design Observatory In Portugal – Results, Reflections And Future Steps, Nina Costa, Vasco Branco, Rui Costa, Afonso Borges, Marlene Ribeiro

IASDR Conference Series

The closure of the Portuguese design center in 2013, left Portugal with no instruments of mediation between the Portuguese design ecosystem and the socio-economic fabric. DesignOBS (Towards a design observatory in Portugal) - a research project aiming to identify, map and interpret the Portuguese design landscape (2019-22), aimed to tackle this issue via the development and application of a distributed and participatory observation approach, that integrated the knowledge of local nuclei, namely, design schools, about certain vectors of the national design ecosystem. The application of this approach to gather and discuss about the different vectors (design companies, education, research, users), …


‘Becommoning': A Design-Framework For The Initiation Of New Commons, Zsuzsanna Tomor, Martijn De Waal Oct 2023

‘Becommoning': A Design-Framework For The Initiation Of New Commons, Zsuzsanna Tomor, Martijn De Waal

IASDR Conference Series

This article explores the establishment of new commons initiatives from an integrated design perspective. Such a deeper understanding of the initial phase of becoming a commons -i.e. becommoning- and its design is crucial as members embark on a laborious, time-consuming and uncertain process in which they need to make critical design choices for their future commons. The design perspective is brought forward by the collective creation through which group values are explicated, the communal resource and its governance take shape and conditions are forged for the commons to emerge. So, the study presents the ‘becommoning’ framework as a first exploration …


Developing A Child-Friendly Outdoor Public Playground For Children Aged 4-8, Through Co-Creation Mindset, Neda Batenipour Oct 2023

Developing A Child-Friendly Outdoor Public Playground For Children Aged 4-8, Through Co-Creation Mindset, Neda Batenipour

IASDR Conference Series

Outdoor playgrounds, as part of urban space, with their equipment/settings play an important role in child development. For designing a child-friendly playground, looking at a playground through the eyes of children as end users should be of prime importance for designers. This study presents a new framework and methodology for exploring design parameters based on users’ real needs and wants and finally designs a child-friendly outdoor public playground for children aged 4-8 years old. Existing problems, gaps, and opportunities in Wuppertal’s playgrounds – especially in the Nordbahntrasse and Parkour Park area – provide the rationale and need, as well as …


Innovative Collaboration And Co-Designing With Santhal And Mohli Tribes Of Dumka, India, Nilanjana Bairagi, Ajithsen Selvadhas, Sowndarya Archarya Oct 2023

Innovative Collaboration And Co-Designing With Santhal And Mohli Tribes Of Dumka, India, Nilanjana Bairagi, Ajithsen Selvadhas, Sowndarya Archarya

IASDR Conference Series

Tribal communities use locally available resources to fulfil their daily needs in India. Santhal and Mohli tribes in Jharkhand, India have an intergenerational skill of using bamboo and other natural fibres to make utility crafts like baskets and mats, which is used as a part of their lifestyle. However, it was limited in terms of product range and market reach, which resulted in the tribes’ livelihood stagnancy and other financial difficulties. Therefore, the objective of this research was design intervention and product development based on collaborative designing, as the researchers were outside of the tribal community. And also to propose …


Changing Perspective On Social Inclusion And Design: Exploring The Concept Of Designing For Inclusive Attitudes, Daniele Busciantella-Ricci Oct 2023

Changing Perspective On Social Inclusion And Design: Exploring The Concept Of Designing For Inclusive Attitudes, Daniele Busciantella-Ricci

IASDR Conference Series

The pandemic increased disparities and exacerbated pre-existing inequalities. Attitudinal barriers and discrimination were also exacerbated by the pandemic effects. Some diversity conditions suffered more than others post-pandemic status because their needs were not embedded in the pandemic planning prior to COVID-19. Also, the pandemic effects underlined the importance of embedding Inclusion, Diversity, Equality and Accessibility strategies in complex contexts such as in healthcare systems. Therefore, the paper focuses on how improving inclusive attitudes through design for fighting discrimination and promoting diversity in society. However, traditional design for inclusion approaches does not provide instruments to address this aspect. Consequently, the paper …


We’Ve Never Learned To Talk About It’: Considerations For Design Researchers To Address Intimacy And Sexuality., Yoni Lefévre, Niels Hendriks, Andrea Wilkinson Oct 2023

We’Ve Never Learned To Talk About It’: Considerations For Design Researchers To Address Intimacy And Sexuality., Yoni Lefévre, Niels Hendriks, Andrea Wilkinson

IASDR Conference Series

This paper aims to learn from existing design research literature on taboo topics to inform the development of a research project about sexual health in later life. Participatory design approaches can play a role to better understand the complexities of researching taboos and navigate in sensitive situations. A rapid literature review focused on taboos related to people’s individual sexual experiences of the body, resulted in identifying five actionable design considerations: 1) make taboos visible and interactive for people to respond to, 2) use humor to overcome the awkwardness of taboos, 3) design together on taboo subjects for more inclusive futures, …


Olfactory Stimulus As Design Material: Designing An Engaging Interaction Between User And Ai Chatbot, Cecilia Lee Oct 2023

Olfactory Stimulus As Design Material: Designing An Engaging Interaction Between User And Ai Chatbot, Cecilia Lee

IASDR Conference Series

This study explores the lack of user engagement challenge observed in human-AI chatbot interaction from a design research perspective. Olfactory stimulus has the most intimate linkage to the human brains that directly control human emotions, but it has been under-explored as design material for interaction design in human-chatbot interaction. This study inquires into how service designers can leverage the olfactory stimulus as potential design material to design for an interactive experience that enables value co-creation between user and chatbot, which results in enhanced user engagement. The challenge of user engagement is examined through the theoretical lens of service dominant logic …


Combination Of Experiential Learning To Investigate Design Students’ Design Thinking Ability, Yu-Chen Chen, Hsi-Jen Chen, Chia-Han Yang Oct 2023

Combination Of Experiential Learning To Investigate Design Students’ Design Thinking Ability, Yu-Chen Chen, Hsi-Jen Chen, Chia-Han Yang

IASDR Conference Series

The study investigated the relationship between Experiential Learning and design students’ design thinking ability. Experiential Learning was divided into three modes: grasping experience, transforming experience, and the Learning styles, and design thinking ability was evaluated in four phases, Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. One hundred and four undergraduate students (from sophomore to senior) majoring in Industrial Design responded to the Learning Style Inventory-version 3.1 and the design thinking ability questionnaire. Independent Sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed to analyze the differences in design thinking ability associated with Experiential Learning. The findings of the study indicated that in the Define …


Designing Longevity Planning Blocks Through Experimental Participatory Observation And Interviews, Sheng-Hung Lee, Joseph F. Coughlin, Alexa Balmuth, Chaiwoo Lee, Lauren Cerino, Maria Yang, Eric Klopfer, Olivier L. De Weck, John Ochsendorf Oct 2023

Designing Longevity Planning Blocks Through Experimental Participatory Observation And Interviews, Sheng-Hung Lee, Joseph F. Coughlin, Alexa Balmuth, Chaiwoo Lee, Lauren Cerino, Maria Yang, Eric Klopfer, Olivier L. De Weck, John Ochsendorf

IASDR Conference Series

The financial industry is under a transformational shift to cater to the change in our demographics. Between 2015 and 2050, the ratio among the world’s population over 60 years old will nearly double (from 12% to 22%) according to WHO (World Health Organization) data in 2022. Without a doubt, financial planning involves a series of large, complicated challenges, especially considering different countries' political situations, diverse cultures, various birth rates, ethical issues, healthcare systems, emerging technologies, and economic conditions. The study explores how the usage of interactive, tangible artifacts and services, informed by Human-Centered Design and creative process, could empower people …


Design Sprints For Assistive Technology; A Discussion Advocating Co-Creation Between Design, Lived Experience And Occupational Therapy, Hana Phillips, Gianni Renda, Rachael Mcdonald Oct 2023

Design Sprints For Assistive Technology; A Discussion Advocating Co-Creation Between Design, Lived Experience And Occupational Therapy, Hana Phillips, Gianni Renda, Rachael Mcdonald

IASDR Conference Series

The World Health Organisation (WHO) see access to appropriate assistive technology as a human right. However, only one in ten people can access their assistive technology needs. Increasingly, we are seeing collaborative design practice within assistive technology, though it is far from normalised in practice. To explore the potential for collaborative design within assistive technology, we held two design sprints with People With Lived Experience Of Disability (PWLED), design professionals and occupational therapists. We then conducted focus groups to understand what participants learned in this process and the potential opportunities and challenges in implementing collaborative design practices in the current …


Building Design Agency Through Bodystorming, Stefana Broadbent, Valentina Auricchio, Marta Corubolo, Vanessa Monna Oct 2023

Building Design Agency Through Bodystorming, Stefana Broadbent, Valentina Auricchio, Marta Corubolo, Vanessa Monna

IASDR Conference Series

When addressing urgent issues such as climate change and the social impacts this will have on our future living environments, as designers and design educators, we must critically ask ourselves if the mindsets, approaches, processes, methods, and tools we know are appropriate or need inquiry to evolve. This paper presents an experimental technique the authors have been applying in the past four years of teaching in an international design studio that aims to imagine products and services for future uncertain times. In planning the course the main challenge was to understand which would be the best method for designers to …


How Might We Design Alternative Worldviews? Assessing A Design Education Program For Business Professionals, Tomohide Mizuuchi, Daijiro Mizuno, Yasuhiro Yamasaki, Mizuki Tajima, Masafumi Kawachi Oct 2023

How Might We Design Alternative Worldviews? Assessing A Design Education Program For Business Professionals, Tomohide Mizuuchi, Daijiro Mizuno, Yasuhiro Yamasaki, Mizuki Tajima, Masafumi Kawachi

IASDR Conference Series

In recent years, there has been a need for design that contributes to "futuring" as Tony Fry points out. The emergence of educational programs that promote futuring, such as transition design seminars at Carnegie Mellon University, is beginning to be observed globally. Yet their business applications have not been fully designed in many cases, and effective design education on defuturing/futuring is urgently needed. Keeping the status quo while challenging the global environmental crisis has contradictions and limitations. To drive business, it is imperative to transition the underlying worldview itself. For such a transition to succeed, business professionals with the necessary …


Social Innovation Through Regenerative Perspectives: A Theoretical Approach On Gender-Based Violence System, Raquel Lima Oct 2023

Social Innovation Through Regenerative Perspectives: A Theoretical Approach On Gender-Based Violence System, Raquel Lima

IASDR Conference Series

Regenerative theories are used in human and non-human dynamics in a sustainable perspective; however, their potential can flourish new applications to deal with other social challenges. This article explores a theoretical approach to possible uses of regenerative theories applied to the gender-based violence (GBV) system and its relevance in social innovation. The answers in GVB are conducted by the government and civil society institutions that collectively act on the field. Despite the efforts to end violence against women, there is a long road to deconstructing inequalities, and social and cultural structures that evidence and contribute to maintaining the phenomenon. Since …


Is Gift A Token Of Gratitude Or An Imposition Of Identity? Facilitating Positive Consequences Of Gift-Giving With Receiver-Centred Design, Houjiang Liu, Miso Kim Oct 2023

Is Gift A Token Of Gratitude Or An Imposition Of Identity? Facilitating Positive Consequences Of Gift-Giving With Receiver-Centred Design, Houjiang Liu, Miso Kim

IASDR Conference Series

Gifts are more than things; they represent and tie together human relationships. While people often treat it as a token of social interactions, the presentation of a gift could impose an identity that reflects gift-givers’ images of gift-receivers. Because gift-giving is a social behaviour situated in the cultural and economic context, the perceived value of gifts is greatly affected by the social norms and the consumer market, in which design plays an important role. In this paper, we first discuss how commodities can be transformed into gifts and what kinds of design activities influence such transformations. We found that most …


Global Goals, Local Future Stories: Unpacking Contrasts And Visions Of Circular Economy Activities In Neighbourhood Makerspaces, María Laura Ramírez Galleguillos, Damla Çay, Aykut Coşkun Oct 2023

Global Goals, Local Future Stories: Unpacking Contrasts And Visions Of Circular Economy Activities In Neighbourhood Makerspaces, María Laura Ramírez Galleguillos, Damla Çay, Aykut Coşkun

IASDR Conference Series

Circular makerspaces have the potential to contribute to sustainable development goals (SDGs) by promoting circular-making activities such as reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling. However, community building is essential for maintaining a circular makerspace, which requires engaging the makers and future users in circular-making activities. In this paper, we argue that involving locals in the design of circular makerspaces can facilitate community building and support makers' sense of belonging to the space. We present the experience of involving citizens in establishing circular makerspaces in seven European cities as part of the EU-funded H2020 project, [Project Name]. We developed a technique, called …


The Social Influences Of Digital Technologies In The Design Of S.Pss And De: A Literature Review, Alessandra Caroline Canfield Petrecca, Carlo Arnaldo Vezzoli Oct 2023

The Social Influences Of Digital Technologies In The Design Of S.Pss And De: A Literature Review, Alessandra Caroline Canfield Petrecca, Carlo Arnaldo Vezzoli

IASDR Conference Series

Digital technologies have become essential in most parts of the world. Being leveraged by the covid-19 pandemic, they have been used to scale up and create new products and services in different sectors. It is a shared understanding that these disruptive technologies have caused profound changes in the structure of society and, particularly, opening discussions about ethics and democracy. The Sustainable Product-Service (S.PSS) and Distributed Economy (DE) systems models are win-win opportunities for sustainability, not only in the economic and environmental but also, in the social dimension, sometimes neglected. Despite the growing application of digital technologies, there are few discussions …


Why Design Matters In Local Business Commoning, Yedam Ryou, Chorong Kim, Eunji Woo, Ki-Young Nam Oct 2023

Why Design Matters In Local Business Commoning, Yedam Ryou, Chorong Kim, Eunji Woo, Ki-Young Nam

IASDR Conference Series

The role of design is vital in facilitating the collaborative activities among various stakeholders in "commoning". Commoning local businesses can lead to the revitalization of a local economy with the local residents generating both commercial and social benefits. However, commoning in general is geared toward creating social benefits. As such, the existing model of commoning is not suitable for local business commoning. The few existing cases of local business commoning show that residents and proprietors benefit from exchanging resources based on their needs, but these exchanges tend to take place in ad-hoc and/or one-off ways. Therefore, this research aims to …


Changing Heritage, Rodolfo Maffeis, Trocchianesi Raffaella, Franzato Carlo, Mason Marco Oct 2023

Changing Heritage, Rodolfo Maffeis, Trocchianesi Raffaella, Franzato Carlo, Mason Marco

IASDR Conference Series

The paper deals with changing processes of the cultural heritage through different perspectives: how the power of the change can be recognized both in the historic art masters approach and in their representations? How these historic art masters have triggered iconographic and conceptual agents of innovation? How Design for Cultural Heritage can envision new sustainable scenarios taking into account sociopolitical, cultural and climatic changes? In this complex context and age, what are new models of cultural experiences? What is the role of digital in museums transformation? Herein we will explore new definitions of contemporary museology and museography, like the digitally …


Snapping (Identities) Through Design Forward, Sara Iebole Oct 2023

Snapping (Identities) Through Design Forward, Sara Iebole

IASDR Conference Series

«Social norms are powerful. People will mostly do what they see others do. It’s how the human animal learns to succeed. What we learn from the curricula of conventional education pales in comparison to what we learn by watching the actual behavior of the teachers and students around us.» (Mau, 2020). This reflection, in relation to design as a discipline capable of enacting transformative processes in society - defining it through the formalization of roles and possibilities, as well as to stereotypes and forms of oppression - offers an inspiring perspective of the subject matter. In fact, Design is a …


Exploring And Facilitating Daoism's Contributions To Design Prototype, A Case Study From A "More-Than-Human" Social Innovation Project: Hokkhi, Jixiang Jiang, Shu Zhang, Yizao Wu Oct 2023

Exploring And Facilitating Daoism's Contributions To Design Prototype, A Case Study From A "More-Than-Human" Social Innovation Project: Hokkhi, Jixiang Jiang, Shu Zhang, Yizao Wu

IASDR Conference Series

In the face of the current environmental crises and the emergent debate over how we as a species should respond to it, local-context discussions, research, and practice are rapidly growing in a number of regions. Within the confines of the design community, there is an ever-growing view of these discussions as representing a culturally diverse perspective on design, as opposed to the current Western-centric design shaped by modernism and capitalist market economies, and as representing the emergence of an emerging design scene of pluriverse. This study extends the concept of the oyster reef conservation project referred to as "Hokkhi," produced …


Fostering Social Inclusion: Empathic Approaches For Migrant-Centred Design, Vanessa Cesário, Paulo Bala, Shuhao Ma, Valentina Nisi Oct 2023

Fostering Social Inclusion: Empathic Approaches For Migrant-Centred Design, Vanessa Cesário, Paulo Bala, Shuhao Ma, Valentina Nisi

IASDR Conference Series

In recent decades, the field of design, particularly interaction design, has brought attention to the experiences of migrants with technology. A key aspect of this research has been the active involvement of displaced communities in the design process, through the implementation of empathic design approaches. These approaches place significant value on subjective and experiential perspectives fostering a thought process in which individuals seek to understand others by relating to their experiences. Following this empathic approach, this work focuses on the design for and with migrants, by engaging long-term migrants through a focus group and a participatory activity. The aim of …


How The Genai Sex Education Advisor Became Feasible: Exploring The Future Design Principles For Child Sex Education In The Community, Xiaoling Lin, Shuai Sun, Xuan He, Ai Zhang Oct 2023

How The Genai Sex Education Advisor Became Feasible: Exploring The Future Design Principles For Child Sex Education In The Community, Xiaoling Lin, Shuai Sun, Xuan He, Ai Zhang

IASDR Conference Series

Children's sexual sensitivity in community settings poses challenges for caregivers who struggle to address inquiries appropriately. Establishing trust is crucial, as it affects children's willingness to seek help in case of abuse. Generative AI (GenAI) presents an opportunity to bridge the gap between expert counselling and wider populations. This study aimed to identify barriers, perceived advantages, limitations, and functional preferences of caregivers to accept GenAI-powered conversational agent that assist with child sex education. We chose ChatGPT as the design probe, providing caregivers with sex education guidance and analyzed the data using Grounded Theory. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use …


Design For Expanding Interaction And Cognitive Enhancement In Virtual Reality, Youngil Cho Oct 2023

Design For Expanding Interaction And Cognitive Enhancement In Virtual Reality, Youngil Cho

IASDR Conference Series

How does a human have a natural interactive feeling in the virtual space as the same or more as in the real world? For the expanding interaction in the virtual space which is the more important axis of evaluation between “I” as subject-oriented and “target” as object-oriented? The present research gives an insight into the role of self-consciousness in embodied cognition, the ability to recognize an object's physical location as well as the physical relationships between objects with a focus on the evaluation axes between the subject and object. The results show that self-consciousness types and oriented evaluation axis influence …