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Articles 1 - 30 of 31
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The Issue Of Intent In The Genocide Convention And Its Effect On The Prevention And Punishment Of The Crime Of Genocide: Toward A Knowledge-Based Approach, Katherine Goldsmith
The Issue Of Intent In The Genocide Convention And Its Effect On The Prevention And Punishment Of The Crime Of Genocide: Toward A Knowledge-Based Approach, Katherine Goldsmith
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Since the Genocide Convention was created in 1948, its effectiveness has been hindered by debates on what the definition actually means. It has been widely accepted that the meaning of ‘‘intent,’’ within the Genocide Convention, refers to specific or special intent, dolus specialis. However, as more trials have taken place, creating more understanding of the crime of genocide, the linking of dolus specialis with the intent definition, that was so easily accepted at the first genocide trial (Akayesu at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda [ICTR]), has been repeatedly put into question. The new approach being put forward as the …
Memory Controversies In Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications For Peacebuilding, Elisabeth King
Memory Controversies In Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications For Peacebuilding, Elisabeth King
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Intrastate wars and genocides result in devastating losses and leave deep and lasting scars on those who survive. Making space for civilians to share their experiences of violence and to have them publicly acknowledged—especially by their own governments—can be important parts of (re)knitting the social fabric. This article focuses on the experiences of ordinary Rwandans during and after their country’s civil war and genocide. It is centered on excerpts from a series of field interviews and highlights Rwandans’ memories in their own words. This article contrasts this cross-section of civilian narratives with the official memories of violence that the national …
Editors’ Introduction, Nicholas Robins
Editors’ Introduction, Nicholas Robins
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Full Issue 5.3
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
An Analysis Of Perspectives On The Office Of The Special Adviser On The Prevention Of Genocide, Aidan Hehir
An Analysis Of Perspectives On The Office Of The Special Adviser On The Prevention Of Genocide, Aidan Hehir
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In April 2004, on the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, the UN secretary- general established the Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG). While the OSAPG has been hailed in some quarters as major institu- tional reform of significant importance, there has been no focused academic analysis of its mandate and work to date. This article addresses this gap and is based on a series interviews conducted with prominent members of the OSAPG itself and experts in the field of human rights. The article analyzes the differing perspectives on the OSAPG and identifies the major …
Reconciliation And Justice After Genocide: A Theoretical Exploration, Geneviève Parent
Reconciliation And Justice After Genocide: A Theoretical Exploration, Geneviève Parent
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article argues that the post-conflict reconciliation process is undermined by the importance given to the retributive form of justice dominating peacebuild- ing and transitional justice measures. Retributive justice reinforces the division between perpetrator and victim, thus undermining the reconciliation process between antagonistic parties. The so-called objective categories of perpetrator and victim, so crucial for the administration and management of most peacebuilding measures, underestimate the individual and collective psychological dimension and intersub- jective effects that these categories have upon the healing and reconciliation pro- cesses. The significance of the psychological dimension of reconciliation suggests a restorative justice approach that emphasizes …
Dilemmas Of Teaching The “Greatest Silence”: Rape-As-Genocide In Rwanda, Darfur, And Congo, Kimberly A. Ducey
Dilemmas Of Teaching The “Greatest Silence”: Rape-As-Genocide In Rwanda, Darfur, And Congo, Kimberly A. Ducey
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The author describes the dilemmas of teaching about rape-as-genocide, focusing on Rwanda, Darfur, and Congo. While theoretically and methodologically sophis- ticated academic writings are a crucial part of the pedagogical approach described here, the author’s focus is on the dilemmas associated with using testimonials and memoirs, documentaries, and commentaries. It is argued that such discourse helps make the subject matter more accessible to undergraduates. One of the key issues that arises from this discussion is students’ preference for first-hand accounts. Excerpts from the students’ writing dispersed throughout the article provide an essential and frank assessment of the importance of the …
The Armenian Genocide Of 1915 From A Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden, Vahagn Avedian
The Armenian Genocide Of 1915 From A Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden, Vahagn Avedian
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This study depicts how the Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire during World War I were perceived by a neutral small state, namely, Sweden. The Swedish knowledge should be of special interest since, as a neutral state during the entire conflict, Sweden had no immediate involvement or interest in the ongoing conflict; thus, any reporting about the events would have been untainted compared to that of the Entente or Turkey’s allies. The information at hand is also essential to an understanding of the subsequent Swedish reaction. However, surveying the full amount of information needed for comprehensively understand- ing and analyzing …
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Full Issue 5.2
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Book Review: Chris Hedges, Empire Of Illusion: The End Of Literacy And The Triumph Of Spectacle, Herb Hirsch
Book Review: Chris Hedges, Empire Of Illusion: The End Of Literacy And The Triumph Of Spectacle, Herb Hirsch
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
At first glance, a book that is a critical analysis of US culture might appear not be relevant to the study and prevention of genocide. This would be a profound mistake. Chris Hedges’ analysis is not only applicable but important. Hedges, author of the National Book Critics Circle–nominated War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (2002), has given those who consider themselves genocide scholars much to think about and to apply to their concerns. With the possible exception of chapter two, ‘‘The Illusion of Love,’’ he digs into modern American culture and casts a critic’s glare on what is …
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Editors’ Introduction, Daniel Feierstein, Henry Theriault
Editors’ Introduction, Daniel Feierstein, Henry Theriault
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This special section focuses on genocide and related mass violence in Latin America. Clearly there is a long history of genocide of indigenous peoples, from the arrival of Columbus and other conquerors to the present day. Perpetrated first by European colonial powers, particularly Spain and Portugal, genocidal activities continued in postcolonial settler states following the revolutions of the nineteenth century. Government shifted from Europe to local Euro-American, as well as in some cases indigenous, elites, who shared economic and thus political power with imperialist international actors—including, in many cases, the United States and some of its large corporations. Human-rights abuses …
Discussing Indigenous Genocide In Argentina: Past, Present, And Consequences Of Argentinean State Policies Toward Native Peoples, Walter Delrio, Diana Lenton, Marcelo Musante, Marino Nagy
Discussing Indigenous Genocide In Argentina: Past, Present, And Consequences Of Argentinean State Policies Toward Native Peoples, Walter Delrio, Diana Lenton, Marcelo Musante, Marino Nagy
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
For a long time the historiographical and anthropological narrative in Argentina contributed to a double assumption that is nowadays strongly grounded in citizens’ common sense. On the one hand, the extinction of Indigenous peoples is vaguely dated to a period from the Spanish conquest to the military campaigns known as the ‘‘conquest of the desert’’; on the other hand, such extinction is simultaneously interpreted as a ‘‘natural’’ process in universal history. Argentine state policies were thus naturalized. It is frequently assumed that this set of natural processes might have left only individual ‘‘descendants,’’ in place of political entities. There- fore, …
The Opposition Front Against Compulsory Military Service: The Conscription Debate And Human-Rights Activism In Post-Dictatorship Argentina, Santiago Garaño
The Opposition Front Against Compulsory Military Service: The Conscription Debate And Human-Rights Activism In Post-Dictatorship Argentina, Santiago Garaño
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Compulsory military service (CMS) was in place in Argentina from 1902 to 1995. Although its abolition was directly linked to the murder of soldier Omar Carrasco, the prosecution of this case of violence should not ignore the pre-existing opposi- tion movement that developed toward the end of the last dictatorship (1976– 1983). Within the context of a wider debate on the functioning of conscription, in November 1983 a group of human-rights activists launched the Opposition Front against the CMS (FOSMO). This article examines FOSMO’s history, which offers insight into the hypothesis that, under certain historical and political circum- stances, human-rights …
Additional Introduction, Herb Hirsch
Additional Introduction, Herb Hirsch
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The second part of this issue of Genocide Studies and Prevention presents an essen- tial article on the debates in the UN Security Council in 1994, which determined whether or not to intervene in the Rwandan Genocide.
The Czech Republic On The Un Security Council: The Rwandan Genocide, Karel Kovanda
The Czech Republic On The Un Security Council: The Rwandan Genocide, Karel Kovanda
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The Rwanda civil war that in 1994 degenerated into a slaughter of the country’s Tutsi, amounting to genocide, was possibly the world’s most devastating blood- bath of the 1990s. In 1994, the newly formed Czech Republic took up its place as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council; Karel Kovanda was the Czech Ambassador at the time. Drawing on internal documents of the Czech Foreign Service and on his own private notes, as well as on a wealth of published information, Kovanda details in this personal memoir the step-by-step evolution of the Rwandan tragedy as he and his delegation …
Book Review: Hrayr S. Karagueuzian And Yair Auron, A Perfect Injustice: Genocide And Theft Of Armenian Wealth, U ̆Gur U ̈Mit U ̈Ngo ̈R
Book Review: Hrayr S. Karagueuzian And Yair Auron, A Perfect Injustice: Genocide And Theft Of Armenian Wealth, U ̆Gur U ̈Mit U ̈Ngo ̈R
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Between 1895 and 1955, Ottoman Armenians suffered enormous loss of life and property as a result of pogroms, massacres, and other forms of mass violence. The 1915 Armenian Genocide can be seen as the zenith of this process of decline and destruction. It consisted of a series of genocidal strategies: the mass executions of elites, categorical deportations, forced assimilation, destruction of material culture, an artificially created famine, and, last but not least, collective dispossession. The state-orchestrated plunder of Armenians immediately pauperized the victims; this was at once a condition for and a consequence of the genocide. The Young Turk political …
Denial Of The Reality Of State Terrorism In Argentina As Narrative Of The Recent Past: A New Case Of “Negationism”?, Mario Ranalletti
Denial Of The Reality Of State Terrorism In Argentina As Narrative Of The Recent Past: A New Case Of “Negationism”?, Mario Ranalletti
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article applies the concept of negationism—from a French basis—to an analysis of the activities and discourse of groups and individuals who define the state terrorism applied in Argentina between 1975 and 1983 as a ‘‘war’’ against ‘‘Marxist subversion,’’ in defense of ‘‘Christian and Occidental Civilization.’’ By distorting history and systematically denying the reality of state terrorism, Argentine negationists try to disguise the vindication of state terrorism as a fight for the truth and memory. The article is organized in three parts. A brief review of the origins of this concept and of the negationist current in France is followed …
Book Review: Kim S. Theriault, Rethinking Arshile Gorky, Sara Cohan
Book Review: Kim S. Theriault, Rethinking Arshile Gorky, Sara Cohan
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
I was twenty-eight years old when I visited the Whitney Museum for the first time. I immediately dashed to see the beloved painting The Artist and His Mother by Arshile Gorky. As I stood in awe in front of the painting, my eyes wandered to the museum placard. It read ‘‘Arshile Gorky, American Artist.’’ My heart stopped. It felt like as if the wave of genocide denial so often experienced by those of Armenian descent had crashed against that wall of the Whitney—erasing not only Gorky’s heritage but my own. A scholar in the field would have known what to …
“Ethnic Cleansing” And Genocidal Intent: A Failure Of Judicial Interpretation?, Douglas Singleterry
“Ethnic Cleansing” And Genocidal Intent: A Failure Of Judicial Interpretation?, Douglas Singleterry
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article analyzes the similarities and distinctions between ‘‘ethnic cleansing’’ and genocide in the context of both Bosnia’s and Croatia’s genocide claims against Serbia brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It examines the institutional role of the ICJ and the criticisms on how the Court handled Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro. The legal definition and elements of genocide as contained in the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the required intent to ‘‘destroy’’ a protected group. The article reviews case law from …
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Book Review: Nicholas A. Jones, The Courts Of Genocide: Politics And The Rule Of Law In Rwanda And Arusha , Gerald Caplan
Book Review: Nicholas A. Jones, The Courts Of Genocide: Politics And The Rule Of Law In Rwanda And Arusha , Gerald Caplan
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Countries emerging from the dark night of conflict and oppression into the light of a new dawn face an almost limitless number of seemingly intractable problems. Think of Cambodia after the Khmer, South Africa after apartheid, Rwanda after the geno- cide. The economy, unemployment, infrastructure, governance, public service, school- ing, health care, reconciliation, justice, trauma—all need to be dealt with, and all simultaneously. Yet over the last two decades, of all these daunting challenges it has been issues related to post-conflict justice and reconciliation that have received most public attention. An entire industry of professionals and institutions who claim to …
The Devil In The Details: “Life Force Atrocities” And The Assault On The Family In Times Of Conflict, Elisa Von Joeden-Forgey
The Devil In The Details: “Life Force Atrocities” And The Assault On The Family In Times Of Conflict, Elisa Von Joeden-Forgey
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article introduces the idea of ‘‘life force atrocities’’ and investigates the role they have played in twentieth-century genocides, arguing that genocide is a gen- dered crime intimately associated with institutions of reproduction. Using exam- ples from established cases of genocide, such as the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, Bosnia, and Rwanda, as well as from conflicts not generally under- stood as genocides, such as Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the article outlines two types of life force atrocities that have been common features of these conflicts: inversion rituals and ritual desecrations. Each of these instances of …
Full Issue 5.1
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
On The Timing Of Genocide, Deborah Mayersen
On The Timing Of Genocide, Deborah Mayersen
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article offers new insights as to the timing of genocide. Current models of the preconditions of genocide offer value information as to its antecedents, but do not adequately explain how these factors develop and coalesce over time. The present article follows the temporal development of the risk of genocide in both the Ottoman Empire prior to the Armenian genocide of 1915 and Rwanda prior to the 1994 genocide. Through analyzing these case studies, it suggests that there are substantial commonalities in the progression of risk of genocide over time. A new model is proposed that incorporates temporal progression as …
Genocidal Intentions: Social Death And The Ex-Gay Movement, Sue E. Spivey, Christine M. Robinson
Genocidal Intentions: Social Death And The Ex-Gay Movement, Sue E. Spivey, Christine M. Robinson
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In this article, the authors contribute to the literature on predicting and prevent- ing genocide in an international context, focusing on social death practices elabo- rated in articles II(b)–(e) of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG). Analyzing ex-gay movement texts, the authors apply James Waller’s theoretical framework, which explains how ordinary people commit extraordinary acts of brutality, to the rhetoric and public policy advocacy of prominent ex-gay movement organizations and entre- preneurs. Further, they examine the extent to which this new religious movement promotes public policies in the United States …
From Real Friend To Imagined Foe: The Medieval Roots Of Anti-Semitism As A Precondition For The Holocaust, Christopher Tuckwood
From Real Friend To Imagined Foe: The Medieval Roots Of Anti-Semitism As A Precondition For The Holocaust, Christopher Tuckwood
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This study examines the medieval roots of European anti-Semitism as a precondi- tion for the Holocaust. The twelfth century saw an important transition from Jews being viewed as the adherents of a competing religion to dangerous, inhuman threats to the broader Christian society for the first time. Northern France is used as a case study, examining several Jewish, Christian, and secular primary sources to understand the factors leading to gradual Jewish dehumanization. Growing Church influence and resulting restrictions forced some Jews into what would become their stereotypical occupation of moneylending. Lacking awareness of this broader process and as a result …
Review Essay: Transforming R2p From Rhetoric To Reality, Damien Rogers
Review Essay: Transforming R2p From Rhetoric To Reality, Damien Rogers
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Adopted in September 2005 by the UN General Assembly as part of the UN World Summit’s Outcome Document, the ‘‘Responsibility to Protect’’ (R2P) principle has gained demonstrable traction during the first decade of the new millennium. It was first used and defined as the title for the 2001 report of the International Com- mission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). R2P was also featured in the report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, entitled A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (2004). Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan also embraced R2P in his own report, In …
Review Essay: Old Concerns And New Plays In The Theater Of Genocide, Robert Skloot
Review Essay: Old Concerns And New Plays In The Theater Of Genocide, Robert Skloot
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This review essay describes and evaluates the theatrical strategies and dramatic contributions of seven stage productions that represent recent examples of the Theater of Genocide. Taken together, they deal with Bosnia (Roel Adam), Cam- bodia (Catherine Filloux), Congo (Lynn Nottage), Darfur (Winter Miller), and Rwanda (Erik Ehn, J.T. Rogers and Dorcey Rugamba). The author focuses on a number of major issues in theater criticism: (a) the nature and effectiveness of empathy, (b) the use of white, Western characters to serve as surrogates for white, Western audiences’ emotional investment in the stories, and (c) the artistic use of historical events for …