Digital Commons Network^™

Passport To Toledo: Cuno, The World Trade Organization, And The European Court Of Justice, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

Articles

The purpose of this article is to try to place the debate about Cuno v. DaimlerChrysler in a broader perspective by connecting it with the overall discussion of harmful tax competition. It discusses two hypothetical scenarios under which the city of Toledo, Ohio, is (a) a separate country and (b) a member state of the European Union. If the first hypothetical were true, the tax incentives offered by Toledo would violate the rules of the World Trade Organization; if the second hypothetical were true, the tax incentives would also violate the Treaty of Rome, as interpreted by the European Court …

Properties Of Stars In The Subaru Deep Field, Michael Richmond

Articles

We investigate the properties of objects in the Subaru Deep Field (SDF), using public catalogs constructed from images in several optical passbands. Using a small subset of objects most likely to be stars, we construct a stellar locus in three-dimensional color space. We then compare the position of all objects relative to this locus to create larger samples of stars in the SDF with rough spectral types. The number counts of stars defined in this way are consistent with those of current models of the Galaxy.

Resolving The Shocks In Radio Galaxy Nebulae: Hst And Radio Imaging Of 3c 171, 3c 277.3, And Pks 2250-41, Avanti Tilak, Christopher P. O'Dea, Clive Tadhunter, Karen Willis, Rafaella Morganti, Stefi A. Baum, Anton M. Koekemoer, Daniele Dallacasa

Articles

We present the results of HST/WFPC2 medium and narrow band imaging and VLA and MERLIN2 radio imaging of three powerful radio galaxies: 3C 171, 3C 277.3, and PKS 2250-41. We obtained images of the rest frame [OIII] 5007 and [OII] 3727 line emission using the Linear Ramp Filters on WFPC2. The correlations between the emission line morphology and the [OIII]/[OII] line ratios with the radio emission seen in ground based observations are clarified by the HST imaging. We confirm that the radio lobes and hot-spots are preferentially associated with lower ionization gas. 3C 171 exhibits high surface brightness emission line …

Organics: The Emperor's New Clothes?, Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire

Articles

This article ponders if organic food is indeed healthier or if it's just a fad for the wooly jumper brigade!

The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. X. Half-Light Radii Of Globular Clusters In Early-Type Galaxies: Environmental Dependencies And A Standard Ruler For Distance Estimation, Andrés Jordán, Patrick Côté, John P. Blakeslee, David Merritt, Et Al.

Articles

We have measured half-light radii, rh, for thousands of globular clusters (GCs) belonging to the one hundred early-type galaxies observed in the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey and the elliptical galaxy NGC 4697. An analysis of the dependencies of the measured half-light radii on both the properties of the GCs themselves and their host galaxies reveals that, in analogy with GCs in the Galaxy but in a milder fashion, the average half-light radius increases with increasing galactocentric distance or, alternatively, with decreasing galaxy surface brightness. For the first time, we find that the average half-light radius decreases with the host galaxy …

Opting Out Of Liability: The Forthcoming, Near-Total Demise Of The Modern Class Action, Myriam E. Gilles

Articles

It is reasonable to expect that courts will demonstrate great solicitude for the recent innovation that I term "collective action waivers" - i.e., contractual provisions contained within arbitration agreements whereby consumers and others waive their rights to participate in any form of collective litigation or class arbitration. The history of mass tort class actions and the hegemonic expansion of pro-arbitration jurisprudence compel this conclusion. And, as the now-dominant economic model of contract law has moved the focus of courts from the value of consent to the value of efficiency, arbitration agreements found in all manner of shrink-wrap, scroll-text and bill-stuffer …

Massive Black Hole Binary Evolution, David Merritt, Milos Milosavljevic

Articles

Coalescence of binary supermassive black holes (SBHs) would constitute the strongest sources of gravitational waves to be observed by LISA. While the formation of binary SBHs during galaxy mergers is almost inevitable, coalescence requires that the separation between binary components first drop by a few orders of magnitude, due presumably to interaction of the binary with stars and gas in a galactic nucleus. This article reviews the observational evidence for binary SBHs and discusses how they would evolve. No completely convincing case of a bound, binary SBH has yet been found, although a handful of systems (e.g. interacting galaxies; remnants …

Extended Emission Around Gps Radio Sources, Carlo Stanghellini, Christopher P. O'Dea, Daniele Dallacasa, P. Cassaro, Stefi A. Baum, R. Fanti, C. Fanti

Articles

Extended radio emission detected around a sample of GHz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) radio sources is discussed. Evidence for extended emission which is related to the GPS source is found in 6 objects out of 33. Three objects are associated with quasars with core-jet pc-scale morphology, and three are identified with galaxies with symmetric (CSO) radio morphology.We conclude that the core-jet GPS quasars are likely to be beamed objects with a continuous supply of energy from the core to the kpc scale. It is also possible that low surface brightness extended radio emission is present in other GPS quasars but the …

An Optical-Infrared Jet In 3c 133, David J.E. Floyd, Robert Laing, Marco Chiaberge, David Axon, Christopher P. O'Dea, Stefi A. Baum, Et Al.

Articles

We report the discovery of a new optical-IR synchrotron jet in the radio galaxy 3C 133 from our HST/NICMOS snapshot survey. The jet and eastern hotspot are well resolved, and visible at both optical and IR wavelengths. The IR jet follows the morphology of the inner part of the radio jet, with three distinct knots identified with features in the radio. The radio-IR SED’s of the knots are examined, along with those of two more distant hotspots at the eastern extreme of the radio feature. The detected emission appears to be synchrotron, with peaks in the NIR for all except …

Long-Term Evolution Of Massive Black Hole Binaries. Ii. Binary Evolution In Low-Density Galaxies, Peter Berczik, David Merritt, Rainer Spurzem

Articles

We use direct-summation N-body integrations to follow the evolution of binary black holes at the centers of galaxy models with large, constant-density cores. Particle numbers as large as 0.4 × 106 are considered. The results are compared with the predictions of loss-cone theory, under the assumption that the supply of stars to the binary is limited by the rate at which they can be scattered into the binary’s influence sphere by gravitational encounters. The agreement between theory and simulation is quite good; in particular, we are able to quantitatively explain the observed dependence of binary hardening rate on N. We …

Detection Of The Baryon Acoustic Peak In The Large-Scale Correlation Function Of Sdss Luminous Red Galaxies, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Idit Zehavi, David W. Hogg, Michael Richmond, Et Al.

Articles

We present the large-scale correlation function measured from a spectroscopic sample of 46,748 luminous red galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The survey region covers 0.72h−3Gpc3 over 3816 square degrees and 0.16 < z < 0.47, making it the best sample yet for the study of large-scale structure. We find a well-detected peak in the correlation function at 100h−1Mpc separation that is an excellent match to the predicted shape and location of the imprint of the recombination-epoch acoustic oscillations on the low-redshift clustering of matter. This detection demonstrates the linear growth of structure by gravitational instability between z ≈ 1000 and the present and confirms a firm prediction of the standard cosmological theory. The acoustic peak provides a standard ruler by which we can measure the ratio of the distances to z = 0.35 and z = 1089 to 4% fractional accuracy and the absolute distance to z = 0.35 to 5% accuracy. From the overall shape of the correlation function, we measure the matter density mh2 to 8% and find agreement with the value from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. Independent of the constraints provided by the CMB acoustic scale, we find m = 0.273±0.025+0.123(1+w0)+0.137 K. Including the CMB acoustic scale, we find that the spatial curvature is K = −0.010± 0.009 if the dark energy is a cosmological constant. More generally, our results provide a measurement of cosmological distance, and hence an argument for dark energy, based on a geometric method with the same simple physics as the microwave background anisotropies. The standard cosmological model convincingly passes these new and robust tests of its fundamental properties. (Refer to PDF file for exact formulas).

Time-Dependent Models For Dark Matter At The Galactic Center, Gianfranco Bertone, David Merritt

Articles

The prospects for indirect detection of dark matter at the Galactic center with gamma-ray experiments like the space telescope GLAST, and Air Cherenkov Telescopes like HESS, CANGAROO, MAGIC and VERITAS, depend sensitively on the mass profile within the inner parsec. We calculate the distribution of dark matter on sub-parsec scales by integrating the time-dependent Fokker-Planck equation, including the effects of self-annihilations, scattering of dark matter particles by stars, and capture in the supermassive black hole. We consider a variety of initial dark matter distributions, including models with very high densities (“spikes”) near the black hole, and models with “adiabatic compression” …

Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Snapshot Survey Of 3cr Radio Source Counterparts At Low Redshift, Juan Madrid, Marco Chiaberge, David Floyd, David Axon, Christopher P. O'Dea, Stefi A. Baum, Et Al.

Articles

We present newly acquired images of the near-infrared counterpart of 3CR radio sources. All the sources were selected to have a redshift of less than 0.3 to allow us to obtain the highest spatial resolution. The observations were carried out as a snapshot program using the Near-Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrograph (NICMOS) on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). In this paper we describe 69 radio galaxies observed for the first time with NICMOS during HST cycle 13. All the objects presented here are elliptical galaxies. However, each of them has unique characteristics such as close companions, dust lanes, unresolved nuclei, …

Broadband Nulling Of A Vortex Phase Mask, Grover Jr Swartzlander

Articles

A pulse transmitted through a helical vortex phase mask undergoes a temporal Hilbert transform. The fluence transmitted into the unfavorable plane wave mode is found to increase as the square of the bandwidth and, to first order, is independent of the topological charge.

Informational Efficiency: An Empirical Test In Asian Currency Crisis, Zhaohui Zhang, Khondkar E. Karim

Articles

In this paper, we examine whether the trading of the equities of the U.S. international lenders was informationally efficient when the IMF announced its term loan agreement concerning South Korea in late 1997. More specifically, we test whether the foreign exposure levels of different lenders can be distinguished and used by investors to rapidly price the lenders’ stocks proportionally according to the foreign exposure levels. A cross-sectional CAR regression model id used. The evidence indicates that the market is informationally efficient in trading the lenders’ equities during the IMF assistance of South Korea as investors incorporated the foreign exposure into …

Antiviral Agents For Pregnant Women With Genital Herpes, Christopher Wenner Md

Articles

Clinical Question

Do antiviral medications prevent perinatal transmission of genital herpes to neonates?

Evidence-Based Answer

There is no evidence that the use of antiviral agents in women who are pregnant and have a history of genital herpes prevents perinatal transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to neonates. [Strength of recommendation: A, based on multiple systematic reviews] However, treatment with antivirals during the last month of pregnancy does reduce the rate of HSV outbreaks in pregnant women and the resultant need for cesarean delivery. [Strength of recommendation: A, based on multiple systematic reviews]

Tom Aikens, Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire

Articles

This article reviews the London restaurant 'Tom Aikens' and discusses whether the artist must be present for the food to be fine! The lunch was produced by Dylan McGrath. Alan Ducasse was asked 'who cooks the food when you are not in the kitchen?' and replied, 'the same person who cooks it when I am in the kitchen!'

Size Matters (Or Should) In Copyright Law, Justin Hughes

Articles

American copyright law has a widely recognized prohibition against the copyrighting of titles, short phrases, and single words. Despite this bar, effective advocacy has often pushed courts into recognizing independent copyright protection for smaller and smaller pieces of expression, particularly in recent cases involving valuation and taxonomy systems. Copyright case law is rife with dicta suggesting protection of short phrases and single words.

This instability in copyright law is rooted in the fiction that we deny copyright protection to short phrases and single words because they lack originality. In fact, there are many short phrases that cross copyright's low threshold …

Trusting Trustees: Fiduciary Duties And The Limits Of Default Rules, Melanie B. Leslie

Articles

No abstract provided.

In Defense Of The No Further Inquiry Rule: A Response To Professor John Langbein, Melanie B. Leslie

Articles

No abstract provided.

Characterization Of Surface Roughness Effects On Pressure Drop In Single-Phase Flow In Minichannels, Satish G. Kandlikar, Derek Schmitt, Andres L. Carrano, James B. Taylor

Articles

Roughness features on the walls of a channel wall affect the pressure drop of a fluid flowing through that channel. This roughness effect can be described by (i) flow area constriction and (ii) increase in the wall shear stress. Replotting the Moody's friction factor chart with the constricted flow diameter results in a simplified plot and yields a single asymptotic value of friction factor for relative roughness values of e/ D> 0.03 in the fully developed turbulent region. After reviewing the literature, three new roughness parameters are proposed (maximum profile peak height Rp, mean spacing of profile irregularities Rsm, and …

Hubble Space Telescope Stis Spectroscopy Of The Lyα Emission Line In The Central Dominant Galaxies In A426, A1795, And A2597: Constraints On Clouds In The Intracluster Medium, Stefi A. Baum, Ari Laor, Christopher P. O'Dea, Jennifer Mack, Anton M. Koekemoer

Articles

We report on HST/STIS spectra of the Ly-Alpha emission in the central dominant galaxies in three rich clusters of galaxies. We find evidence for a population of clouds in the intracluster medium. We detect 10 Ly-Alpha absorption systems towards the nucleus of NGC1275 with columns of N(HI) ~10^12 to 10^14 cm^−2. These columns would not have been detected in the 21 cm line, but are easily detected in the Ly-Alpha line. Most of the absorption features are located in the broad wings of the emission line. The detected absorption features are most consistent with associated nuclear absorption systems. There is …

Disparity: The Normative And Empirical Failure Of The Federal Guidelines, Albert Alschuler

Articles

No abstract provided.

A Methodology To Perform Online Self-Testing For Field-Programmable Analog Array Circuits, Amit Laknaur, Haibo Wang

Articles

This paper presents a methodology to perform online self-testing for analog circuits implemented on field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs). It proposes to partition the FPAA circuit under test into subcircuits. Each subcircuit is tested by replicating the subcircuit with programmable resources on the FPAA chip, and comparing the outputs of the subcircuit and its replication. To effectively implement the proposed methodology, this paper proposes a simple circuit partition method and develops techniques to address circuit stability problems that are often encountered in the proposed testing method. Furthermore, error sources in the proposed testing circuit are studied and methods to improve the …

On Phonography: A Response To Michael Rüsenberg, Christopher Delaurenti

Articles

A published response to Michael Rüsenberg's review of the composer's audio release Live at the WTO Protest, November 30, 1999.

Come Le Piccole Imprese Llogistiche Italiane Utilizzano I'Ict, Pietro Evangelista, Renzo Provedel, Edward Sweeney

Articles

No abstract provided.

Xbrl Usage: A Socio-Economic Perspective, Robert E. Pinsker, Stephen C. Gara, Khondkar Karim

Articles

eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) represents a standard format for exchanging business information which is capable of narrowing the reporting gap between public companies, regulators, and interested members of society (i.e., banks, investors, etc.). Through the use of tags, XBRL provides a standard language for reporting both financial and nonfinancial information not previously seen in the reporting environment, across different software applications. As a result, interested stakeholders can gain access to public information much more quickly and transparently than ever before. The current paper reports the corporate and regulatory usage of XBRL, as well as its potential impacts on various …

Correspondence: Testing Minimalism: A Reply, Cass R. Sunstein

Articles

No abstract provided.

Comparing The Gut Flora Of Irish Breastfed And Formula-Fed Neonates Aged Between Birth And 6 Weeks Old, Gordon Cooke, John Behan, Nicola Clarke, Winifred Gorman, Mary Costello

Articles

The exact composition of the complex microsystem that constitutes the gut flora continues to be explored as molecular methodology supplements traditional microbiological studies. The current study reports a random analysis of the faecal flora composition for 31 neonates in the 0–1 day age group, 41 neonates aged 2–5 days and 33 6-week-old neonates. All infants, born at the National Maternity Hospital, Ireland, were considered healthy, full-term normal deliveries and were either exclusively breastfed or formula-fed from birth. Microbiological and biochemical analyses of the faecal samples were used to specifically enumerate Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., …

Touristic Transcendence And Post Modern Flitting: An Exploration Of The Experiences Of Second Home Owners, Deirdre Quinn, Darach Turley

Articles

The focus of this article is the experience of the tourist as s/he moves between ordinary everyday non-tourist life and tourist life in the current postmodern consumption context.

A comprehensive review of the existing literature on second home consumption is presented. There is some emphasis on how it is practised by the Irish second home owner. This is a group that has been identified as being relatively under-researched in a consumer behaviour context; it is a group thst is affluent, growing and heterogeneous (Mottiar and Quinn 2003).

The vacation home is a complex issue within tourism being viewed as 'a …