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Caffeinated Gum Does Not Influence Rpe-Regulated Cadence In Recreationally-Active, College Females Regardless Of Habitual Caffeine Consumption, Maria L. Mask, Bandar A. Alghamdi, Lauren G. Killen, James M. Green, Eric K. O'Neal, Hunter S. Waldman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 1375-1387, 2021. Caffeine (CAF) has been extensively studied for its ergogenic and analgesic effects during exercise. However, the majority of these studies have been conducted in male populations. This study investigated the effects of acute CAF chewing gum on self-selected exercise intensity during a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) production trial in active females (n = 16, 21.0 ± 2.8 y). Data were also analyzed based on habitual CAF consumption level. Participants completed a V̇O_2peak trial, followed by a familiarization and two randomized, triple-blinded experimental RPE production trials on an arm ergometer …

Alterations In Glycemic Variability, Vascular Health, And Oxidative Stress Following A 12-Week Aerobic Exercise Intervention-A Pilot Study, Joshua R. Sparks, Mark A. Sarzynski, J. Mark Davis, Peter W. Grandjean, Xuewen Wang

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 1334-1353, 2021. The state of being overweight or obese leads to an increased risk of development of cardiometabolic disease. Increases in glycemic variability have been associated with greater induction of oxidative stress and declined vascular health, which may be exacerbated by higher weight status and improved through exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a twelve-week aerobic exercise intervention on continuous glucose monitor (CGM) assessed glucose concentrations and glycemic variability, and biomarkers of vascular health and oxidative stress in overweight or obese adults. Eight adults (Age = 48.9 ± …

Reverting To A Healthier Diet Or Employing An Aerobic Exercise Regime Independently Restore Muscle Fiber Phenotype Disturbed By High-Fat Diet In Muscle Of Mice, Nathan Serrano, Harkaran S. Sodhi, Kailin Johnsson, Laurel B. Winslow, Layla Al-Nakkash, Christos S. Katsanos

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity affects roughly 42% of the US population. High fat/high sugar diets (HFHS) often referred to as “western diet” contributes to this prevalence. Diet-induced obesity results in impaired metabolic responses and associated disease states (i.e., Type 2 Diabetes). Metabolic impairments in diet-induced obesity are a result of changes in muscle metabolism, and changes in muscle fiber phenotype, which is determined by the isoform-content of the protein myosin heavy chain (MHC). Fast muscle fiber phenotype (i.e. type IIb in mice) is characterized by lower capacity for utilization of lipids, implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes. Regular exercise shifts MHC …

Effect Of 4-Week Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation On Absolute Strength In Trained And Untrained Healthy Adults, Carson C. Vollmer, Brittany K. Sanchez

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is a synthetic form of creatine which has similar effects on the body as compared to the endogenous form. Creatine is used by the body to supply rapid ATP to muscles for contractile movements and is regularly obtained in the diet, primarily from meat products, or synthesized by the liver at a 24-hour turnover rate of approximately 1-2 g/day. Creatine supplementation is commonly used with the intention of improving muscular strength and hypertrophy for athletic performance along with enhanced recovery time, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and potential neuroprotective benefits. PURPOSE: The specific aim of this study is …

Cannabis And Cannabidiol Use In Active Individuals: A Survey Of Timing And Reasons For Use, Matthew M. Schubert, Jamie E. Hibbert, Richard Armenta, Erik A. Willis, Whitney Ogle

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The use of cannabis for medicinal and recreational purposes is widespread across the globe. However, relatively little is known regarding the use of cannabis and its constituents among athletic populations. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine timing of cannabis use relative to exercise, reasons for use, forms of consumption, and sources of information in active adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was administered electronically beginning in September 2020. Participants were recruited through social media advertisements, email blasts, and word of mouth. Data were collected on health and exercise habits, use of cannabis/cannabidiol (CBD), reasons for use, …

The Role Of Physical Activity In The Relationship Between Sitting Time And Insulin Resistance, Kayla Parker, Larry A. Tucker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The primary objective of the present study was to determine the role of physical activity in the relationship between sitting time and insulin resistance in 7,092 randomly selected U.S. adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2018, were used to answer the research question. NHANES data for 2019-2020 were not available because of COVID. Participants were selected using a multi-stage, random sampling strategy. Subjects reported average sitting time, quantified as the number of minutes spent per day sitting. Insulin resistance was determined using HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment). HOMA-IR is the most common measure …

Estrogen Receptor Alpha Controls Mitochondrial Function And Metabolic Homeostasis, And Is Critical For Exercise-Induced Improvements In Metabolism, Alexia M. Joseph

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle is an important tissue responsible for locomotion, oxidative metabolism, and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Because exercise is the most effective means to combat metabolic dysfunction and prevent the progression of type 2 diabetes, our laboratory is interested in understanding the molecular transducers underlying the health benefits of exercise. Previous work by our group has shown that muscle ESR1/ERα expression is correlated with indices of metabolic health, and Esr1 expression in muscle is induced following exercise training.

PURPOSE: Determine whether genetic overexpression of Esr1 to mimic transcript induction by physical activity is sufficient to produce favorable metabolic changes …

The Effects Of Exercise On Hunger And Satiety Hormone Concentrations Over A 36-Hour Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study, Jacob L. Coleman, Landon Deru, Hunter Chamberlain, Bruce W. Bailey

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Feelings of hunger and satiation are known to be influenced physiologically through hormone secretion. Ghrelin (GH) is known as the primary “hunger” hormone, and GLP-1, PP, PYY, and C-Peptide (CP) are hormones known to signal feelings of satiety. The aim of this study was to assess hunger and satiety hormone production during a prolonged fast, and to evaluate how an initial bout of exercise influences this secretion. Subjective feelings of mood and hunger were also assessed throughout.

Methods: In this crossover study, 20 adult subjects (11 Male, 9 Female) completed two 36-hour fasts, with one protocol requiring the subject …

Predictive Accuracy Of The Nelson Equation Via Bodpod Compared To Commonly Used Equations To Estimate Resting Metabolic Rate In Adults, Bryndan Lindsey, Daniel Shookster, Joel Martin, Nelson Cortes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 1166-1177, 2021. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is considered the gold standard for assessing resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, many people do not have access to IC devices and use prediction equations for RMR estimation. Equations using fat free mass (FFM) as a predictor have been developed to estimate RMR, as a strong relationship exists between FFM and RMR. One such equation is the Nelson equation which is used by the BodPod (BP). Yet, there is limited evidence whether the Nelson equation is superior to other common equations to predict RMR. To examine the agreement between …

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption And Substrate Oxidation Following High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects Of Recovery Manipulation, Márcio Sindorf, Moisés Germano, Wellington Dias, Danilo Batista, Tiago Braz, Marlene Moreno, Charles Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 1151-1165, 2021. The recovery manipulation during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have the potential to modulate the responses of post-exercise energy metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the type (i.e., passive and active) and duration (i.e., short and long) of the recovery between the intervals in HIIT affect the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates during the post-exercise recovery. Eight physically active men performed a maximal incremental test, to determine the peak oxygen consumption (O₂peak) and the first ventilatory …

Epoc Comparison Between Resistance Training And High-Intensity Interval Training In Aerobically Fit Women, Beau Kjerulf Greer, Julie O'Brien, Lyndsey Hornbuckle, Lynn Panton

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 1027-1035, 2021. Previous research has shown that various modes of exercise may elicit significant increases in resting metabolism for up to 24 hours post-exercise, but typically using untrained or moderately active subjects. The purpose of the present study was to compare excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between circuit-style resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in young, aerobically fit women. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, seven participants reported to the laboratory for evening and morning baseline resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurements via indirect calorimetry. Participants fasted and slept overnight in …

Beta-Alanine Supplementation For Four Weeks Increases Volume Index And Reduces Perceived Effort Of Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study., Julio Benvenutti Bueno De Camargo, Felipe Brigatto, Rafael Zaroni, Moises Germano, Raphael Conceicao, Alexandre Martins, Marcelo Aoki, Tiago Braz, Charles Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 994-1003, 2021. The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term effects of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (BA) (6.4 g/day) on the total volume performed and perceived effort of resistance-trained individuals. Sixteen trained men (age: 27.3 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.1 cm, total body mass: 84.3 ± 8.4 kg, RT experience: 5.9 ± 3.3 years) were allocated in one of the following groups: BA or Placebo (PLA). In addition, during the same period, participants were submitted to a resistance training program. Volume index (VI) and the rate of perceived …

Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery From Resistance Exercise In Young Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study, Jeferson L. Jacinto, João Pedro Nunes, Alex S. Ribeiro, Juliano Casonato, Mirela C. Roveratti, Bruna N. S. Sena, Edilson S. Cyrino, Rubens A. Da Silva, Andreo F. Aguiar

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 486-497, 2021. This study aimed to investigate the effects of free leucine supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in young adults. Fourteen untrained subjects (23.9 ± 3.6 years old) underwent RE sessions (leg press and hack squat: three sets of 8-12 reps at 70% 1RM) supplemented with leucine (LEU: two daily doses of 3g) or a placebo (PLA), separated by a seven-day washout period. Following each occasion, participants were evaluated in three subsequent days (24h, 48h, and 72h) for muscle recovery via a repetition-to-failure test. The following markers were assessed: repetition performance, …

Effects Of Caffeine On Exercise Duration, Critical Velocity, And Ratings Of Perceived Exertion During Repeated-Sprint Exercise In Physically Active Men, Jesse A. Stein, Heath Gasier, Blake Goodman, Melitza Ramirez, Blanca Delatorre, Cassandra Beattie, Thomas J. Barstow, Katie Heinrich

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 435-445, 2021. Caffeine improves short-to-moderate distance running performance, but the effect of caffeine on repeated sprints are equivocal. This research determined if caffeine improved exercise tolerance during repeated-sprint exercise. iCV is a running velocity that distinguishes intermittent running velocities (velocities ≤ iCV) that are sustainable from those resulting in a predictable time to exhaustion (velocities > iCV). Seven physically active men (age = 21.6 ± 1.5 years, body mass = 72.8 ± 5.1 kg, VO_2max = 56.9 ± 9.8 mL/kg/min) ingested caffeine (5 mg/kg) or placebo (crossover design) 60 min prior to an intermittent …

The Effects Of Multiple Bouts Of Tabata On Post-Exercise Metabolism: A Pilot Analysis, Blake W. Johnson, Alexander Alvara, James R. Rowe Jr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Compare the resting metabolic rate (RMR) following: 1) no exercise (REST), 2) completion of 1 bout of TABATA (1-BOUT), 3) completion of 2 bouts of TABATA (2-BOUT), and 4) completion of 10 bouts of TABATA (10-BOUT). METHODS: Recreationally active individuals (n = 5; 1F, 4M; age = 23.4 ± 1.9 yrs; body mass = 72. 7.2 ± 16.9 kg; body fat% = 28.7 ± 4.9) performed each of the 4 protocols on separate days with at least 7 days in between protocols. Rest consisted of not exercising on the day of the assessment. 1-BOUT consisted of performing a …

An Extended Period Of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Prior To Consumption Has No Additive Benefit On Cycling Performance, Henry D. Gebhardt, Eric J. Jones, Dustin P. Joubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Due to limited glycogen stores, carbohydrate (CHO) consumption during exercise is effective at improving performance in endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes in duration. Recent research has established that CHO mouth rinsing may improve performance over shorter durations, independent of actual consumption. However, research is lacking in determining if an extended period of mouth rinsing has any additive benefit in conjunction with typical CHO beverage consumption over longer competition durations, where CHO ingestion/consumption is likely warranted. PURPOSE: Determine the effects of CHO mouth rinsing combined with consumption compared to CHO consumption alone on cycling performance. METHODS: Following …

Influence Of Diet On Metabolic Physiology In People With And Without A Family History Of Type 2 Diabetes, Smaran Marupudi, Yu Lun Tai, Gabriel Figueroa, Saraswathy Nair, Jimmy Gonzalez, Emily Cisneros, Ryan D. Russell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence in the Rio Grande Valley is ~27% versus the 9% national average. Simply having a family history (FH+) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases T2D prevalence by ~40 over those with no family history (FH-). We have shown that FH+ display early markers of cardiometabolic impairment vs FH-, such as blunted microvascular reactivity, and impaired metabolic flexibility. What is not yet known is the degree to which environment vs genetics may contribute to these impairments. PURPOSE: This pilot study seeks to examine normal dietary patterns between FH groups to identify potential patterns in macro- and …

A Comparison Of High-Intensity Interval Running And Tabata On Postprandial Metabolism: A Pilot Analysis, Alexander R. Alvara, David J. Buckley, James R. Rowe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Compare the postprandial response following: 1) rest, 2) high-intensity interval running (HIIR), and 3) Tabata. METHODS: Recreationally active males (n = 7; age = 24.3 ± 4.8 yrs; body mass = 86.9 ± 20.1 kg; body fat% = 23.6 ± 6.2) performed each of the 3 bouts (in a randomized order) on 3 separate mornings with at least 7 days in between each bout. All participants were fasted for 10 hours prior to each bout. Rest was sitting for 25 minutes. Tabata was 25 minutes of repeated cycles of body calisthenics at maximal effort for 20 seconds followed …

Acylated And Unacylated Ghrelin Impact On Protein Synthesis And Signaling Pathways Of L6 Myotubes, Colleen L. Oreilly, Selina Uranga, James D. Fluckey

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ghrelin has recently become a hormone of interest in the fight against type two diabetes. Ghrelin is found in two forms (acylated vs. unacylated), with the acylated form of ghrelin being cited as diabetogenic purportedly due to its interaction with growth hormone secretion. Both the Acylated Ghrelin (AG) and Unacylated Ghrelin (UAG) forms are reported to have metabolic functions within skeletal muscle, despite having little expression of the only known ghrelin receptor known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (ghsr-1a). The investigation into AG and UAG on skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes (T2D) shows promise; however, the measures …

Appetite Alterations In Endurance Athletes Following The Ketogenic Diet, Austin J. Graybeal, Andreas Kreutzer, Petra Rack, Kamiah Moss, Garrett Augsburger, Jada L. Willis, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Meena Shah

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Recently, endurance athletes have utilized a very low-carbohydrate diet, the ketogenic diet (KD), to improve performance in competition. The KD may be associated with diminished appetite, but this has not been explored in endurance athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a KD compared to a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and habitual diet (HD) on both subjective and objective measures of appetite in highly-trained cyclists and triathletes. METHODS: Following their HD, six highly-trained (≥80^th percentile for V0_2max based on age and sex) cyclists and triathletes (male = 2, female = 4; …

The Relationship Between Dietary Intake And Sleep Quality In Endurance Athletes, Kamiah Moss, Andreas Kreutzer, Austin J. Graybeal, Yan Zhang, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Ryan R. Porter, Meena Shah

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Athletes have a high prevalence of poor sleep quality. It is unknown if dietary intake affects sleep quality in athletes. PURPOSE: To examine if sleep quality in endurance athletes is related to dietary intake. METHODS: Endurance athletes (n=187), 42.0±13.7 y, participated in the study. Participants completed questionnaires on demographics, dietary intake, and sleep quality. Sleep quality was assessed using the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), a validated tool, with scores ranging from 0-40 (higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality). The ASSQ subscales included sleep difficulty (SD), chronotype (C), and sleep disordered breathing (SDB). ASSQ-SD was categorized as having …

Ginger Root Extract Increases Mitochondrial Fission And Mitophagy In Diabetes Mellitus Rats, Casey Appell, Nigel Jiwan, Chwan-Li Shen, Hui-Ying Luk

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Diabetes (DM) is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., mitochondria fission/fusion and mitophagy) in which result in an accumulation of damaged mitochondria and further impaired insulin resistance. Ginger root extract (GRE) has been shown to improve mitochondrial biogenesis and decreased respiratory coefficient in DM model, however, the effect of GRE on the basal mitochondria fission/fusion and mitophagy state is limited. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of GRE on mitochondria fission/fusion and mitophagy transcript abundance in rats with diabetes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) with streptozotocin (STZ). METHOD: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: standard diet (STD; n=11), HFD with …

Geranylgeraniol Increases Autophagy And Mitophagy Gene Expression In Soleus Of Rats With Diabetes, Nigel C. Jiwan, Casey Appell, Rui Wang, Chwan-Li Shen, Hui-Ying Luk

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The autophagy and mitophagy (selective autophagy for mitochondria) processes are important in maintaining muscle homeostasis, e.g., removing damaged mitochondria. With diabetes, skeletal muscle autophagy decreases. Geranylgeraniol (GG) has been shown to reduce mitochondrial damage; however, the effect of GG on basal autophagy and mitophagy in diabetic rats is not known. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of GG on selective autophagy and mitophagy genes in rats with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) with streptozotocin (STZ). METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: normal diet (CON; n=11), HFD with 35 mg/kg body weight of STZ (HFD; n=9), …

Caffeine Supplementation Strategies Among Endurance Athletes, Andreas Kreutzer, Austin J. Graybeal, Kamiah Moss, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Meena Shah

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Caffeine is widely accepted as an ergogenic aid for endurance performance. Many laboratory studies use doses of 3-6 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min prior to exercise. It is unclear if endurance athletes employ similar supplementation schemes in practice. Further, there is a paucity of data regarding caffeine consumption in this population. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate caffeine supplementation strategies and consumption among endurance athletes. METHODS: A survey conducted on Qualtrics returned responses regarding caffeine supplementation from 247 endurance athletes (f = 129, m =118; age = 40.4 ± 18.4 y; pro = 11, current/former …

Comparison Of Indirect Calorimetry And Common Prediction Equations For Evaluating Changes In Resting Metabolic Rate Induced By Resistance Training And A Hypercaloric Diet, Christian Rodriguez, Patrick S. Harty, Matthew T. Stratton, Madelin R. Siedler, Robert W. Smith, Baylor A. Johnson, Jacob R. Dellinger, Abegale D. Williams, Sarah J. White, Marqui L. Benavides, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

An individual’s resting metabolic rate (RMR) is commonly the largest contributor to total daily energy expenditure. Prediction equations are most often employed by practitioners to estimate RMR, due to their superior practicality in many settings relative to laboratory methods like indirect calorimetry (IC). The ability to quantify RMR change over time may be more valuable than cross-sectional estimates as practitioners can then utilize these changes to prescribe adjustments to one’s nutritional intake. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of several commonly used prediction equations to track RMR changes during a hypercaloric nutrition intervention and …

Dark Chocolate Supplementation Elevates Resting Energy Expenditure In Exercise Trained Females, Katie M. Presler, Michael Webster

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 250-259, 2021. Several recent reports have indicated positive health and exercise benefits of (-)-epicatechin-rich cocoa products. This study investigated the influence of dark chocolate (DC) supplementation on resting and steady state exercise metabolism in a group of athletically fit females. Using a randomized, single-blind design, 18 exercise trained female subjects were assigned to a 30-d supplementation with either 20g· d^-1 of 70% DC (n = 9) or a calorically matched white chocolate (WC) (n = 9). Pre-supplementation (PRE), subjects underwent indirect calorimetry assessment for resting energy expenditure (REE) and exercise energy …

Acetic Acid Supplementation: Effect On Resting And Exercise Energy Expenditure And Substrate Utilization, Kolton M. Cobb, Domenico A. Chavez, Jonathan D. Kenyon, Zachary J. Hutelin, Michael Webster

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 222-229, 2021. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of acetic acid (apple cider vinegar; ACV) supplementation on resting and exercise energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Using a randomized, double blind, crossover design, 16 healthy subjects were supplemented for 4 d with either ACV (30-ml/d) mixed in 1 L of a non-nutritive lemon-flavored drink or a placebo (PLA). They were then assessed via indirect calorimetry for resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate utilization. This was immediately followed by the assessment of steady state cycling exercise energy expenditure at 40 W (EEE-40) …

A Short-Term Paleolithic Dietary Intervention Does Not Alter Adipokines Linked To Adiposity, Rachel M. Graff, Kristofer Jennings, Natalie A. Davies, Andres E. Carrillo, Emily C. Lavoy, Edward J. Ryan, Melissa M. Markofski

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 113-122, 2021. The Paleolithic diet, characterized by an emphasis on hunter-gatherer type foods accompanied by an exclusion of grains, dairy products, and highly processed food items, is often promoted for weight loss and a reduction in cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Specific adipokines, such as adiponectin, omentin, nesfatin, and vaspin are reported to be dysregulated with obesity and may respond favorably to diet-induced fat loss. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an eight-week Paleolithic dietary intervention on circulating adiponectin, omentin, nesfatin, and vaspin in a cohort of physically inactive, but otherwise healthy adults. Methods: …

Acute Beet Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve 30- Or 60-Second Maximal Intensity Performance In Anaerobically Trained Athletes, Scott A. Conger, Clare M. Zamzow, Matthew E. Darnell

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 60-75, 2021. Research suggests that beet juice is beneficial during aerobic exercise. However, the impact of beet juice during primarily anaerobic exercise is equivocal. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute beet juice supplementation on maximal intensity performance during 30-s and 60-s maximal-intensity cycling sprints. Using a double-blind, crossover-study design, 14 anaerobically trained male hockey players completed six Wingate cycling tests: familiarization trials of a 30-s and 60-s Wingate test, followed by 30-s Wingate placebo/beet juice trials, and 60-s Wingate placebo/beet juice trials. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to …

Effect Of Pre-Exercise Ice Slurry Ingestion On Physiological And Perceptual Measures In Athletes With Spinal Cord Injuries, Alexis Moore, Kelly Pritchett, Robert C. Pritchett, Elizabeth Broad

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 19-32, 2021. Athletes with cervical level spinal cord injuries (SCI) have an impaired ability to thermoregulate during exercise, leading to an increased core temperature (T_core) due to a decrease in sweat response. Elevated T_core may result in premature onset of fatigue and decreased athletic performance. Therefore, precooling techniques that decrease T_core before exercise may increase the storage capacity for metabolic heat production, thereby delaying the time before reaching a critically high T_core. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-exercise ice slurry ingestion …