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A Chemical Pathway To The Formation Of Chlorinated Compounds During Combustion, Xiaodong Yang
A Chemical Pathway To The Formation Of Chlorinated Compounds During Combustion, Xiaodong Yang
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Two reactions, the Deacon reaction and the chlorination of phenol, which are the postulated starting steps for the formation of chlorinated dioxins during the incineration of the refuse derived fuel, were investigated in this work. Reactions were conducted in a tube furnace, and the products were trapped and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. It was shown that the Deacon reaction was favored at higher temperatures. The chlorination of phenol in vapor phase was found to begin at temperatures as low as 250°C and to be favored at higher temperatures. The ortho and para positions in the phenol ring are the …
Evaluation Of Constructed Wetlands For The Waste Management Of A Large Scale Swine Production Unit, Robert Sutton
Evaluation Of Constructed Wetlands For The Waste Management Of A Large Scale Swine Production Unit, Robert Sutton
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The effectiveness of using constructed wetlands to remove unwanted nutrients, increase dissolved oxygen while at the same time decreasing the biological oxygen demand, and to reduce the levels of the Fecal Coliform Bacteria from a swine operation was evaluated. The indicator of proper waste purification will be the result of testing for the following: ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria. The wetland was divided into nine connected cells that covered approximately 3.8 hectares. Material was loaded from an anaerobic holding lagoon on four separate occasions during …
A Study Of The Behavior Of Chlorine And Organic Compounds During Combustion In An Afbc System, Jenny Heidbrink
A Study Of The Behavior Of Chlorine And Organic Compounds During Combustion In An Afbc System, Jenny Heidbrink
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The purpose of this study is to understand the behavior of chlorine and the emission of organic compounds during combustion in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) system. Inefficient, uncontrolled use of coal gives rise to organic emissions which can be detrimental to health. The chlorine in coal may cause corrosion problems during utilization, if its concentration is high enough. The method for collection of the emissions of organic compounds involved the use of a Tenax resin as an absorbent for the organic compounds as they were emitted from the combustor. A combined gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique …
A Study Of The Effect Of The Extraction Procedure In The Analysis Of Organic Compounds Adsorbed On Coal Ash, Shobha Purushothama
A Study Of The Effect Of The Extraction Procedure In The Analysis Of Organic Compounds Adsorbed On Coal Ash, Shobha Purushothama
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The organic compounds found adsorbed on coal fly ash have been a cause for concern since the early days of the industrial revolution. A vast majority of the compounds reported as being adsorbed on the ash are polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study represents an attempt to evaluate the parameters involved in the extraction, detection and quantitation of these organic compounds. Though no definite conclusions could be reached as to the most efficient method of extraction, interesting results were obtained with regarding the choice of the solvent and the temperature programming on the GC/MS used for analysis. The solvent of choice …
Directed Ortho-Metalation Of The Three Methyl Anisoles In Various Media, Carl Friesen
Directed Ortho-Metalation Of The Three Methyl Anisoles In Various Media, Carl Friesen
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Directed ortho-metalation (DoM) is a very useful alternative to electrophillic aromatic substitution (EAS) for the synthesis of substituted aromatic compounds. DoM is highly regiospecific providing metalation chiefly in the ortho-position. However, lateral (a-) metalation of an alkyl side-chain and ortho-metalation of a second ortho-position can compete. Investigation of the three methylanisoles was therefore undertaken to determine the interplay between these factors and to discover metalation conditions to achieve selectivity. This goal was uniquely achieved for p-methylanisole where conditions were discovered which allowed > 85% ortho-metalation as determined by GC analysis with virturally no competing lateral metalation. Three derivitives of this ortho-lithio …
Degradation Product Analysis Of Bismaleimide Composite, Wendy Zhong
Degradation Product Analysis Of Bismaleimide Composite, Wendy Zhong
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
This study evaluates the thermal and oxidative stabilities of a bismaleimide (BMI) polymer composite reinforced with an intermediate modulus graphite fiber, Cytec®5260/IM7. The composite is aged in helium, nitrogen, and air at elevated temperatures up to 600°C. Its weight change is followed thermogravimetrically for stability assessment. The effect of aging gas environment is also studied. The use of on-line gas cell fourier transform IR spectrometer (FTIR) and mass spectrometer (MS) allows for the identification of decomposition products by evolved gas analysis. This combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and evolved gas analysis by FTIR and MS yields complementary information regarding pyrolysis …
Measuring The Momentum Of Throughfall Drops And Raindrops, Paul Kimble
Measuring The Momentum Of Throughfall Drops And Raindrops, Paul Kimble
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The methods previously used to determine the momentum and kinetic energy of throughfall drops in the field do not account for the drop's shape at impact or for the variations of the drop's velocity caused by chaotic air currents. The drop's shape at impact is critical because it influences the drop's measurable momentum, kinetic energy, impact force, and the amount of soil that can be displaced by the falling water drop. Since the momentum and kinetic energy of raindrops and throughfall drops are used as indices of soil particle displacement the most accurate momentum and kinetic energydata would be required …
Ecology, Economy And Ecotourism: Sustaining People And The Environment, Richard Snow
Ecology, Economy And Ecotourism: Sustaining People And The Environment, Richard Snow
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Tourism is the world's largest industry. The fastest growing segment of the travel and tourist trade is ecotourism. The concept of sustainable development insists that humans cooperate with nature in the search for an ecological economy which can support present and future populations. Ecotourism attempts to attain this elusive goal by preserving ecosystems while generating revenue for local communities. In this study, the researcher examines the positive and negative effects of ecotourism on people, culture, and landscape. An analysis of tourism data seems to suggest that developing countries, which are popular ecotour destinations, are benefitting economically and ecologically from properly …
Characterization And Catalytic Properties Of Sulfated Zirconia, Melody Bi
Characterization And Catalytic Properties Of Sulfated Zirconia, Melody Bi
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Sulfated zirconia has attracted extensive attention due to its superactivity to isomerize alkane and alkenes. Platinum or iron/manganese promoted sulfated zirconia has been shown to increase the reaction rate. These catalysts are normally activated to 650-725°C in air before use. Through on-line analysis of evolved gas species during dynamic heating of the catalysts, some significant information can be obtained concerning the activation mechanism. In the present investigation, combined TG-FTIR, TG-MS and TGDTA techniques were utilized to measure the weight loss of the samples, analyze the evolved gas species and to monitor the phase transformation temperature of the solid. Four samples …
Environmentalism In The United States: An Evolving Perspective, Mary Snow
Environmentalism In The United States: An Evolving Perspective, Mary Snow
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The purpose of this study is to investigate environmentalism in the United States. The dimension of perspective receives considerable attention. The prevailing perspective by a society regarding the importance of the health of the natural world greatly influences the degree of support of environmental organizations, environmental policy, as well as the direction charted for the future of that society. The perspectives of the Native Americans and the dominant European cultures which arrived in North America are presented and contrasted. It is supposed that the perspective which prevails in the United States regarding the importance of the natural world is evolving. …
A Study Of On-Line Analysis Of Hydrogen Chloride Evolution During Coal Combustion, Jennifer Humble
A Study Of On-Line Analysis Of Hydrogen Chloride Evolution During Coal Combustion, Jennifer Humble
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
This study involved the use of a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) interfaced with a fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and a mass spectrometer (MS) to determine the evolution of hydrogen chloride from coal during combustion as a function of the chlorine content and mesh size of the coal. It was determined that combined TG-FTIR and TG-MS systems offer the user an efficient means to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen chloride evolution from coal combustion. From the HC1 evolution profiles, it was determined that a good correlation exists between the chlorine content in the coal and the total amount of HC1 evolved. …