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Articles 1 - 12 of 12
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Organizational Decline And Fiscal Distress In Municipal Police Agencies, Matthew Giblin, Jeffrey Nowacki
Organizational Decline And Fiscal Distress In Municipal Police Agencies, Matthew Giblin, Jeffrey Nowacki
Articles
In late 2007, the United States entered one of the most significant recessions in recent memory. While the consequences to individuals have been well-documented, less attention has been paid to the effects on state-sponsored organizations such as police agencies. The current study examines fiscal distress (e.g., layoffs, hiring freezes) in a sample of large municipal law enforcement agencies. According to a framework proposed by Levine (1978), departments should be most vulnerable to fiscal distress when the jurisdiction experiences economic shocks (environmental entropy), the demand for police services declines (problem depletion), the political system becomes less supportive of police agencies (political …
The Use Of Specialized Cybercrime Policing Units: An Organizational Analysis, Dale Willits, Jeffrey Nowacki
The Use Of Specialized Cybercrime Policing Units: An Organizational Analysis, Dale Willits, Jeffrey Nowacki
Articles
Given the increased focus and importance of cybercrime, some police agencies have turned to the use of specialized cybercrime policing units. Research has yet to examine the how frequently these units are used in policing, nor has research examined the types of agencies most likely to use these units. The current research, drawing on contingency theory, institutional theory, and Maguire’s theory of police organizational structure, uses four waves of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Survey data to provide a descriptive analysis of specialized cybercrime units with a focus on identifying organizational correlates, environmental pressures, and the role of time. Trend …
An Intersectional Approach To Race/Ethnicity, Sex, And Age Disparity In Federal Sentencing Outcomes: An Examination Of Policy Across Time Periods, Jeffrey Nowacki
An Intersectional Approach To Race/Ethnicity, Sex, And Age Disparity In Federal Sentencing Outcomes: An Examination Of Policy Across Time Periods, Jeffrey Nowacki
Articles
Approaches to intersectionality stress the importance of recognizing multiple, intersecting inequalities. As such, recent sentencing research has examined the changing role of extra-legal characteristics on United States federal sentencing outcomes in the aftermath of recent policy changes (e.g., United States v. Booker), but scholarship has less often examined these characteristics at the intersections of race/ethnicity, gender, and, especially age. This article uses an intersectional approach to examine the influence of these characteristics net of legally-relevant characteristics. Using ordinary-least squares regression procedures, the author examines the role of the joint effects of extra-legal variables on sentence length decisions across four distinct …
Federal Sentencing Guidelines & United States V. Booker: Social Context And Sentencing Disparity, Jeffrey Nowacki
Federal Sentencing Guidelines & United States V. Booker: Social Context And Sentencing Disparity, Jeffrey Nowacki
Articles
The United States v. Booker (2005) decision rendered Federal Sentencing Guidelines advisory rather than mandatory. In the context of this decision, this study examines both the direct influence of aggregate-level political, community and administrative variables on sentencing outcomes, and the way that such characteristics might contextualize individual-level predictors. Using multi-level regression techniques, this study examines the role of aggregate level variables on sentence length decisions across four distinct time periods. Moreover, this article also examines whether aggregate-level variables condition the effects of race/ethnicity on sentencing outcomes. While the direct effects of aggregate-level variables on sentencing outcomes are generally limited to …
Peer Victimization And Drd4 Genotype Influence Problem Behaviors In Young Children, Lisabeth Fisher Dilalla, Kyle Bersted, Sufna Gheyara John
Peer Victimization And Drd4 Genotype Influence Problem Behaviors In Young Children, Lisabeth Fisher Dilalla, Kyle Bersted, Sufna Gheyara John
Articles
Decades of research supports the presence of significant genetic influences on children’s internalizing (emotional), externalizing (acting out), and social difficulties, including victimization. Additionally, being victimized has been shown to relate to further behavioral problems. The current study assessed the nature of the gene-environment relationships between the DRD4 gene, peer victimization, and externalizing and internalizing difficulties in 6- to 10-year- old children. 174 children (56% girls; 88.6% Caucasian, 3.4% African American, 8% mixed race or Mayan) and their parents were administered victimization and problem behavior questionnaires, and DRD4 was genotyped for the children. An interaction between genes (DRD4) and environment (victimization) …
Genetic Influences On Peer And Family Relationships Across Adolescent Development: Introduction To The Special Issue, Lisabeth Fisher Dilalla, Paula Y. Mullineaux
Genetic Influences On Peer And Family Relationships Across Adolescent Development: Introduction To The Special Issue, Lisabeth Fisher Dilalla, Paula Y. Mullineaux
Articles
Nearly all aspects of human development are influenced by genetic and environmental factors, which conjointly shape development through several gene-environment interplay mechanisms. More recently, researchers have begun to examine the influence of genetic factors on peer and family relationships across the pre-adolescent and adolescent time periods. This article introduces the special issue by providing a critical overview of behavior genetic methodology and existing research demonstrating gene-environment processes operating on the link between peer and family relationships and adolescent adjustment. The overview is followed by a summary of new research studies, which use genetically informed samples to examine how peer and …
Establishing Connections: Gender, Motor Vehicle Theft, And Disposal Networks, Christopher W. Mullins, Michael Cherbonneau
Establishing Connections: Gender, Motor Vehicle Theft, And Disposal Networks, Christopher W. Mullins, Michael Cherbonneau
Articles
As with most other serious street crimes, motor vehicle theft is a male-dominated offense. Yet, women do engage in motor vehicle theft, albeit at a reduced rate of participation. Here we examine the gendered nature of motor vehicle theft through direct comparison of qualitative data obtained from 35 juvenile and adult men and women actively involved auto theft in St. Louis, Missouri. By tracing similarities and differences between men’s and women’s pathways of initial involvement, enactment strategies, and post-theft acts, we provide a contextual analysis of offender’s perceptions and behavior. Such an approach allows a more precise discussion on gender’s …
The Death Of State Sovereignty? An Empirical Exploration, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
The Death Of State Sovereignty? An Empirical Exploration, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
Articles
As academics have become increasingly interested in globalization, scholars in many fields have turned their attention to theorizations of the state and state power. Admittedly, most criminologists have paid relatively attention to theories of the state, its function, role, or issues of sovereignty (save for Barak, 1991; Chambliss and Zatz, 1993; Friedrichs, 1992; Michalowski and Kramer, 1987; Mullins and Rothe, 2008; Rothe and Mullins, 2006, 2007, 2008). With the growing criminological interest in and focus on transnational crimes (Friedrichs, 2007), crimes of globalization (Friedrichs and Friedrichs, 2002; Rothe, Mullins, and Muzzatti, 2006; Rothe, Mullins and Sandstrom, 2008), and crime of …
Beyond The Juristic Orientation Of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance Of Criminological Insight To International Criminal Law And Its Control, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
Beyond The Juristic Orientation Of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance Of Criminological Insight To International Criminal Law And Its Control, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
Articles
This article draws attention to the relevance of criminological insight on issues of international criminal law and criminal justice. In particular, the ideology and theory of deterrence, legitimacy, and international criminal law are drawn from. After all, the deterrent effect has been touted as a solid empirical fact with the progression and development of 'international criminal justice', the international tribunals since the mid 1990s, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, the current rather blind belief in the deterrent impact of international criminal justice remains, regretfully, a bit premature. Additionally, beyond the concepts of deterrence and legitimacy, criminologists have much to …
Gendered Imprisonment In Japan: An Examination Of Imprisonment For Stimulant Drug Offenses, Christopher W. Mullins, Garrett Grothoff
Gendered Imprisonment In Japan: An Examination Of Imprisonment For Stimulant Drug Offenses, Christopher W. Mullins, Garrett Grothoff
Articles
Japan is well known as a society that has not only low crime rates but also for using incarceration sparingly, sending few convicted offenders to prison. Yet, certain crimes, such as drug offenses, receive little leniency in the Japanese criminal justice system. Johnson (1996b) found empirical support for both a chivalry and evil woman effect in the system’s treatment of female drug offenders. This paper reexamines and extends the core issues in Johnson’s (1996b) exploration of women’s imprisonment in Japan. It traces the patterns in female incarceration where data is available from the post-war period until 2004. It specifically examines …
“We Are Going To Rape You And Taste Tutsi Women”: Rape During The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Christopher W. Mullins
“We Are Going To Rape You And Taste Tutsi Women”: Rape During The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Christopher W. Mullins
Articles
Over the past decades, scholars have paid greater attention to sexual violence, in both theorization and empirical analysis. One area which has been largely ignored, however, is the sexual violence during times of armed conflict. This paper examines the nature and dynamics of sexual violence as it occurred during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Drawing upon testimonies given to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), descriptions of rapes--both singular and mass—were qualitatively analyzed. In general, three broad types of assaults were identified: opportunistic, assaults which seemed to be a product of the disorder inherent within the conflict; episodes of sexual …
Toward A Criminology Of International Criminal Law: An Integrated Theory Of International Criminal Violations, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
Toward A Criminology Of International Criminal Law: An Integrated Theory Of International Criminal Violations, Dawn L. Rothe, Christopher W. Mullins
Articles
Violations of international criminal law (i.e., genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes) are a common occurrence around the globe. One need only to read international news, visit intra‐governmental (e.g., United Nations or the International Committee Red Cross), or nongovernmental organizations (e.g., Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International) to be exposed to the vast numbers of crimes of states, paramilitaries, and/or militias. Nonetheless, there has been relatively little attention paid to these types of offenses by criminologists. While there have been developments in creating typologies (Smeulers, 2008) and predictive models for genocide (Harf, 2005), due to the complexities and various …