Digital Commons Network^™

The Obama Administration’S Policy Change Grants Asylum To Battered Women: Female Genital Mutilation Opens The Door For All Victims Of Domestic Violence, David Z. Ma

David Z Ma

ABSTRACT Throughout his Presidential campaign in 2008 and at his inauguration on January 20, 2009, President Obama repeatedly promised the American people one absolute: change. Change would come in many forms, and on April 13, 2009, change came to immigration law and to victims of domestic violence. President Obama’s administration filed a supplemental appeal brief outlining its policies for victims of domestic violence seeking asylum in the U.S. This policy completely reversed the Bush administration’s position on the issue. Yet, how did this change come about? In the preceding decade before President Obama took office, the Board of Immigration Appeals …

Brave New World: The Use And Potential Misuse Of Dna Technology In Immigration Law, Janice D. Villiers

Janice D. Villiers

Deoxyribononucleic acid (“DNA”) technology revolutionized criminal law, family law and trust and estates practice. It is now revolutionizing immigration law. Currently DNA tests are not required, but may be recommended by the Department of Homeland Security when primary documentation such as marriage licenses, birth certificates and adoption papers are not available to prove the relationship between the U.S. citizen petitioner and the beneficiary who is seeking permanent resident status in the United States. DNA tests are attractive to the government as a means of countering fraud and because of administrative convenience, but adoption of a wholesale policy of DNA testing …

Evidence In International Criminal Trials: Lessons And Contributions From The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Patrick Matthew Hassan-Morlai

Patrick Matthew Hassan-Morlai

The general aim of this paper is to contribute to the discourse on the development of a system of international criminal justice. In so doing, this paper will pay attention to one aspect – rules of evidence – and examine its role in ensuring the rights to fair trial. The examination is limited to discussing offences relating to the jurisdiction ratione materiae of the SCSL contained in Articles 2-5 of the SCSL Statute.

Prisons Without Convicts: Why Similar Protections As Those Offered To Prison Inmates By The Constitution Should Be Extended To Immigrant Detainees, Paul Wayner

Paul Wayner

No abstract provided.

Rape As A Weapon Of Peace: A Legal And Psycological Analysis Of How The Pervasive Violence Against Women Leads To The Deterioration Of A Country’S Economy, Health And General Welfare., Lucette Pierre-Louis

Lucette Pierre-Louis Ms.

Much has been written about rape and how it has been used as a weapon of war. In Haiti, the subject of rape has falsely been used as a tactic of peace due to the miniscule role of women. Haiti has neglected to take action to prosecute rape offenders since it is an accepted practice and unmentioned silent crime. This paper will use Haiti as a case study demonstrating how a third world underdeveloped country’s lack of protection against women has a direct impact on the viability of the country.

Racial Profiling -Separate And Unequal Keeping The Minorities In Line- The Role Of Law Enforcemnet In America, April J. Walker

April J. Walker

No abstract provided.

Power And Perception: The Special Tribunal For Lebanon, Melia Amal Bouhabib

Melia Amal Bouhabib

On March 1, 2009, the long-anticipated Special Tribunal for Lebanon finally opened its doors. The STL has been hailed as a triumph against impunity and “a decisive milestone” in the quest for justice. Nonetheless, the Tribunal has been fraught with complications since the outset and faces significant challenges as it forges ahead. The use of Chapter VII powers to impose the Tribunal coupled with an exceedingly narrow mandate relying solely on domestic law, has led to criticisms that the Tribunal is impartial, and at the worst, illegal. Moreover, with a contentious history of U.N. involvement, including an extensive and controversial …

Change Is Needed; How Latinos Are Affected By The United States Criminal Justice System, Christopher F. Bagnato

Christopher F. Bagnato

Latinos have been present in this country for centuries. They slowly have been making their mark in the communities of this country, usually seen but not really heard or noticed. Yet during the past thirty years the amount of Latino immigrants has skyrocketed. Census projections indicate that Latinos will be the biggest minority population in this county in the near future. The issues with discrimination of Latinos started on the streets with phrases like, “racial profiling” and “driving while brown,” and have moved into new places like the courtroom. Latinos have had to face not only the burden of prejudice …

The Grease In The Gears: Impunity In The Democratic Republic Of Congo And The Opportunity For Peace, Jacob Goodman

Jacob Goodman

This article discusses the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the source of the world’s worst humanitarian crisis, as a case study in the broader academic debate about the proper balance between peace and justice in conflict settings. Unlike most studies of the issue, this article contributes to the discussion by analyzing a single conflict, filling a great need for detailed case studies in what too often tends to be a philosophical debate. The article first traces the history of impunity in the peace process, then argues that the strategy of appeasement and impunity for human rights violators …

Notice Otherwise Given: Will In Absentia Trials At The Special Tribunal For Lebanon Violate Human Rights?, Chris Jenks

Chris Jenks

On March 1, 2009, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) commenced operations in the Netherlands. The mandate of the STL is to try those allegedly responsible for the 2005 bombing in Beirut which killed former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri. A collaborative effort between Lebanon and the United Nations, the STL is to be of “international character based on the highest standards of justice.” However, the STL’s in absentia trial provisions are based on a far different, and lower, standard. This article posits that the STL’s in absentia trial provisions violate human rights norms, indeed the U.N. expressly rejected such …

A Promise The Nation Cannot Keep: What Prevents The Application Of The Thirteenth Amendment In Prison?, Raja Raghunath

Raja Raghunath

The walls of the prison are not solely physical. The doctrine of judicial deference to prison officials, which compels courts to defer to the discretion of those officials in almost all instances, obstructs the effective scrutiny of modern practices of punishment. Since its ratification, the Thirteenth Amendment – which prohibits slavery or involuntary servitude anywhere within the United States or its jurisdiction, except where imposed “as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted” – has been seen by courts as one brick in this wall. This article makes the novel argument that, properly read, the …

Notice Otherwise Given: Will In Absentia Trials At The Special Tribunal For Lebanon Violate Human Rights?, Chris Jenks

Chris Jenks

On March 1, 2009, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) commenced operations in the Netherlands. The mandate of the STL is to try those allegedly responsible for the 2005 bombing in Beirut which killed former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri. A collaborative effort between Lebanon and the United Nations, the STL is to be of “international character based on the highest standards of justice.” However, the STL’s in absentia trial provisions are based on a far different, and lower, standard. This article posits that the STL’s in absentia trial provisions violate human rights norms, indeed the U.N. expressly rejected such …

Growing Political Will From The Grassroots: How Social Movement Principles Can Reverse The Dismal Legacy Of Rule Of Law Interventions, Fran Quigley

Fran Quigley

The international community’s efforts to promote the rule of law and human rights in developing countries have been largely unsuccessful, a record of disappointment typically attributed to a lack of political will for reform in the host societies. As a result, an estimated four billion people worldwide are without access to human rights associated with the rule of law, and suffer without recourse from discrimination, theft, and physical and emotional harm.

It is time for rule of law promoters to draw upon the lessons of social science, particularly the study of social movements. This article represents the first effort to …

The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly: Moral Agency And The Role Of Victims In Reparations Programs, Carlton Waterhouse

Carlton Waterhouse

Despite the growing interest in reparations, at the domestic and international level, little attention has been given to the role of victims in the design and implementation of reparations programs. Instead, most programs and commentators place emphasis upon the apology, recompense, or restitution required by former wrongdoers rather than the restoration and recovery of victims. This prevailing approach neglects the critical role that communities and individuals suffering from past abuses should play in order to reestablish their personal well being and societal standing. This methodology replicates the past subordination of victims by rendering them the passive recipients of government actions …

Jurisdiction To Prosecute Non-National Pirates Captured By Third States Under Kenyan And International Law, James Thuo Gathii

James Thuo Gathii

On January 16, 2009, Kenya and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) under which Kenya agreed to try suspected pirates captured by the U.S. In addition, Kenya signed a similar MOU with the European Union on March 6, 2009. Another is planned between Kenya and China.

This paper examines Kenya’s decision to receive and prosecute these suspects, as well as an important new Merchant Shipping law, (currently awaiting Presidential assent), that confers on Kenyan Courts jurisdiction over non-nationals for hijacking and robbery committed on the high seas. This statute effectively establishes universal jurisdiction over piracy. This new …

Jurisdiction To Prosecute Non-National Pirates Captured By Third States Under Kenyan And International Law, James Thuo Gathii

James Thuo Gathii

On January 16, 2009, Kenya and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) under which Kenya agreed to try suspected pirates captured by the U.S. In addition, Kenya signed a similar MOU with the European Union on March 6, 2009. Another is planned between Kenya and China.

This paper examines Kenya’s decision to receive and prosecute these suspects, as well as an important new Merchant Shipping law, (currently awaiting Presidential assent), that confers on Kenyan Courts jurisdiction over non-nationals for hijacking and robbery committed on the high seas. This statute effectively establishes universal jurisdiction over piracy. This new …

The Bush Theory Of The War Power: Authoritarianism, Torture And The So-Called “War On Terror”- A Critique, Christopher L. Blakesley, Judy Meyerson

Christopher L. Blakesley

The Bush Theory of the War Power:

Authoritarianism, Torture and the

So-Called “War on Terror”- A Critique

Christopher L. Blakesley & Thomas B. McAffee

Abstract

Our article addresses the Bush administration’s arrogation of power to the President and its manifestation in the disappearance, imprisonment, and torture of detainees in prisons, including Guantánamo, Bagram, Abu Ghraib, and so-called “black sites,” or prisons in countries that engage in torture. These shameful practices were authorized in the infamous September 25, 2001 Torture Memo and other controversial legal memoranda by John Yoo and other Bush administration attorneys. The memos, which claimed authoritarian executive power …

Complementarity And Alternative Justice, Gregory S. Gordon

Gregory S. Gordon

Certain commentators believe that domestic resort to alternative justice mechanisms (ARMs), such as Uganda's "mato oput" (a local tribal rite) or truth commissions, can relieve the International Criminal Court of its obligation to prosecute under the complementarity principle. However, this literature provides only general suggestions for how the ICC could determine whether alternative mechanisms render a case inadmissible under the complementarity regime. This article proposes a concrete set of analytic criteria the ICC can use to formulate an admissibility test for conducting complementarity analysis in difficult cases of municipal reliance on ARMs. The admissibility test entails consideration and parsing of …

Establishing Guidelines For Attorney Representation Of Criminal Defendants At The Sentencing Phase Of Capital Trials, Adam Lamparello

Adam Lamparello

No abstract provided.

Killing Is Expensive, Aaron J. Shuler

Aaron J Shuler

No abstract provided.

The Arrests Of The Century Or Missed Opportunities? A Comparative Case Study Of The International Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia, Tamaria A. Johnson

Tamaria A Johnson

Conflict resolution and reconciliation are integral to the restoration of civil society by the political integration of formerly fragmented social networks. Yet persistent ethnonational tensions within multinational states, like those experienced in South Easterrn Europe have fostered new hostilities and secessionist movements in the post – Cold War era. This paper examines the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) by emphasizing the effectiveness of the international court to prosecute political and civilian leaders responsible for committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and acts of ethnic cleansing and/or genocide during the Balkan wars of the 1990s; its ability to …

Beyond Retroactivity To Realizing Justice: A Theory On The Principle Of Legality In International Criminal Law Sentencing, Shahram Dana

Shahram Dana

Only the innocent deserve the benefits of the principle of legality. This statement naturally offends our notions of justice. It would be unacceptable for courts of criminal justice to institutionalize such an approach. Yet, in the context of prosecuting mass atrocities, genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, international criminal courts appear to be resigned to such a principle, if not openly embracing it. Although ranking among the most fundamental principles of criminal law, nulla poena sine lege (no punishment without law) receives surprisingly little attention in international criminal justice. Indeed, that it may be considered the 'poor cousin' of …

Tortious Compensation In China, Anne Marie Morris

Anne Marie Morris

No abstract provided.

Racial Profiling Who Is The Executioner And Does He Have A Face?, Michal Tamir

michal tamir

No abstract provided.

Extraordinary Language In The Courts Of Cambodia: Interpreting The Limiting Language And Personal Jurisdiction Of The Cambodian Tribunal, Sean Morrison

Sean Morrison

As the new Extraordinary Chambers for the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) prepares to begin trials this year, one issue that will confront it is the meaning of the limiting terms described in its establishing statute. Prosecutions before the ECCC are limited to “senior leaders of Democratic Kampuchea and those who were most responsible” for the crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge regime. This phrase raises two important questions for the court: whether this limiting language defines the court’s personal jurisdiction, and if so, what the scope of these phrases is.

This paper will attempt to understand the function and scope …

Deciding The Fate Of Complementarity: A Colombian Case Study, Jennifer Easterday

Jennifer Easterday

For over 40 years, one of the worst humanitarian crises in the world has ravaged Colombia, victimizing and displacing nearly a tenth of the population. In an effort to end the conflict, the Colombian government claims it is turning to transitional justice and with the Justice and Peace Law, creating accountability and providing reparations for victims. Yet, upon careful examination of the politics of justice in Colombia, it appears as though the passage of the Justice and Peace Law may be merely an attempt to shield human rights abusers from criminal liability and evade ICC intervention. How the ICC interprets …