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Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny To Use Of Race By Law Enforcement., Evan Gerstmann
Where Is Equal Protection? Applying Strict Scrutiny To Use Of Race By Law Enforcement., Evan Gerstmann
Evan Gerstmann
This article seeks to move the debate over the use of race by law enforcement beyond the current focus on racial profiling, arguing that the courts must apply strict scrutiny to all use of race by law enforcement, including the stopping and questioning of persons based on suspect descriptions that include race. The current debate implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) assumes that law enforcement’s use of race can be divided into unconstitutional racial profiling and all other uses of races, which are presumptively legitimate. However, when other institutions rely upon race, such as public universities implementing affirmative action programs, courts automatically …
Differential Effects And Rates Of Normal Aging In Cerebellum And Hippocampus, Michael R. Foy
Differential Effects And Rates Of Normal Aging In Cerebellum And Hippocampus, Michael R. Foy
Michael R. Foy
Cognitive functions show many alternative outcomes and great individual variation during normal aging. We examined learning over the adult life span in CBA mice, along with morphological and electrophysiological substrates. Our aim was to compare cerebellum-dependent delay eyeblink classical conditioning and hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning in the same animals using the same conditioned and unconditioned stimuli for eyeblink and fear conditioning. In a subset of the behaviorally tested mice, we used unbiased stereology to estimate the total number of Purkinje neurons in cerebellar cortex and pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Several forms of synaptic plasticity were assessed at different ages …