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Examining How Sexual Trauma Has Affected Women In Their Education: Creating A Community Of Awareness In The Educational System, Tyeasia Dorsey Jun 2024

Examining How Sexual Trauma Has Affected Women In Their Education: Creating A Community Of Awareness In The Educational System, Tyeasia Dorsey

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Sexual Trauma can have debilitating effects on women’s lives. The goal of this study was to focus on one aspect: how sexual trauma affects women’s academic performance, whether continuing education, a decrease in grades and grade point average (GPA), or the continuation of further educational studies. The underlying rationale for the study was the lack of research on the topic, especially in rural communities. This research utilized a qualitative study approach by conducting semi-structured interviews. This study was conducted to examine the mental health components of sexual trauma in women: a lack of support versus having a supportive environment and …


Effect Of Incarceration On Prisoners Diagnosed With Mental Health Conditions: Trauma, Treatment, And Transitioning, Ingria S. Haywood Jun 2024

Effect Of Incarceration On Prisoners Diagnosed With Mental Health Conditions: Trauma, Treatment, And Transitioning, Ingria S. Haywood

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A mental illness is a medical disorder that affects a person’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions. It also has an impact on social and cognitive functions. Misuse of substances, biological factors, or abuse, whether as a victim or a bystander to repeated abuse, are all variables that contribute to mental illness. The prevalence of mental illness among incarcerated prisoners is alarming, and it is nondiscriminatory in that it affects both men and women. Several variables contribute to inmates’ susceptibility to mental health problems. Anxiety disorders, depression as a mood disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia are examples of these. A diagnosis of mental …


A Phenomenological Study: Experiences Of Men Residing In A Substance Abuse Recovery Program With A Domestic Violence Perpetration Intervention Cohort, Tauchanna Gilmore Bullock May 2024

A Phenomenological Study: Experiences Of Men Residing In A Substance Abuse Recovery Program With A Domestic Violence Perpetration Intervention Cohort, Tauchanna Gilmore Bullock

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of men in a substance use disorder (SUD) residential program simultaneously receiving domestic violence (DV) perpetration intervention and services that address adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This study examined men’s ACEs, substance use, and DV perpetration. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological model and Rudolf Moos’ modification of socioecological model provided the foundational context and theoretical framework for the study. Although there are various reasons individuals use substances, one of the underlying causes is often unattended ACEs. Individuals with SUDs are also often the perpetrators of DV within their intimate relationships. …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Self-Efficacy Of Elementary Reading Specialists To Address The Mental Health Needs Of Students, Virginia Mckinney Shank May 2024

A Phenomenological Study Of The Self-Efficacy Of Elementary Reading Specialists To Address The Mental Health Needs Of Students, Virginia Mckinney Shank

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the self-efficacy and lived experiences of reading specialists who teach struggling readers with mental health needs. The construct of self-efficacy and Bandura’s social cognitive theory provided the theoretical framework for the central research question and three sub-questions: (a) What are literacy specialists' lived experiences and self-efficacy in instructing elementary students with mental health needs? (b) What instructional experiences and strategies do literacy specialists describe as contributing to low feelings of self-efficacy for helping struggling readers with mental health needs? (c) What instructional experiences and strategies do literacy specialists describe as …


Bridging Faith And Restoration: A Phenomenological Study Exploring Evangelical Pastors’ Experiences Ministering To Congregants With Trauma In The Greater Toronto Area, Lindsay Knox Mcvety May 2024

Bridging Faith And Restoration: A Phenomenological Study Exploring Evangelical Pastors’ Experiences Ministering To Congregants With Trauma In The Greater Toronto Area, Lindsay Knox Mcvety

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand how evangelical pastors in the Greater Toronto Area describe their experiences with discussing trauma with congregants and their experiences with trauma-informed care in the church. The theory guiding this research is Transformative Learning Theory (TLT). As discussed by Mezirow (1991), TLT explains transformation occurs by increasing knowledge by learning about topics where outdated or misinformed concepts previously existed. The main research question is, how do evangelical pastors in the Greater Toronto Area describe their experiences ministering to congregants who have experienced trauma? Further sub-questions ask, how do evangelical pastors in …


Perceived Stress From Covid-19 On High School Students With Previous Trauma In A Rural County In The Southeastern United States, Kari Anne Russell May 2024

Perceived Stress From Covid-19 On High School Students With Previous Trauma In A Rural County In The Southeastern United States, Kari Anne Russell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The COVID-19 pandemic created historical trauma that will be felt for years to come. As the world begins sifting through the impacts, adolescents with previous trauma could be among the greatest sufferers. Rooted in trauma theory, this study aimed to examine the effects on high school students with previous trauma in a rural county in the southeastern United States. Variables such as previous mental health or counseling services, gender, socioeconomic status, race or ethnicity, and number of generations living in the home were all examined for those students having four or more ACEs. Through a quantitative design and with passive …


The Intersection Of Trauma, Faith, And Addiction Among Women In Recovery At The Walter Hoving Home, Jessica I. West Apr 2024

The Intersection Of Trauma, Faith, And Addiction Among Women In Recovery At The Walter Hoving Home, Jessica I. West

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The association between substance use disorders (SUDs), childhood trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is becoming increasingly evident. There are faith-based programs available to assist women in overcoming addiction; however, there is presently no research examining the relationship between trauma, faith, and addiction among women in such programs as the Walter Hoving Home (WHH). Through a multiple regression analysis, this quantitative study evaluated the relationship between these three variables of interest among women in recovery. This study collected data through an anonymous Qualtrics survey with a self-report questionnaire, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEs), Tobacco Alcohol Prescription medication and Other …


A Phenomenological Study Of Adoptive Parents’ Distress, Erica Rhoads Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Study Of Adoptive Parents’ Distress, Erica Rhoads

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of distress in parents who have adopted internationally. The aim was also to discover what this lived experience is like through the perception of both objective and subjective reality, providing understanding and meaning from the perception and experience of adopting and then parenting children who have experienced significant trauma. An additional goal of this study was to evaluate the experience of sharing their adoption story within a narrative therapy support group as a way to alleviate some of their distress. A focus on the background of adoption …


A Phenomenological Examination Of The Experiences Of College Theater Majors In Regard To The Covid-19 Pandemic And Lockdowns In The United States, Ronda Celeste Jones Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Examination Of The Experiences Of College Theater Majors In Regard To The Covid-19 Pandemic And Lockdowns In The United States, Ronda Celeste Jones

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns were phenomena experienced by the majority of the modern world, but not everyone experienced it in the same way. Each person brings their own past, their own interests, and their own needs to the lived experience. Pre-pandemic research on art therapy suggests that creative expression could be helpful to adolescents experiencing such trauma. Theater majors are a particular set of people for whom creative expression through theater is a huge part of their life. Theater majors are also participating in a creative activity that requires social contact, and that social contact was limited or …


Christian Meditation And Yoga Breathwork: Complimentary Interventions For Ptsd, Beulah Savithri Joshua Apr 2024

Christian Meditation And Yoga Breathwork: Complimentary Interventions For Ptsd, Beulah Savithri Joshua

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This multiple-baseline experimental design study examined the impact of trauma-informed Christian yoga (TICY) and Christian meditation (CM) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms for adult trauma survivors at Lifepath Counseling, a private mental health treatment practice. The theories guiding this study were Adlerian and trauma theory, based on the idea that any trauma is defined as extremely upsetting emotional event that overwhelms the individual's internal resources, potentially leading to long-lasting psychological symptoms of PTSD in some cases. It was vital to explore efficacious and cost-effective treatment interventions to alleviate PTSD symptoms in this study. Complementary and alternative medicines …


A Phenomenology Study- Vicarious Trauma Among School Counselors And Teachers Working With Students From The Northern Triangle In Elementary Title I Schools, Janeth B. Santiesteban Apr 2024

A Phenomenology Study- Vicarious Trauma Among School Counselors And Teachers Working With Students From The Northern Triangle In Elementary Title I Schools, Janeth B. Santiesteban

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The present phenomenological study aimed to describe the lived experiences of school counselors and teachers working at elementary Title I schools in Maryland with students from the Northern Triangle (a region of Central America comprising El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras). The assumption was that these education professionals may undergo struggles and demands that may put them at risk of vicarious trauma due to the trauma those students and their families have endured. The theory guiding this study was the transactional theory of stress and coping (Lazarus,1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and the stress theory (Cohen et al., 1997), which converge …


Forgiving Childhood Hurt Biblically, Latisha Shearer Apr 2024

Forgiving Childhood Hurt Biblically, Latisha Shearer

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The profound impact of childhood experiences on an individual's mindset, emotional well-being, and transition into adulthood is a compelling problem addressed in this thesis paper titled “Forgiving Childhood Hurt Biblically.” This DMIN action research project is to implement biblical forgiveness as a transformative tool to address the physical, mental, and emotional wounds inflicted by childhood trauma. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), marked by early-life toxic stress, establish a foundation for the intergenerational transmission of trauma, significantly affecting the health and lives of adults. Given the vulnerability of childhood, addressing and forgiving the sources of trauma is crucial for effectively reprogramming and …


Foster Parents’ Perspectives On Factors Influencing The Development Of And The Impact Associated With Secondary Traumatic Stress, Latronia Smith Apr 2024

Foster Parents’ Perspectives On Factors Influencing The Development Of And The Impact Associated With Secondary Traumatic Stress, Latronia Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to understand secondary traumatic stress (STS) for foster parents who care for children who have experienced trauma. The three research questions that guided this study were: how do foster caregivers describe their experience with STS, what factors do foster parents perceive as contributors to the development of STS, and how do foster parents cope with symptoms of distress associated with STS? The theoretical framework for the study was based on the stress process theory by Pearlin (1981) which focuses on sources of stress, manifestations of stress, and coping strategies. Data was collected …


A Phenomenological Study Detailing Psychotherapeutic Perspectives Of Psychotherapists Who Treat Individuals Living With Pathological Dissociative Practices, Ebony M. Martinez Apr 2024

A Phenomenological Study Detailing Psychotherapeutic Perspectives Of Psychotherapists Who Treat Individuals Living With Pathological Dissociative Practices, Ebony M. Martinez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The present phenomenological study endeavors to offer a comprehensive and profound insight into the phenomenon of pathological dissociation and the working experiences of psychotherapists who specialize in treating individuals with this condition. The primary objective of this study is to shed light on the intricate nature of pathological dissociation and provide a better understanding of the challenges that psychotherapists encounter during the therapeutic process. Nine licensed psychotherapists agreed to share their expertise and experiences in working with pathological dissociation. The trauma model was used as the theoretical framework to interpret reported pathological dissociative experiences. Based on participant reports, this theory …


Phenomenological Study Of Resiliency Among Native Americans, Mary K. Laungayan Mar 2024

Phenomenological Study Of Resiliency Among Native Americans, Mary K. Laungayan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand what resilience factors, if any, contribute to the reversal of adverse reactions to intergenerational trauma, in Native Americans. The study will attempt to use the data collected to determine an implementation of support that will build a scaffolding of resilience that can benefit Native American Children. The theory guiding this study is the resiliency theory, which conceptualizes positive variables that guide behaviors in individuals who have been exposed to historical trauma and experienced, Adverse Childhood Effects (ACEs) (Zimmerman, 2013). Using an exploratory qualitative design, this study worked to gather data from …


Does Intergenerational Trauma Influence Growth Or Fixed Mindset Among Ethnic Minorities?, Kevin Ladunn Thomas Feb 2024

Does Intergenerational Trauma Influence Growth Or Fixed Mindset Among Ethnic Minorities?, Kevin Ladunn Thomas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Intergenerational trauma is a phenomenon commonly experienced by ethnic minorities in the United States. This type of trauma can profoundly affect individuals, families, and communities. Despite the prevalence and importance of intergenerational trauma, little research has investigated the link between intergenerational trauma and individuals’ mindsets. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to understand the perceptions, experiences, and beliefs of ethnic minorities with intergenerational trauma regarding fixed and growth mindsets. The theory guiding this study was Carol Dweck’s mindset theory. To assess the influence of intergenerational trauma on ethnic minorities’ mindsets, 12 individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds were …


The Mental Health Effects Of Vicarious Trauma, Moral Injury, And Positive Religious Coping With Canine Comfort Handlers, Terri Jeanne O'Brien-Cross Jan 2024

The Mental Health Effects Of Vicarious Trauma, Moral Injury, And Positive Religious Coping With Canine Comfort Handlers, Terri Jeanne O'Brien-Cross

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The intention of this study was to examine whether positive religious coping buffered the mental health effects of vicarious trauma and moral injuries in canine comfort handlers. By examining whether positive religious coping would reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a better understanding of the mental, emotional, and spiritual effects of volunteer handlers was discovered. Handlers work throughout their communities and deploy to crisis events such as mass shootings and natural disasters. By partnering with highly trained canines, they provide support and comfort to those in need. During these interactions, handlers are often exposed to traumatic situations and may …


The Cost Of Creating Therapeutic Relationships: A Phenomenological Study, Robert D. January Dec 2023

The Cost Of Creating Therapeutic Relationships: A Phenomenological Study, Robert D. January

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe how licensed counselors address vicarious trauma and burnout when working with individuals exposed to trauma. This study involved ten licensed professionals from diverse settings including clinics, private practices, and non-profit organizations. Constructive Self-Development Theory guided this study, which defines how traumatic experiences influence a person’s sense of identity. This theory is particularly relevant to this qualitative study because it explains the challenges faced by professional counselors who interact with trauma survivors and acts as a guide toward solutions for preventing counselors from experiencing vicarious trauma and burnout. Snowball sampling was used …


Intimate Partner Violence And Spirituality: A Healing Process, Sheila Diane Lundquist Dec 2023

Intimate Partner Violence And Spirituality: A Healing Process, Sheila Diane Lundquist

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study is to understand how intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors, from the Atlanta area, use spirituality to heal from the abuse. The theory guiding this study is Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy of Needs as it shows how spirituality helped these women meet the needs on the hierarchy after having many of the needs ripped from them by the perpetrator(s). Intimate partner violence is a fundamental problem in the United States, especially during these times of COVID-19 and the stay-at home orders. Intimate partner violence takes a toll on the family unit, the community, and the …


Sisters In Harm: A Phenomenological Study Examining Active-Duty Military Women’S Lived Experiences Of Military Sexual Assault And Trauma, Brandy R. Preston Dec 2023

Sisters In Harm: A Phenomenological Study Examining Active-Duty Military Women’S Lived Experiences Of Military Sexual Assault And Trauma, Brandy R. Preston

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

There has been a plethora of research studies conducted on the staggering statistics surrounding military sexual trauma (MST) and how the armed forces have systematically failed to provide appropriate protections for women who experience military sexual assault (MSA). However, firsthand experiences from active-duty women who experienced MSA and the possible secondary trauma they experienced have very little documentation besides that from a quantitative research point of view. Studies surrounding survivors’ personal experiences are even more limited. Within this body of research, a phenomenological approach is used to describe the contextual and perceptual experiences surrounding active-duty women who are survivors of …


Wounding Words: A Phenomenological Study Of How Individuals Experience Receiving Spiritual Bypass, Peridot Reed-Gilbert Dec 2023

Wounding Words: A Phenomenological Study Of How Individuals Experience Receiving Spiritual Bypass, Peridot Reed-Gilbert

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Currently spiritual bypass refers to a person's attempt to evade or sidestep significant events in his or her life by focusing solely on the spiritual dimension “bypassing” important psychological tasks necessary for healing (Cashwell & Young, 2004; Clarke et al., 2013). Several studies have been conducted proving that spiritual bypass is a phenomenon that individuals implement on themselves. However, the purpose of this study was to address the gap in the existing research literature by examining the lived experiences of those who have experienced receiving spiritual bypass from another person. Through semi-structured interviews, fourteen participants who self-identified as having experienced …


African American Women's Posttraumatic Growth After Infidelity, Thelma J. Carpenter-Ellis Dec 2023

African American Women's Posttraumatic Growth After Infidelity, Thelma J. Carpenter-Ellis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study aims to examine African American women’s posttraumatic growth experience after infidelity without compromising health-related issues. This phenomenon of PTG after cheating needs to be thoroughly analyzed and added to the literature. The research questions are: (1) How do African American women describe their personal growth experiences after marital infidelity? (2) How do African American women describe characteristics that were [e.g., personality, character, fortitude, sense of identity] vital for their resiliency post-infidelity? and (3) How do African American women describe the changes in their assumptive worldview [e.g., trust, safety, attachment, religious faith] because of marital betrayal? Some …


Grow Through What You Go Through: A Qualitative Case Study On Trauma-Informed Education, Allison Teicher Fahrbach Dec 2023

Grow Through What You Go Through: A Qualitative Case Study On Trauma-Informed Education, Allison Teicher Fahrbach

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this multiple case study was to describe how employees in a large school district in the northeastern United States implement trauma-informed education practices. The insights illustrated how trauma-informed practices are utilized in the district. The theory guiding this study was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which explains the process of reaching self-actualization. The methodology used in this research was the embedded multiple case study. Through the qualitative research displayed, twelve Northeastern school district employees discussed trauma-informed education practices. Individual interviews, focus groups, and journal prompts provided insight into trauma-informed education practices, which were analyzed by determining patterns and …


Bruised By Their Transgressions: A Phenomenological Study Of Healing From Traumatic Religious Experiences, Sharron Y. Riley-Seymour Oct 2023

Bruised By Their Transgressions: A Phenomenological Study Of Healing From Traumatic Religious Experiences, Sharron Y. Riley-Seymour

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study explored the impacts of religious/spiritual abuse (RSA) on women abused by Christian religious leaders in their adulthood, describing their treatment experiences and identifying effective elements of their healing processes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 women who had experienced RSA in adulthood. Four central research questions guided the interview protocol: 1) How do participants describe what led them to seek therapy? 2) How do participants describe their therapeutic/healing processes? 3) How do participants describe what they found helpful/not helpful or effective/ineffective in their treatment/healing processes? 4) How do participants describe factors influencing their treatment/healing processes? The interviews …


Coping With Adversity And Trauma In War: The Perseverance Of Alabamian Confederate Soldiers In The American Civil War, Charles Henry Lahmon Sep 2023

Coping With Adversity And Trauma In War: The Perseverance Of Alabamian Confederate Soldiers In The American Civil War, Charles Henry Lahmon

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

“Coping with Adversity and Trauma in War: The Perseverance of Alabamian Confederate Soldiers in the American Civil War” examines how Alabamians fighting for the South persevered from 1861 to 1865 as they faced wartime conditions. Confederates from Alabama—like other Confederate and Union soldiers—suffered much during the American Civil War: long marches, inclement weather, sleep deprivation, lack of clothing and food, harsh living conditions, sickness, separation from family and friends, unpredictable conditions, and most of all, traumatic experiences. As early as 1861, Alabamian soldiers fighting for the South experienced extraordinary hardship. In the face of such adversity, Alabamians persevered and did …


Clinicians’ Self-Disclosure Within The Therapeutic Alliance With A Trauma-Related Disorder, Jenna J. Lamaster Sep 2023

Clinicians’ Self-Disclosure Within The Therapeutic Alliance With A Trauma-Related Disorder, Jenna J. Lamaster

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how therapists build therapeutic alliances with their clients in trauma-based therapy using self-disclosure in the southern United States. The field of psychology benefitted significantly from a clearly defined and operationalized study that focused on the specific forms and usage of self-disclosure within the trauma-based therapeutic alliance, which advances the current research and uncovers the understanding of this potentially helpful intervention. The researcher used a case study approach and collected data using a semi-structured interview approach. These interviews were then examined using coding and the NVivo software. Theoretical coding was utilized …


An Investigation Into Posttraumatic Growth And Resilience After Trauma In African American Women, Britney A. Mitchell Sep 2023

An Investigation Into Posttraumatic Growth And Resilience After Trauma In African American Women, Britney A. Mitchell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among posttraumatic growth, resilience, and trauma in African American women. Posttraumatic Growth Theory was used as the theoretical foundation for the study. A correlational survey design was used to investigate the relationships among the variables of posttraumatic growth, resilience, and trauma among African American women. Four instruments were used in this study, including a demographic survey developed by the researcher, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10), and the Life Event Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). This study will investigate how spirituality is used as a coping skill …


Exploring Resiliency To Burnout: A Phenomenological Study Of Addiction Counselors Resilient To Burnout, Brian Paulson Sep 2023

Exploring Resiliency To Burnout: A Phenomenological Study Of Addiction Counselors Resilient To Burnout, Brian Paulson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study aimed to describe the lived experiences of addiction counselors who appeared resilient to burnout (BO) and compassion fatigue (CF). The research question to frame this study was: What are the lived experiences of addiction counselors who appear resilient to severe levels of burnout and compassion fatigue, leading to longevity in the addiction counseling field? This included resiliency factors to resolve BO and CF, coping skills to resolve symptoms of BO and CF, and internal and external factors that contributed to BO and CF. Several theories were used to conduct this study, including Social Cognitive Theory, Social …


Adverse Childhood Experiences In The Yoruba Tribe/Ethnic Group Of Nigerians Living In America: A Phenomenological Exploration, Patricia O. Akinrogunde Aug 2023

Adverse Childhood Experiences In The Yoruba Tribe/Ethnic Group Of Nigerians Living In America: A Phenomenological Exploration, Patricia O. Akinrogunde

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study examined the lived adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of the Yoruba tribe of Nigerians living in America. The study setting was virtual through Microsoft Teams sampling members of a local church in central Maryland with a population of about 95% of Nigerians from the Yoruba tribe. The trauma from ACEs and cultural factors that may have contributed to the participants’ negative adulthood aggressive behavior was explored in this study. Behavioral constructivism and social constructivism theories guided this study and provided insight into the factors contributing to the experiences of Nigerians from the Yoruba tribe with childhood trauma. …


Exploring The Meaning Of Doctoral Completion For African American Females Who Have Attended A Predominantly White Institution, Devara D. Brock May 2023

Exploring The Meaning Of Doctoral Completion For African American Females Who Have Attended A Predominantly White Institution, Devara D. Brock

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

As evidenced by the average doctoral student turnover rate, pursuing a doctorate degree may be exceedingly difficult. African American women (AAW) in particular, tend to face unique challenges in higher education due to their gender and racial identities, yet because of their perceived success in comparison to their Black male counterparts, their doctoral experiences at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) frequently go overlooked. Furthermore, considering the impact that trauma can have on higher education success, it is crucial to better understand the intricate nature of the doctoral experiences of AAW to determine how to further facilitate their success. To add to …