Digital Commons Network^™

Damaged Goat Skin Torah Fragment Found In Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

a: threads along both edges; b: repaired hole at bottom, multiple smaller holes along top; c: stain at bottom left corner, hole in top right corner

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Parchment fragments such as this one -part of an old Torah scroll - were most often the result of acts of desecration by German soldiers. As territories in the East were conquered and occupied, along with the persecution and humiliation of Jews it was common to pillage and plunder their houses of worship. An indelible expression of contempt for Jews and their way of life, artifacts and ritual …

Government Notice Of Typhus In Radom, Poland Poster

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan poster with text in German and Polish. The German side is titled, "Anordnung" and the Polish side is titled, "Zarządzenie."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Poster order in Radom District forbidding beggars to go house to house due to the danger of Typhus, with severe penalties for anyone violating the order. From the General Government in Poland.

Polish Gathering In Czestochowa, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Large group of people surrounding a long table. verso: Two handwritten notes in black ink; two different languages.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:Czestochowa, Poland

Kibbutz Hachshara Group From Kalisz, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Young men and women pose for photo. Hebrew writing at bottom. Back: 'Foto H.Polanski, Kalisz' stamp.

Young Men Standing Behind Framed Photograph In Lodz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Four young men in suits stand behind a photo on a table at center. Back: Yellowing postcard with a multitude of purple stamps, 'I. Gerszonowicz, Lodz, Traugatta 8'.

Polish Stamp Commemorating Majdanek Death Camp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with green illustration of a skeleton in Nazi uniform pouring gas on a compound of buildings.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Majdanek Death Camp stamp issued by Poland in 1946 commemorating the atrocities that took place there. Stamp depicts death in skeletal form of a Third Reich Nazi pouring Zyklon B into gas chambers.

Polish Stamp Commemorating The Liberation Of Lodz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with blue illustration of smokestacks. Titled, "Poczta Polska."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Polish stamp commemorating the liberation of Lodz in 1945.

Polish Stamp Commemorating The Liberation Of Warsaw

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with red illustration of a man holding a flag and a woman. Titled, "Poczta Polska."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Polish stamp commemorating the liberation of Warsaw in 1945.

Polish Stamp Commemorating The Liberation Of Lodz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with illustration of a monument with a statue of a man on top. Titled, "Poczta Polska."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Polish stamp commemorating the liberation of Lodz in 1945.

Poland Occupation Coupons

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Blue coupons on serated paper, each titled, "Generalgouvernement." Each has an illustration of farmwork or livestock.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Coupons from occupied Poland, the Generalgouvernement, which served as money for forced labor in the Generalgouvernement.

The Last Jew In Vinnitsa

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Man sitting in front of a mass grave of many bodies. A man in Nazi uniform points a gun at the first man's head. Behind him are a number of soldiers. Along side of image is the following text: 5/2/1961: CHICAGO: Photo obtained by Al Moss, of Chicago, a former Nazi concentration camp prisoner, shows the execution of a Polish Jew by a German officer at a mass grave somewhere in Poland. Moss said he obtained the picture in Munich in May, 1945 soon after his liberation by American 3rd Army troops. He said he wanted the people of …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard Returned Not Sent

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with purple printed postcard lines. Handwritten address to Mina Baum from Amalia Fisch. Includes message written in black ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Litzmannstadt Ghetto postcard addressed to Mina Baum in Lublin from Amalia Fisch in Litzmannstadt. Postcard returned by German censor, never mailed. A card from Litzmanndstadt to Lublin, Poland. Returned by censor for apparent violations-"INHALT UNZULASSIG" ("CONTENTS INADMISSIBLE") due to mentioning: "Life is extremely difficult." "As long as we have a little money we can exist." "What lies ahead only our dear God knows." "My dying would be more peaceful and I will be …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard Returned

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with purple printed postcard lines with handwritten address to S. Hirowska and return address from S. Hajskopf with message written in ink. Message has red markings over it.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postcard addressed to S. Hirowska in Warsaw, return address from S. Hajskopf in Lidzmannstadt Ghetto with message written in ink. Postcard returned unsent. The notations "unclean", "Yiddish and Jewish language forbidden" and "Returned" were applied by German censor. Return address: S. Hajskopf, Litzmannstadt Ghetto , "Litzmannstadt Ghetto, Dec 25. Translation: "Dear Aunt, Uncle, and Emek, Grandmother and I received your card and it made …

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of children lined up with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Children in Lodz ghetto, under the watchful eye of their elders, being loaded on trains for transport to death camps.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Jewish men standing and on their knees wearing armbands with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Jewish men, with armbands, forced to humiliate themselves playing leapfrog to the delight of Germans. Jewish onlookers.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of a group of people carrying their belongings with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Jews packing belongings for trip to the ghetto in Grodno.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of a Jewish man on his knees with Nazi soldiers nearby with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Old Jewish man, dressed in prayer garb, being made to dance while Germans enjoy his humiliation.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Jews being herded by soldiers with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Jews being removed from Rzeszow, either being sent to ghetto or deported.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of a line of corpses with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Krakow: murdered Jews post-execution.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Nazis watching naked Jews with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Jews – men and a young boy - stripped naked, hovering over a pit awaiting execution.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Nazis filming a group of children with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Germans filming female victims.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Nazis undressing corpses with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Post-execution photo of civilians undressing and burying bodies under watchful eyes of Germans.

Real Photo Polish Postcards Of Nazi Atrocities

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of Nazis shooting a group of people with printed postcard lines and caption on back.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: German firing squad shooting civilians in the woods near Bochnia.

Resident Registration Form For Jews

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Form with black printed text and information filled in with black ink. Titled, "Anmeldung zur polizeilichen Einwohnererfassung." Includes a red "Jude" stamp at top with two Stars of David. Back consists of printed text.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: An Anmeldung was a resident registration form. This document was used to register Jews and their possessions in occupied Poland. Handstamped "Jude" by Nazi police and flanked by two Mogen Davids. A bilingual form was created enabling Nazis to register Jews and their belongings. Questions six and seven related to religion and ethnicity; question eleven asked for details of any …

Grim Barbed Wire In Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A black and white photo of barbed wire and brick buildings. Back: Tribune Cut Order information about the photo.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Wire photo identifying the photo as occurring in Poland, probably of a ghetto street, at the forefront of which is a sign that reads "VORSICHT Hochspannung Lebensgefahr" ["DANGER! High voltage will cause death"].

Jewish Terror In Warsaw

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A black and white photograph of Jewish men in heavy jackets being escorted by the military.Back: Several hand stamps and various writing. Includes source as International New Photo

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: News wire photo of Jews in Warsaw Ghetto. Verso: "Jewish terror in Warsaw" and "Jews in Warsaw" with a date stamp of November 7, 1941. The Warsaw Ghetto had been the largest ghetto in occupied Poland in the General Government with more than 400,000 residents. While there is no further information on this photo, these men are possibly being marched to a work camp. Deportations …

Postcard From Belzyce Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with message written in purple pencil.Back: Printed postcard lines in brown with writing in pencil. Includes black and purple hand stamps, a green pasted stamp of a man in profile facing left, and a red arrow.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Polish postcard bearing scarce small boxed BELZYCE alongside of German franking, addressed in pencil to Berlin. Belzyce, a small town in the province of Lublin, Poland, was overcome by Germany in September, 1939. A ghetto was established 1940 which housed Jews from Belzyce as well as other towns in Poland. The liquidation of the ghetto …

Envelope From Krakow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Green envelope with typewritten address. Includes several purple and black hand stamps, some writing in pencil, and a pasted brown stamp depicting a buildling in upper right corner.Back: Address written in black cursive ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Envelope franked General Government 6 pfg. tied Krakow cds, from Zydowska Samopomoc Spoleczna (Jewish Self-Help Society) in Krakow Ghetto to Rada Zydowska (Jewish Aid Society) in Wadlew, Poland. One of the five major metropolitan ghettos in the General Government territory created by the Nazis, Krakow was surrounded by barbed wire and brick walls shaped as tombstones. 18,000 Jews were …

Postcard From Rzeszow, Lvov District, Poland

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with black printed text and dotted lines, filled in with blue cursive ink. Includes purple and black hand stamps on the top, and a long red line through the card.

Back: Printed black postcard lines and address. Includes blue writing on lefthand side, as well as purple, black and red hand stamps, a purple pasted stamp of Hitler in profile on top right, and pencil markings on the bottom of the page.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

RELICO card to Geneva, General Gouvernement 30 pfg tied Rzeszow cds, bearing small boxed Judenrat Reichshof along with Nazi …

Censored, Not Permitted Postcard From Abraham Schiller To Markus Schiller In Yiddish

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A 'Karte Pocztowa.' Includes a letter written in Yiddish with red handstamp, "Hebräische Schrift nicht zulässig" [Hebrew writing not allowed], black postal stamp and black Reich mailing stamp with the Reichsadler. Back: Continuation of Yiddish letter. Further information: A postcard sent from Occupied Poland on Rosh Hashana Eve by Abraham Schiller. It was censored due to the Yiddish writing.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

German writing only. Postcard sent from occupied Poland, Yiddish text written on Rosh Hashana Eve by Abraham Schiller. Card was not posted due to three-line red cachet in German “Hebrew writing not allowed” on …