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Towards Mapping Soil Carbon Landscapes: Issues Of Sampling Scale And Transferability, Bradley A. Miller, Sylvia Koszinski, Wilfried Hierold, Helmut Rogasik, Boris Schröder, Kristof Van Oost, Marc Wehrhan, Michael Sommer
Towards Mapping Soil Carbon Landscapes: Issues Of Sampling Scale And Transferability, Bradley A. Miller, Sylvia Koszinski, Wilfried Hierold, Helmut Rogasik, Boris Schröder, Kristof Van Oost, Marc Wehrhan, Michael Sommer
Bradley A Miller
The conversion of point observations to a geographic field is a necessary step in soil mapping. For pursuing goals of mapping soil carbon at the landscape scale, the relationships between sampling scale, representation of spatial variation, and accuracy of estimated error need to be considered. This study examines the spatial patterns and accuracy of predictions made by different spatial modelling methods on sample sets taken at two different scales. These spatial models are then tested on independent validation sets taken at three different scales. Each spatial modelling method produced similar, but unique, maps of soil organic carbon content (SOC%). Kriging …
Use Of Soil Maps And Surveys To Interpret Soil-Landform Assemblages And Soil-Landscape Evolution, Bradley A. Miller, Randall J. Schaetzl
Use Of Soil Maps And Surveys To Interpret Soil-Landform Assemblages And Soil-Landscape Evolution, Bradley A. Miller, Randall J. Schaetzl
Bradley A Miller
Soils form in unconsolidated parent materials, which make them a key link to the geologic system that originally deposited the parent material. In young soils, i.e., those that post-date the last glaciation, parent materials can often be easily identified as to type and depositional system. In a GIS, soil map units can then be geospatially tied to parent materials, enabling the user to create maps of surficial geology. We suggest that maps of this kind have a wide variety of applications in the Earth Sciences, and to that end, provide five examples from temperate climate soil-landscapes.
Century-Scale Patterns And Trends Of Global Pyrogenic Carbon Emissions And Fire Influences On Terrestrial Carbon Balance, Jia Yang, Hanqin Tian, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Shufen Pan, Yuhang Wang, Yongqiang Liu
Century-Scale Patterns And Trends Of Global Pyrogenic Carbon Emissions And Fire Influences On Terrestrial Carbon Balance, Jia Yang, Hanqin Tian, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Shufen Pan, Yuhang Wang, Yongqiang Liu
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Fires have consumed a large amount of terrestrial organic carbon and significantly influenced terrestrial ecosystems and the physical climate system over the past century. Although biomass burning has been widely investigated at a global level in recent decades via satellite observations, less work has been conducted to examine the century-scale changes in global fire regimes and fire influences on the terrestrial carbon balance. In this study, we investigated global pyrogenic carbon emissions and fire influences on the terrestrial carbon fluxes from 1901 to 2010 by using a process-based land ecosystem model. Our results show a significant declining trend in global …
Mating For Male-Derived Prostaglandin: A Functional Explanation For The Increased Fecundity Of Mated Female Crickets?, Amy M. Worthington, Russell A. Jurenka, Clint D. Kelly
Mating For Male-Derived Prostaglandin: A Functional Explanation For The Increased Fecundity Of Mated Female Crickets?, Amy M. Worthington, Russell A. Jurenka, Clint D. Kelly
Russell A. Jurenka
Direct benefits are considered to be the driving force of high female mating rates, yet species in which females do not receive material resources from males still experience increased fitness from mating frequently. One hypothesis suggests that substances within the ejaculate may boost survival or offspring production. If these materials are limiting to females, they will require continual renewal via mating and could provide a functional understanding of how high mating rates lead to increased female fitness. Using the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis, we investigated the sexual transfer of prostaglandin E2, an important mediator of invertebrate reproduction. We determined …
Disentangling Climatic And Anthropogenic Controls On Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Trends, Jiafu Mao, Wenting Fu, Xiaoying Shi, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Joshua B. Fisher, Robert E. Dickinson, Yaxing Wei, Willis Shem, Shilong Piao, Kaicun Wang, Christopher R. Schwalm, Hanqin Tian, Mingquan Mu, Altaf Arain, Philippe Ciais, Robert Cook, Yongdiu Dai, Daniel Hayes, Forrest M. Hoffman, Maoyi Huang, Suo Huang, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Akihiko Ito, Atul Jain, Anthony W. King, Huimin Lei, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Huimin Lei, Anna M. Michalak, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Kevin Schaefer, Elshin Jafarov, Peter E. Thornton, Weile Wang, Ning Zeng, Zhenzhong Zeng, Fang Zhao, Qiuan Zhu, Zaichun Zhu
Disentangling Climatic And Anthropogenic Controls On Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Trends, Jiafu Mao, Wenting Fu, Xiaoying Shi, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Joshua B. Fisher, Robert E. Dickinson, Yaxing Wei, Willis Shem, Shilong Piao, Kaicun Wang, Christopher R. Schwalm, Hanqin Tian, Mingquan Mu, Altaf Arain, Philippe Ciais, Robert Cook, Yongdiu Dai, Daniel Hayes, Forrest M. Hoffman, Maoyi Huang, Suo Huang, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Akihiko Ito, Atul Jain, Anthony W. King, Huimin Lei, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Huimin Lei, Anna M. Michalak, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Kevin Schaefer, Elshin Jafarov, Peter E. Thornton, Weile Wang, Ning Zeng, Zhenzhong Zeng, Fang Zhao, Qiuan Zhu, Zaichun Zhu
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
We examined natural and anthropogenic controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes from 1982 to 2010 using multiple estimates from remote sensing-based datasets and process-oriented land surface models.A significant increasing trend of ET in each hemisphere was consistently revealed by observationally-constrained data and multi-model ensembles that considered historic natural and anthropogenic drivers. The climate impacts were simulated to determine the spatiotemporal variations in ET. Globally, risingCO2 ranked second in these models after the predominant climatic influences, and yielded decreasing trends in canopy transpiration and ET, especially for tropical forests and high-latitude shrub land. Increasing nitrogen deposition slightly amplified global ET via …
Climate Extremes Dominating Seasonal And Interannual Variations In Carbon Export From The Mississippi River Basin, Hanqin Tian, Wei Ren, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Wei-Jun Cai, Steve E. Lohrenz, Charles S. Hopkinson, Mingliang Liu, Qichun Yang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Bowen Zhang, Kamaljit Banger, Shufen Pan, Ruoying He, Zuo Xue
Climate Extremes Dominating Seasonal And Interannual Variations In Carbon Export From The Mississippi River Basin, Hanqin Tian, Wei Ren, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Wei-Jun Cai, Steve E. Lohrenz, Charles S. Hopkinson, Mingliang Liu, Qichun Yang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Bowen Zhang, Kamaljit Banger, Shufen Pan, Ruoying He, Zuo Xue
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Knowledge about the annual and seasonal patterns of organic and inorganic carbon (C) exports from the major rivers of the world to the coastal ocean is essential for our understanding and potential management of the global C budget so as to limit anthropogenic modification of global climate. Unfortunately our predictive understanding of what controls the timing, magnitude, and quality of C export is still rudimentary. Here we use a process-based coupled hydrologic/ecosystem biogeochemistry model (the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model) to examine how climate variability and extreme events, changing land use, and atmospheric chemistry have affected the annual and seasonal patterns …
Environmental Forcing Does Not Induce Diel Or Synoptic Variation In The Carbon Isotope Content Of Forest Soil Respiration, Steven J. Hall, D. R. Bowling, J. E. Egan
Environmental Forcing Does Not Induce Diel Or Synoptic Variation In The Carbon Isotope Content Of Forest Soil Respiration, Steven J. Hall, D. R. Bowling, J. E. Egan
Steven J. Hall
Recent studies have examined temporal fluctuations in the amount and carbon isotope content (δ13C) of CO2 produced by the respiration of roots and soil organisms. These changes have been correlated with diel cycles of environmental forcing (e.g., sunlight and soil temperature) and with synoptic-scale atmospheric motion (e.g., rain events and pressure-induced ventilation). We used an extensive suite of measurements to examine soil respiration over 2 months in a subalpine forest in Colorado, USA (the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux forest). Observations included automated measurements of CO2 and δ13C of CO2 in the soil efflux, the soil gas profile, and forest air. There …
Lignin Decomposition Is Sustained Under Fluctuating Redox Conditions In Humid Tropical Forest Soils, Steven J. Hall, Whendee L. Silver, Vitaliy I. Timokhin, Kenneth E. Hammel
Lignin Decomposition Is Sustained Under Fluctuating Redox Conditions In Humid Tropical Forest Soils, Steven J. Hall, Whendee L. Silver, Vitaliy I. Timokhin, Kenneth E. Hammel
Steven J. Hall
Lignin mineralization represents a critical flux in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, yet little is known about mechanisms and environmental factors controlling lignin breakdown in mineral soils. Hypoxia is thought to suppress lignin decomposition, yet potential effects of oxygen (O2) variability in surface soils have not been explored. Here, we tested the impact of redox fluctuations on lignin breakdown in humid tropical forest soils during ten-week laboratory incubations. We used synthetic lignins labeled with 13C in either of two positions (aromatic methoxyl or propyl side chain Cb) to provide highly sensitive and specific measures of lignin mineralization seldom employed in …
Hemocyte Differentiation Mediates The Mosquito Late-Phase Immune Response Against Plasmodium In Anopheles Gambiae, Ryan C. Smith, Carolina Barillas-Mury, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
Hemocyte Differentiation Mediates The Mosquito Late-Phase Immune Response Against Plasmodium In Anopheles Gambiae, Ryan C. Smith, Carolina Barillas-Mury, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
Ryan C. Smith
Plasmodium parasites must complete development in the mosquito vector for transmission to occur. The mosquito innate immune response is remarkably efficient in limiting parasite numbers. Previous work has identified a LPS-induced TNFα transcription factor (LITAF)-like transcription factor, LITAF-like 3 (LL3), which significantly influences parasite numbers. Here, we demonstrate that LL3 does not influence invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium or ookinete-to-oocyst differentiation but mediates a late-phase immune response that decreases oocyst survival. LL3 expression in the midgut and hemocytes is activated by ookinete midgut invasion and is independent of the mosquito microbiota, suggesting that LL3 may be a component of …
Toward “Optimal” Integration Of Terrestrial Biosphere Models, Christopher R. Schwalm, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Joshua B. Fisher, Anna M. Michalak, Kevin Bowman, Philippe Ciais, Robert Cook, Bassil El-Masri, Daniel Hayes, Maoyi Huang, Akihiko Ito, Atul Jain, Anthony W. King, Hiumin Lei, Junjie Liu, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Jaifu Mao, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Xiaoying Shi, Bo Tao, Hanqin Tian, Weile Wang, Yaxing Wei, Jia Yang, Ning Zeng
Toward “Optimal” Integration Of Terrestrial Biosphere Models, Christopher R. Schwalm, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Joshua B. Fisher, Anna M. Michalak, Kevin Bowman, Philippe Ciais, Robert Cook, Bassil El-Masri, Daniel Hayes, Maoyi Huang, Akihiko Ito, Atul Jain, Anthony W. King, Hiumin Lei, Junjie Liu, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Jaifu Mao, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Xiaoying Shi, Bo Tao, Hanqin Tian, Weile Wang, Yaxing Wei, Jia Yang, Ning Zeng
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Multimodel ensembles (MME) are commonplace in Earth system modeling. Here we perform MME integration using a 10-member ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Multiscale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). We contrast optimal (skill based for present-day carbon cycling) versus naïve (“one model-one vote”) integration. MsTMIP optimal and naïve mean land sink strength estimates (−1.16 versus −1.15 Pg C per annum respectively) are statistically indistinguishable. This holds also for grid cell values and extends to gross uptake, biomass, and net ecosystem productivity. TBM skill is similarly indistinguishable. The added complexity of skill-based integration does not materially change …
Global Patterns And Controls Of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics As Simulated By Multiple Terrestrial Biosphere Models: Current Status And Future Directions, Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Jia Yang, Kamaljit Banger, Denorah N. Huntzinger, Christopher R. Schwalm, Anna M. Michalak, Robert Cook, Philippe Ciais, Daniel Hayes, Maoyi Huang, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Huimin Lei, Jiafu Mao, Shufen Pan, Wilfred M. Post, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Wei Ren, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Xiaoying Shi, Bo Tao, Weile Wang, Yaxing Wei, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Ning Zeng
Global Patterns And Controls Of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics As Simulated By Multiple Terrestrial Biosphere Models: Current Status And Future Directions, Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Jia Yang, Kamaljit Banger, Denorah N. Huntzinger, Christopher R. Schwalm, Anna M. Michalak, Robert Cook, Philippe Ciais, Daniel Hayes, Maoyi Huang, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Huimin Lei, Jiafu Mao, Shufen Pan, Wilfred M. Post, Shushi Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Wei Ren, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Xiaoying Shi, Bo Tao, Weile Wang, Yaxing Wei, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Ning Zeng
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Soil is the largest organic carbon (C) pool of terrestrial ecosystems, and C loss from soil accounts for a large proportion of land-atmosphere C exchange. Therefore, a small change in soil organic C (SOC) can affect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and climate change. In the past decades, a wide variety of studies have been conducted to quantify global SOC stocks and soil C exchange with the atmosphere through site measurements, inventories, and empirical/process-based modeling. However, these estimates are highly uncertain, and identifying major driving forces controlling soil C dynamics remains a key research challenge. This study has compiled century-long …
Large Fluxes And Rapid Turnover Of Mineral-Associated Carbon Across Topographic Gradients In A Humid Tropical Forest: Insights From Paired 14c Analysis, Steven J. Hall, G. Mcnicol, T. Natake, W. L. Silver
Large Fluxes And Rapid Turnover Of Mineral-Associated Carbon Across Topographic Gradients In A Humid Tropical Forest: Insights From Paired 14c Analysis, Steven J. Hall, G. Mcnicol, T. Natake, W. L. Silver
Steven J. Hall
It has been proposed that the large soil carbon (C) stocks of humid tropical forests result predominantly from C stabilization by reactive minerals, whereas oxygen (O2) limitation of decomposition has received much less attention. We examined the importance of these factors in explaining patterns of C stocks and turnover in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, using radiocarbon (14C) measurements of contemporary and archived samples. Samples from ridge, slope, and valley positions spanned three soil orders (Ultisol, Oxisol, Inceptisol) representative of humid tropical forests, and differed in texture, reactive metal content, O2 availability, and root biomass. Mineral-associated C comprised the …
Global Methane And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Terrestrial Ecosystems Due To Multiple Environmental Changes, Hanqin Tian, Guangsheng Chen, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Xiaofeng Xu, Wei Ren, Bowen Zhang, Kamaljit Banger, Bo Tao, Shufen Pan, Mingliang Liu, Chi Zhang, Lori Bruhwiler, Steven Wofsy
Global Methane And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Terrestrial Ecosystems Due To Multiple Environmental Changes, Hanqin Tian, Guangsheng Chen, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Xiaofeng Xu, Wei Ren, Bowen Zhang, Kamaljit Banger, Bo Tao, Shufen Pan, Mingliang Liu, Chi Zhang, Lori Bruhwiler, Steven Wofsy
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change is among the most pressing sustainability challenges facing humanity today, posing serious risks for ecosystem health. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the two most important GHGs after carbon dioxide (CO2), but their regional and global budgets are not well known. In this study, we applied a process-based coupled biogeochemical model to concurrently estimate the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of CH4 and N2O fluxes as driven by multiple environmental changes, including climate variability, rising atmospheric CO2, increasing nitrogen deposition, tropospheric ozone pollution, land use change, and nitrogen fertilizer use. The estimated CH4 …
Comparison Of Spatial Association Approaches For Landscape Mapping Of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks, Bradley A. Miller, S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, M. Sommer
Comparison Of Spatial Association Approaches For Landscape Mapping Of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks, Bradley A. Miller, S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, M. Sommer
Bradley A Miller
The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which is to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC …
Impact Of Multi-Scale Predictor Selection For Modeling Soil Properties, Bradley A. Miller, Sylvia Koszinski, Marc Wehrhan, Michael Sommer
Impact Of Multi-Scale Predictor Selection For Modeling Soil Properties, Bradley A. Miller, Sylvia Koszinski, Marc Wehrhan, Michael Sommer
Bradley A Miller
Applying a data mining tool used regularly in digital soil mapping, this research focuses on the optimal inclusion of predictors for soil–landscape modeling by utilizing as wide of a pool of variables as possible. Predictor variables for digital soil mapping are often chosen on the basis of data availability and the researcher's expert knowledge. Predictor variables commonly overlooked include alternative analysis scales for land-surface derivatives and additional remote sensing products. For this study, a pool of 412 potential predictors was assembled, which included qualitative location classes, elevation, land-surface derivatives (with a wide range of analysis scales), hydrologic indicators, as well …
Synthetic Strategies For Tailoring The Physicochemical And Magnetic Properties Of Hydrophobic Magnetic Ionic Liquids, Omprakash Nacham, Kevin D. Clark, Honglian Yu, Jared L. Anderson
Synthetic Strategies For Tailoring The Physicochemical And Magnetic Properties Of Hydrophobic Magnetic Ionic Liquids, Omprakash Nacham, Kevin D. Clark, Honglian Yu, Jared L. Anderson
Jared L. Anderson
Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) are a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs) containing paramagnetic components and are readily manipulated by an external magnetic field. Due to their hydrophilic nature, very few applications of MILs in aqueous systems have been reported. In this study, three general classes of hydrophobic MILs including monocationic, symmetrical/unsymmetrical dicationic, and symmetrical/unsymmetrical tricationic MILs were synthesized and characterized. By tuning the structure of the MIL, various physicochemical properties including water solubility, magnetic susceptibility, and melting point were regulated. MILs synthesized with the benzimidazolium cation were shown to exhibit lower water solubility (0.1% (w/v)) when compared to those containing …
Extraction Of Dna By Magnetic Ionic Liquids: Tunable Solvents For Rapid And Selective Dna Analysis, Kevin D. Clark, Omprakash Nacham, Honglian Yu, Tianhao Li, Melissa M. Yamsek, Donald R. Ronning, Jared L. Anderson
Extraction Of Dna By Magnetic Ionic Liquids: Tunable Solvents For Rapid And Selective Dna Analysis, Kevin D. Clark, Omprakash Nacham, Honglian Yu, Tianhao Li, Melissa M. Yamsek, Donald R. Ronning, Jared L. Anderson
Jared L. Anderson
DNA extraction represents a significant bottleneck in nucleic acid analysis. In this study, hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were synthesized and employed as solvents for the rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from aqueous solution. The DNA-enriched microdroplets were manipulated by application of a magnetic field. The three MILs examined in this study exhibited unique DNA extraction capabilities when applied toward a variety of DNA samples and matrices. High extraction efficiencies were obtained for smaller single-stranded and double-stranded DNA using the benzyltrioctylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(III) ([(C8)3BnN+][FeCl3Br–]) MIL, while the dicationic 1,12-di(3-hexadecylbenzimidazolium)dodecane bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide bromotrichloroferrate(III) ([(C16BnIM)2C122+][NTf2–, FeCl3Br–]) MIL produced higher extraction efficiencies for larger …
Sociality Increases Juvenile Survival After A Catastrophic Event In The Feral Horse (Equus Caballus), Cassandra M.V. Nuñez, James S. Adelman, Daniel I. Rubenstein
Sociality Increases Juvenile Survival After A Catastrophic Event In The Feral Horse (Equus Caballus), Cassandra M.V. Nuñez, James S. Adelman, Daniel I. Rubenstein
Cassandra M.V. Nuñez
In several social species, adult associations have been linked to individual fitness. Less is known about offspring associations and the mechanisms by which they may influence fitness. We investigate the effects of sociality on juvenile survival in feral horses (Equus caballus). We use foal degree (number of associates) and foal weight (number of interactions) to assess sociality’s importance to foal survival of a catastrophic event, the gathering and removal of 40% of the horse population. We found that 1) foal degree was a better predictor of foal survival than was foal weight; 2) following the gather, foals with access to …
Advancing Computational Toxicology In A Regulatory Setting: A Selected Review Of The Accomplishments Of Gilman D. Veith (1944–2013), Steven P. Bradbury, Christine L. Russom, Patricia K. Schmieder, Terry W. Schultz, Robert Diderich, Charles M. Auer
Advancing Computational Toxicology In A Regulatory Setting: A Selected Review Of The Accomplishments Of Gilman D. Veith (1944–2013), Steven P. Bradbury, Christine L. Russom, Patricia K. Schmieder, Terry W. Schultz, Robert Diderich, Charles M. Auer
Steven P. Bradbury
With the passing of Dr. Gilman D. Veith on August 18, 2013, the research community lost one of its true visionaries in the development and implementation of alternative in silico and in vitro toxicology models in human health and ecological risk assessment. His career spanned more than four decades, during which he repeatedly demonstrated vision and leadership to advance alternative testing and assessment research and to guide the adoption of research accomplishments into U.S. and international chemical regulatory programs. His ability to advance toxicological and environmental exposure research, and associated quantitative structure– activity relationships (QSARs), for application in environmental regulatory …
Repeated Stressors In Adulthood Increase The Rate Of Biological Ageing, Michaela Hau, Mark F. Haussmann, Timothy J. Greives, Christa Matlack, David Costantini, Michael Quetting, James S. Adelman, Ana C. Miranda, Jesko Partecke
Repeated Stressors In Adulthood Increase The Rate Of Biological Ageing, Michaela Hau, Mark F. Haussmann, Timothy J. Greives, Christa Matlack, David Costantini, Michael Quetting, James S. Adelman, Ana C. Miranda, Jesko Partecke
James S. Adelman
Individuals of the same age can differ substantially in the degree to which they have accumulated tissue damage, akin to bodily wear and tear, from past experiences. This accumulated tissue damage reflects the individual’s biological age and may better predict physiological and behavioural performance than the individual‘s chronological age. However, at present it remains unclear how to reliably assess biological age in individual wild vertebrates. We exposed hand-raised adult Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) to a combination of repeated immune and disturbance stressors for over one year to determine the effects of chronic stress on potential biomarkers of biological ageing including …
Responses Of Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration To Climate Change And Increasing Atmospheric Co2 In The 21st Century, Shufen Pan, Hanqin Tian, Shree R. S. Dangal, Qichun Yang, Jia Yang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Zhiyun Ouyang
Responses Of Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration To Climate Change And Increasing Atmospheric Co2 In The 21st Century, Shufen Pan, Hanqin Tian, Shree R. S. Dangal, Qichun Yang, Jia Yang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Zhiyun Ouyang
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Quantifying the spatial and temporal patterns of the water lost to the atmosphere through land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for understanding the global hydrological cycle, but remains much uncertain. In this study, we use the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model to estimate the global terrestrial ET during 2000–2009 and project its changes in response to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 under two IPCC SRES scenarios (A2 and B1) during 2010–2099. Modeled results show a mean annual global terrestrial ET of about 549 (545–552) mm yr−1 during 2000–2009. Relative to the 2000s, global terrestrial ET for the 2090s would increase …
The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis And Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 2: Environmental Driver Data, Y. Wei, S. Liu, D. N. Huntzinger, A. M. Michalak, N. Viovy, W. M. Post, C. R. Schwalm, K. Schaefer, A. R. Jacobson, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Hanqin Tian, D. M. Ricciuto, R. B. Cook, J. Mao, X. Shi
The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis And Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 2: Environmental Driver Data, Y. Wei, S. Liu, D. N. Huntzinger, A. M. Michalak, N. Viovy, W. M. Post, C. R. Schwalm, K. Schaefer, A. R. Jacobson, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Hanqin Tian, D. M. Ricciuto, R. B. Cook, J. Mao, X. Shi
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, and terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are crucial tools in further understanding of how terrestrial carbon is stored and exchanged with the atmosphere across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Improving TBM skills, and quantifying and reducing their estimation uncertainties, pose significant challenges. The Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal multi-scale and multi-model intercomparison effort set up to tackle these challenges. The MsTMIP protocol prescribes standardized environmental driver data that are shared among model teams to facilitate model–model and model–observation comparisons. This paper describes …
Differential Effects Of Canopy Trimming And Litter Deposition On Litterfall And Nutrient Dynamics In A Wet Subtropical Forest, Steven J. Hall, Whendee L. Silver, Grizelle González
Differential Effects Of Canopy Trimming And Litter Deposition On Litterfall And Nutrient Dynamics In A Wet Subtropical Forest, Steven J. Hall, Whendee L. Silver, Grizelle González
Steven J. Hall
Humid tropical forests have the highest rates of litterfall production globally, which fuels rapid nutrient recycling and high net ecosystem production. Severe storm events significantly alter patterns in litterfall mass and nutrient dynamics through a combination of canopy disturbance and litter deposition. In this study, we used a large-scale long-term manipulation experiment to explore the separate and combined effects of canopy trimming and litter deposition on litterfall rates and litter nutrient concentrations and content. The deposition of fine litter associated with the treatments was equivalent to more than two times the annual fine litterfall mass and nutrient content in control …
Complex Spatiotemporal Responses Of Global Terrestrial Primary Production To Climate Change And Increasing Atmospheric Co2 In The 21st Century, Shufen Pan, Hanqin Tian, Shree R. S. Dangal, Chi Zhang, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Zhiyun Ouyang, Xiaoke Wang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Wei Ren, Kamaljit Banger, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Xia Li
Complex Spatiotemporal Responses Of Global Terrestrial Primary Production To Climate Change And Increasing Atmospheric Co2 In The 21st Century, Shufen Pan, Hanqin Tian, Shree R. S. Dangal, Chi Zhang, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Zhiyun Ouyang, Xiaoke Wang, Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu, Wei Ren, Kamaljit Banger, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Xia Li
Chaoqun (Crystal) Lu
Quantitative information on the response of global terrestrial net primary production (NPP) to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 is essential for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the 21st century. Using a process-based ecosystem model (the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM), we quantified the magnitude and spatiotemporal variations of contemporary (2000s) global NPP, and projected its potential responses to climate and CO2 changes in the 21st century under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B1 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We estimated a global terrestrial NPP of 54.6 (52.8–56.4) PgC yr−1 as a result …
Breaking The Enzymatic Latch: Impacts Of Reducing Conditions On Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity In Tropical Forest Soils, Steven J. Hall, Jonathan Treffkorn, Whendee L. Silver
Breaking The Enzymatic Latch: Impacts Of Reducing Conditions On Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity In Tropical Forest Soils, Steven J. Hall, Jonathan Treffkorn, Whendee L. Silver
Steven J. Hall
The enzymatic latch hypothesis proposes that oxygen (O2) limitation promotes wetland carbon (C) storage by indirectly decreasing the activities of hydrolytic enzymes that decompose organic matter. Humid tropical forest soils are often characterized by low and fluctuating redox conditions and harbor a large pool of organic matter, yet they also have the fastest decomposition rates globally. We tested the enzymatic latch hypothesis across a soil O2 gradient in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, USA. Enzyme activities expressed on a soil mass basis did not systematically decline across a landscape O2 gradient, nor did phenolics accumulate, the proposed mechanism of …
The Historical Role Of Base Maps In Soil Geography, Bradley A. Miller, R. J. Schaetzl
The Historical Role Of Base Maps In Soil Geography, Bradley A. Miller, R. J. Schaetzl
Bradley A Miller
Soil mapping is a major goal of soil science. Soil maps rely upon accurate base maps, both for positional reference and to provide environmental data that can assist in the prediction of soil properties. This paper reviews the historical development of base maps used for soil mapping, and evaluates the dependence of soil mapping on base maps. The availability of geographic technology for producing base maps has both constrained and directed the geographic study of soil. The lack of accurate methods for determining location limited early geographic descriptions of soils to narratives, or to listings of attributes for property-based map …
The Plasmodium Bottleneck: Malaria Parasite Losses In The Mosquito Vector, Ryan C. Smith, Joel Vega-Rodríguez, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
The Plasmodium Bottleneck: Malaria Parasite Losses In The Mosquito Vector, Ryan C. Smith, Joel Vega-Rodríguez, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
Ryan C. Smith
Nearly one million people are killed every year by the malaria parasite Plasmodium. Although the disease-causing forms of the parasite exist only in the human blood, mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are the obligate vector for transmission. Here, we review the parasite life cycle in the vector and highlight the human and mosquito contributions that limit malaria parasite development in the mosquito host. We address parasite killing in its mosquito host and bottlenecks in parasite numbers that might guide intervention strategies to prevent transmission.
Immunization Against A Merozoite Sheddase Promotes Multiple Invasion Of Red Blood Cells And Attenuates Plasmodium Infection In Mice, Ryan C. Smith, Daisy D. Colón-López, Jürgen Bosch
Immunization Against A Merozoite Sheddase Promotes Multiple Invasion Of Red Blood Cells And Attenuates Plasmodium Infection In Mice, Ryan C. Smith, Daisy D. Colón-López, Jürgen Bosch
Ryan C. Smith
Subtilisin-like protease 2 (SUB2) is a conserved serine protease utilized by Plasmodium parasites as a surface sheddase required for successful merozoite invasion of host red blood cells and has been implicated in ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut. To determine if SUB2 is a suitable vaccine target to interfere with malaria parasite development, the effects of SUB2-immunization on the Plasmodium life cycle were examined in its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Swiss Webster mice were immunized with SUB2 peptides conjugated to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or KLH alone, and then challenged with Plasmodium berghei. To determine the effects of immunization on …
These Are Not The K-Mers You Are Looking For: Efficient Online K-Mer Counting Using A Probabilistic Data Structure, Qingpeng Zhang, Jason Pell, Rosangela Canino-Koning, Adina Chuang Howe, C. Titus Brown
These Are Not The K-Mers You Are Looking For: Efficient Online K-Mer Counting Using A Probabilistic Data Structure, Qingpeng Zhang, Jason Pell, Rosangela Canino-Koning, Adina Chuang Howe, C. Titus Brown
Adina Howe
K-mer abundance analysis is widely used for many purposes in nucleotide sequence analysis, including data preprocessing for de novo assembly, repeat detection, and sequencing coverage estimation. We present the khmer software package for fast and memory efficient online counting of k-mers in sequencing data sets. Unlike previous methods based on data structures such as hash tables, suffix arrays, and trie structures, khmer relies entirely on a simple probabilistic data structure, a Count-Min Sketch. The Count-Min Sketch permits online updating and retrieval of k-mer counts in memory which is necessary to support online k-mer analysis algorithms. On sparse data sets this …
Evaluation Of Trophic Niche Overlap Between Native Fishes And Young-Of-The-Year Common Carp, Michael J. Weber, Jessica M. Howell, Michael L. Rown
Evaluation Of Trophic Niche Overlap Between Native Fishes And Young-Of-The-Year Common Carp, Michael J. Weber, Jessica M. Howell, Michael L. Rown
Michael J Weber Dr
Common carp Cyprinus carpio is a ubiquitous invasive species that commonly imposes negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, research evaluating the effects of carp on native fishes is limited. Carp are highly fecund and larvae and juveniles can be abundant. If age-0 carp use similar prey resources as native fishes, they may compete if food becomes limited. We used traditional diet analysis for samples during Jul. and Aug. 2008 in Brant Lake. Stable sotopes were used for samples collected during Aug. and Sep. 2009 in Brant Lake and Lake Sinai to examine prey resource use by age-0 carp and four …