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Brigham Young University

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2004

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Dietary Isoflavones Alter Regulatory Behaviors, Metabolic Hormones And Neuroendocrine Function In Long-Evans Male Rats, Edwin D. Lephart, James P. Proter, Lihong H. Bu, Trent D. Lund, Kenneth Setchell, Gina Ramoz, William R. Crowley Dec 2004

Dietary Isoflavones Alter Regulatory Behaviors, Metabolic Hormones And Neuroendocrine Function In Long-Evans Male Rats, Edwin D. Lephart, James P. Proter, Lihong H. Bu, Trent D. Lund, Kenneth Setchell, Gina Ramoz, William R. Crowley

Faculty Publications

Phytoestrogens derived from soy foods (or isoflavones) have received prevalent usage due to their 'health benefits' of decreasing: a) age-related diseases, b) hormone-dependent cancers and c) postmenopausal symptoms. However, little is known about the influence of dietary phytoestrogens on regulatory behaviors, such as food and water intake, metabolic hormones and neuroendocrine parameters. This study examined important hormonal and metabolic health issues by testing the hypotheses that dietary soy-derived isoflavones influence: 1) body weight and adipose deposition, 2) food and water intake, 3) metabolic hormones (i.e., leptin, insulin, T3 and glucose levels), 4) brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels, 5) heat production …

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A Bayesian Technique For Task Localization In Multiple Goal Markov Decision Processes, James Carroll, Kevin Seppi Dec 2004

A Bayesian Technique For Task Localization In Multiple Goal Markov Decision Processes, James Carroll, Kevin Seppi

Faculty Publications

In a reinforcement learning task library system for Multiple Goal Markov Decision Process (MGMDP), localization in the task space allows the agent to determine whether a given task is already in its library in order to exploit previously learned experience. Task localization in MGMDPs can be accomplished through a Bayesian approach, however a trivial approach fails when the rewards are not distributed normally. This can be overcome through our Bayesian Task Localization Technique (BTLT).

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Variable Resolution Discretization In The Joint Space, Christopher K. Monson, Kevin Seppi, David Wingate, Todd S. Peterson Dec 2004

Variable Resolution Discretization In The Joint Space, Christopher K. Monson, Kevin Seppi, David Wingate, Todd S. Peterson

Faculty Publications

We present JoSTLe, an algorithm that performs value iteration on control problems with continuous actions, allowing this useful reinforcement learning technique to be applied to problems where a priori action discretization is inadequate. The algorithm is an extension of a variable resolution technique that works for problems with continuous states and discrete actions. Results are given that indicate that JoSTLe is a promising step toward reinforcement learning in a fully continuous domain.

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Hyperbolic Sets That Are Not Locally Maximal, Todd L. Fisher Dec 2004

Hyperbolic Sets That Are Not Locally Maximal, Todd L. Fisher

Faculty Publications

This paper addresses the following topics relating to the structure of hyperbolic sets: First, hyperbolic sets that are not contained in locally maximal hyperbolic sets. Second, the existence of a Markov partition for a hyperbolic set. We construct new examples of hyperbolic sets which are not contained in locally maximal hyperbolic sets. The first example is robust under perturbations and can be constructed on any compact manifold of dimension greater than one. The second example is robust, topologically transitive, and constructed on a 4-dimensional manifold. The third example is volume preserving and constructed on R4. We show that every hyperbolic …

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An Empirical Examination Of The Indian Child Welfare Act And Its Impact On Cultural And Familial Preservation For American Indian Children, Gordon E. Limb, Toni Chance, Eddie F. Brown Dec 2004

An Empirical Examination Of The Indian Child Welfare Act And Its Impact On Cultural And Familial Preservation For American Indian Children, Gordon E. Limb, Toni Chance, Eddie F. Brown

Faculty Publications

Cultural and familial ties are crucial for the overall well-being of children. Extant research and permanency planning practices support the reunification of children with their families when possible. In 1978, the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) was enacted to promote cultural and familial preservation for Indian children, but sparse empirical research has examined the implementation and outcomes associated with this landmark legislation. This article examines the relationship between compliance with ICWA in one Southwestern state and the rate of reunification of Indian children with family or tribal members following out-of-home placement.

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Images Of Migration And Change In The German-Language Poetry Of Galsan Tschinag, Richard Hacken Dec 2004

Images Of Migration And Change In The German-Language Poetry Of Galsan Tschinag, Richard Hacken

Faculty Publications

Presented March 25, 2004, at the European presentation for Migrations in Society, Culture, and the Library held in Paris. Migration in the works of Galsan Tschinag could be discussed on a number of levels. The first is an actual geographic migration documented in the published diaries of Tschinag. The next level of migration could be a linguistic migration of ideas and words from Tschinag's native Tuvan language which has no written script sometimes to Mongolian, but most often to German. The main focus is on the diverse images of migration in his German-language poetry, often illustrating transmigration of spirits between …

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Indirect Aggression On Screen: A Hidden Problem?, Sarah M. Coyne Dec 2004

Indirect Aggression On Screen: A Hidden Problem?, Sarah M. Coyne

Faculty Publications

Throughout history people have found violence and aggression entertaining. The Romans cheered in colossal arenas as gladiators were brutally murdered. In medieval England spectators applauded as knights fought each other in jousting tournaments. Shakespearean audiences were awed with bloody and violent conclusions of plays such as Macbeth, King Lear and Hamlet. Violence in entertainment today exists in a more accessible form, with over 60 per cent of television programs containing some form (Bushman & Anderson, 2001). Psychologists have studied the effects of viewing violence on television and in the movies for the last 50 years. Early studies were …

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Neglected Taxonomy Of Rare Desert Fishes: Congruent Evidence For Two Species Of Leatherside Chub, Jerald B. Johnson, Thomas E. Dowling, Mark C. Belk Dec 2004

Neglected Taxonomy Of Rare Desert Fishes: Congruent Evidence For Two Species Of Leatherside Chub, Jerald B. Johnson, Thomas E. Dowling, Mark C. Belk

Faculty Publications

Conservation biologists rely heavily on taxonomy to set the scope for biological monitoring and recovery planning of rare or threatened species. Yet, taxonomic boundaries are seldom evaluated as falsifiable hypotheses that can be statistically tested. Here, we examine species boundaries in leatherside chub (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), an imperiled desert fish native to the Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River drainages of western North America. Recent molecular data hint that this fish could be composed of two distinct taxa that are geographically separated into northern and southern species. To formally test this hypothesis, we evaluated leatherside chub using several different categories of …

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Career Paths Of Eminent Researchers In Marriage And Family Therapy, Sarah R. Droubay, Thorana S. Nelson, Lee N. Johnson, Scott A. Ketring Dec 2004

Career Paths Of Eminent Researchers In Marriage And Family Therapy, Sarah R. Droubay, Thorana S. Nelson, Lee N. Johnson, Scott A. Ketring

Faculty Publications

The mental health field of marriage and family therapy (MFT) needs more MFT researchers and more research to validate and verify the effectiveness and efficacy of MFT for the treatment of various mental health and relational problems. Knowing more about how successful researchers have developed their careers would be useful in both inspiring and guiding young MFT researchers toward success. Three eminent researchers whose careers have focused on MFT (James Alexander, John Gottman, and Howard Liddle) and their publications served as the research sample. Research questions addressing types of research, research samples, research questions, therapy model development, funding, and paths …

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The Effect Of Gas Pressure On No Conversion Energy Efficiency In Nonthermal Nitrogen Plasma, Morris D. Argyle, Gui-Bing Zhao, S.V.B. Janardhan Garikipati, Xudong Hu, Maciej Radosz Nov 2004

The Effect Of Gas Pressure On No Conversion Energy Efficiency In Nonthermal Nitrogen Plasma, Morris D. Argyle, Gui-Bing Zhao, S.V.B. Janardhan Garikipati, Xudong Hu, Maciej Radosz

Faculty Publications

This work explores the effect of gas pressure on the rate of electron collision reactions and energy consumption for NO conversion in N2 in a pulsed corona discharge reactor. A previous study showed that the rate constant of electron collision reactions, multiplied by the electron concentration, can be expressed as k[e] = βα−0.5P−0.5W0.75exp(−αP/W). The model parameter α remains constant with increasing gas pressure, which verifies the previous assumption that the electron temperature is inversely proportional to gas pressure. However, the model parameter β decreases with increasing gas pressure, which indicates that the rate constant of electron collision reactions decreases with …

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Kalman Consensus Strategies And Their Application To Cooperative Control, Randal Beard, Derek Kingston, Wei Ren Nov 2004

Kalman Consensus Strategies And Their Application To Cooperative Control, Randal Beard, Derek Kingston, Wei Ren

Faculty Publications

Sponsorship: AFOSR, NSF. In this paper, we propose discrete-time and continuous-time consensus update schemes motivated by the discrete-time and continuous-time Kalman filters. With certainty information encoded into each agent, the proposed consensus schemes explicitly account for relative confidence in the information that is communicated from each agent in the team. We show mild sufficient conditions under which consensus can be achieved using the proposed schemes in the presence of switching interaction topologies. The Kalman consensus scheme is shown to be input-to-state stable. We show how to exploit this fact in multi-agent cooperative control scenarios.

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Coordination Variables And Consensus Building In Multiple Vehicle Systems, Tim Mclain Nov 2004

Coordination Variables And Consensus Building In Multiple Vehicle Systems, Tim Mclain

Faculty Publications

Much of the research focus in the cooperative control community has been on formation control problems. This focus may be due to the fact that the group control problem can be reduced to well-established single-agent control problems by employing a leader-follower type control strategy. For example, single-agent path planning and trajectory generation techniques can be employed for the leader, and conventional trajectory tracking strategies can be employed for the followers. Indeed, formation control problems are much like linear systems theory: we search where the light is the brightest. It can be argued that formation control problems are the simplest type …

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The Decline Of Covenant In Early Christian Thought, Noel B. Reynolds Nov 2004

The Decline Of Covenant In Early Christian Thought, Noel B. Reynolds

Faculty Publications

While many LDS attempts to describe or explain the transformation of the Christian movement and its teachings in the early centuries in terms of an accommodation to Greek philosophy, this paper focuses on the first two Christian centuries and the early elimination of covenant thinking and practice that may have opened the door to Greek thought.

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The Mormon Hive: A Study Of The Bee And Beehive Symbols In Nineteenth Century Mormon Culture, J. Michael Hunter Nov 2004

The Mormon Hive: A Study Of The Bee And Beehive Symbols In Nineteenth Century Mormon Culture, J. Michael Hunter

Faculty Publications

From antiquity to the middle of the eighteenth century, humans used the bee and beehive symbols to represent monarchy. Political and social changes resulted in a reinterpretation of the bee and beehive symbols during the eighteenth century. Republicans ignored the royalist associations of bees and beehives, and used them to represent values of the new republicanism. In nineteenth-century America, the Mormons, members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, encountered the bee and beehive symbols while participating in the rites of Freemasonry. In the nineteenth century, Mormons used the bee and beehive symbols to represent the Kingdom of …

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Forms Of Address And Epistolary Etiquette In The Diplomatic And Courtly Worlds Of Philip Iv Of Spain, Lynn Williams Nov 2004

Forms Of Address And Epistolary Etiquette In The Diplomatic And Courtly Worlds Of Philip Iv Of Spain, Lynn Williams

Faculty Publications

Observance of established etiquette in the matter of forms of address is a feature of all societies in all ages. Nowhere could this be more evident than in the diplomatic and courtly worlds of Philip IV of Spain. The following extract from the entry on 'tratamiento' in the Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada will serve to set the scene for this period in Spanish history: Contra las infracciones de las reglas sobre el tratamiento se dicto ya el 2 de Julio de 1600 por Felipe III una Pragmatica y otra en 1636 por Felipe IV disponiendo (que los que vinieren contra 10 …

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Staff Nurse Perceptions Of The Contributions Of Students To Clinical Agencies, Geraldine Matsumura, Lynn Clark Callister, Sheri P. Palmer, Amy Harmer Cox, Larissa Larsen Nov 2004

Staff Nurse Perceptions Of The Contributions Of Students To Clinical Agencies, Geraldine Matsumura, Lynn Clark Callister, Sheri P. Palmer, Amy Harmer Cox, Larissa Larsen

Faculty Publications

This study is a replication and extension of Grindel and associates' 2001 study of the perceptions of staff nurses (psychiatric, perinatal, and medical/surgical) regarding the benefits of having students from a baccalaureate nursing program work in clinical agencies. Using the Nursing Students' Contributions to Clinical Agencies tool, the overall perception of students' contributions ranged from -4 to +5, with a mean of 2.50. The two highest ranked items were "allows opportunities for mentoring" and "threatens professional role development," indicating the ambivalence staff nurses feel toward nursing students. Qualitative data also demonstrated the benefits and challenges of working with students. Recommendations …

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How Cellular Movement Determines The Collective Force Generated By The Dictyostelium Discoideum Slug, J. C. Dallon, H. G. Othmer Nov 2004

How Cellular Movement Determines The Collective Force Generated By The Dictyostelium Discoideum Slug, J. C. Dallon, H. G. Othmer

Faculty Publications

How the collective motion of cells in a biological tissue originates in the behavior of a collection of individuals, each of which responds to the chemical and mechanical signals it receives from neighbors, is still poorly understood. Here we study this question for a particular system, the slug stage of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. We investigate how cells in the interior of a migrating slug can effectively transmit stress to the substrate and thereby contribute to the overall motive force. Theoretical analysis suggests necessary conditions on the behavior of individual cells, and computational results shed light on experimental …

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Install Your Own Wireless Network, William G. Heninger, Craig J. Lindstrom, Bryce H. Peterson, Marshall B. Romney Nov 2004

Install Your Own Wireless Network, William G. Heninger, Craig J. Lindstrom, Bryce H. Peterson, Marshall B. Romney

Faculty Publications

Would you like to access the Internet, your printer and your other computers, including laptops, without stringing wires throughout your office or home? The solution is a wireless local area network (WLAN) and we'll tell you how easy it is to install one yourself at a nominal cost. WLANs replace conventional wires with devices called wireless access points that plug into any electrical wall socket. WLAN hardware contains miniature transmitters and antennae that send and receive radio signals to and from your computers and other peripherals.

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Use Of Distance Education By Religions Of The World To Train, Edify, And Educate Adherents, P. Clint Rogers, Scott L. Howell Nov 2004

Use Of Distance Education By Religions Of The World To Train, Edify, And Educate Adherents, P. Clint Rogers, Scott L. Howell

Faculty Publications

Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, Baha'i, Jewish, and Christian organizations are all experimenting with distance education for various reasons and to different extents, due to religious, economic, and political factors. Religious institutions worldwide are not only turning to the World Wide Web (WWW) to place information concerning religious beliefs and provide virtual services for their constituents but are also getting more involved in formally educating their members at a distance. This paper will document some of these educational efforts and the reasons behind the expanding use of distance education by several of the major religious institutions for training, edifying, and educating their …

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A Review Of Antennas And Propagation For Mimo Wireless Communications, Michael A. Jensen, Jon W. Wallace Nov 2004

A Review Of Antennas And Propagation For Mimo Wireless Communications, Michael A. Jensen, Jon W. Wallace

Faculty Publications

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use multiple antenna elements at transmit and receive to offer improved capacity over single antenna topologies in multipath channels. In such systems, the antenna properties as well as the multipath channel characteristics play a key role in determining communication performance. This paper reviews recent research findings concerning antennas and propagation in MIMO systems. Issues considered include channel capacity computation, channel measurement and modeling approaches, and the impact of antenna element properties and array configuration on system performance. Throughout the discussion, outstanding research questions in these areas are highlighted.

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Resolution Scaling In Noncontact Scanning Impedance Imaging, Benjamin C. Green, Tao Shang, Jacey C. Morine, Hongze Liu, Stephen M. Schultz, Travis E. Oliphant, Aaron R. Hawkins Oct 2004

Resolution Scaling In Noncontact Scanning Impedance Imaging, Benjamin C. Green, Tao Shang, Jacey C. Morine, Hongze Liu, Stephen M. Schultz, Travis E. Oliphant, Aaron R. Hawkins

Faculty Publications

Noncontact scanning impedance imaging has been presented as a method to provide high resolution, high contrast images for a variety of material systems. This technique combines electrical impedance measurements with very high resolution scanning. This article reports on efforts to scale this technique down to the very important single micron range and reveals measurements for both thick and thin samples with a measured minimum resolution below 30 µm. A design for a shielded impedance probe applicable to this process is outlined and probes of several different sizes were made and tested. Fabrication of these impedance probes is explained and a …

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Computing The M = 1 Diocotron Frequency Via An Equilibrium Calculation In Non-Neutral Plasmas, Ross L. Spencer Oct 2004

Computing The M = 1 Diocotron Frequency Via An Equilibrium Calculation In Non-Neutral Plasmas, Ross L. Spencer

Faculty Publications

The m = 1 diocotron mode in non-neutral plasmas has long been thought of as a shifted equilibrium, and its frequency has been approximately calculated in this way by Fine and Driscoll [Phys. Plasmas 5, 601 (1998)]. This article shows that this idea can be coupled with a standard axisymmetric equilibrium calculation on a grid to calculate the frequency of this mode to very high precision including both finite-length and thermal effects, provided that the Debye length is small enough. As the Debye length begins to approach the plasma size not only does the shifted equilibrium calculation fail to predict …

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Integrated Optical Waveguides With Liquid Cores, Aaron R. Hawkins, John P. Barber, Dongliang Yin, D. W. Deamer, Holger Schmidt Oct 2004

Integrated Optical Waveguides With Liquid Cores, Aaron R. Hawkins, John P. Barber, Dongliang Yin, D. W. Deamer, Holger Schmidt

Faculty Publications

We report the design, fabrication, and demonstration of single-mode integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores. The principle of the device is based on antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides with hollow cores. We describe design principles for waveguide loss optimization down to 0.1/cm. Using a fabrication process based on conventional silicon microfabrication and sacrificial core layers, waveguides of varying widths and lengths with volumes covering the pico- to nanoliter range were fabricated. We observe confined mode propagation, measure waveguide losses of 2.4/cm, and demonstrate that the waveguides possess tailorable wavelength selectivity. The potential for highly integrated, sensitive devices based on these …

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Optical Properties And Application Of Uranium-Based Thin Films For The Extreme Ultraviolet And Soft X-Ray Region, Richard L. Sandberg, David D. Allred, Shannon Lunt, Marie K. Urry, R. Steven Turley Oct 2004

Optical Properties And Application Of Uranium-Based Thin Films For The Extreme Ultraviolet And Soft X-Ray Region, Richard L. Sandberg, David D. Allred, Shannon Lunt, Marie K. Urry, R. Steven Turley

Faculty Publications

Uranium oxide and uranium nitride thin films reflect significantly more than all previously known/standard reflectors (e.g., nickel, gold, and iridium) for most of the 4-10 nm range at low angles of incidence. This work includes measurements of the EUV/soft x-ray (2-20 nm) reflectance of uranium-based thin films (~20 nm thick) and extraction of their optical constants (d and ?). We report the reflectances at 5, 10, and 15 degrees grazing incidence of air-oxidized sputtered uranium, reactively sputtered (O2) uranium oxide, and reactively sputtered (N2) uranium nitride thin films measured at Beamline 6.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence …

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Overcoming The Limitations Of Learning Objects, David Wiley, Matthew Barclay, Deonne Dawson, Brent Lambert, Laurie Nelson, David Wade, Sandie Waters Oct 2004

Overcoming The Limitations Of Learning Objects, David Wiley, Matthew Barclay, Deonne Dawson, Brent Lambert, Laurie Nelson, David Wade, Sandie Waters

Faculty Publications

Note: this is not the final version of the article. There are a number of issues facing those who wish to employ learning objects in the facilitation of learning. There are a number of issues facing those who wish to employ learning objects to facilitate learning. These issues are not, however, inherent in the component-based paradigm. The first section of this paper describes some of the most difficult issues to be resolved. In the second section, we present a model of the use of learning objects that is grounded in a object-based paradigm. In the third section, we describe the …

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Semi-Autonomous Human-Uav Interfaces For Fixed-Wing Mini-Uavs, Randal Beard, Michael A. Goodrich, Morgan Quigley Oct 2004

Semi-Autonomous Human-Uav Interfaces For Fixed-Wing Mini-Uavs, Randal Beard, Michael A. Goodrich, Morgan Quigley

Faculty Publications

Sponsorship: DARPA, AFOSR. We present several human-robot interfaces that support real-time control of a small semi-autonomous UAV. These interfaces are designed for searching tasks and other missions that typically do not have a precise predetermined flight plan. We present a detailed analysis of a PDA interface and describe how our other interfaces relate to this analysis. We then offer quantative and qualitative performance comparisons of the interfaces, as well as an analysis of their possible real-world applications.

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Wind Speed Effect On L-Band Brightness Temperature Inferred From Eurostarrs And Wise 2001 Field Experiments, David G. Long, Jacqueline Etcheto, Emmanuel P. Dinnat, Jacqueline Boutin, Adriano Camps, Stephanie Contardo, J. Wesson, Jordi Font, J. Miller Oct 2004

Wind Speed Effect On L-Band Brightness Temperature Inferred From Eurostarrs And Wise 2001 Field Experiments, David G. Long, Jacqueline Etcheto, Emmanuel P. Dinnat, Jacqueline Boutin, Adriano Camps, Stephanie Contardo, J. Wesson, Jordi Font, J. Miller

Faculty Publications

The results from two field experiments in the Mediterranean Sea are used to study the wind speed dependence of brightness temperature at L-band. During the EuroSTARRS airborne experiment, an L-band radiometer made measurements across a large wind speed gradient, enabling us to study this dependence at high wind speed. We compare our results with a two-scale emissivity model using several representations of the sea state spectrum. While the results are encouraging, unfortunately the accuracy of the measurements does not permit us to distinguish between the so-called twice Durden and Vesecky spectrum and the Elfouhaily spectrum above 7 m X s-1. …

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High Order Convergence With A Low Order Discretization Of The 2d Mfie, Clayton P. Davis, Karl F. Warnick Sep 2004

High Order Convergence With A Low Order Discretization Of The 2d Mfie, Clayton P. Davis, Karl F. Warnick

Faculty Publications

Moment method solutions to the MFIE are often less accurate for a given grid than corresponding solutions to the EFIE. We propose that the cause of this observation is the identity operator in the MFIE and show how regularizing the identity increases the convergence rate of the discretized 2D MFIE by three orders.

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Electromagnetic Bias At Off-Nadir Incidence Angles, David V. Arnold, Floyd W. Millet, Karl F. Warnick Sep 2004

Electromagnetic Bias At Off-Nadir Incidence Angles, David V. Arnold, Floyd W. Millet, Karl F. Warnick

Faculty Publications

Sponsorship: JPL Subcontract 961461. Nadir and off-nadir measurements of electromagnetic (EM) bias measurements are presented and compared with an off-nadir bias model. Measurements of the bias were made during the BYU Off-Nadir Experiment (Y-ONE) in the months of March and April, 2003. Using radar measurements of the surface and backscattered power, the EM bias was computed at angles from nadir to 17º degrees. Simultaneous surface measurements from a laser rangefinder provide accurate measurements of the long wave surface parameters. An off-nadir bias model incorporating the effects of hydrodynamic modulation of short waves and tilt modulation of long waves is developed …

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Rapid And Convenient Method For Preparing Masters For Microcontact Printing With 1–12 Μm Features, Lloyd W. Zilch, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Yit-Yian Lua, Michael V. Lee, Kevin R. Gertsch, Bennion R. Cannon, Robert M. Perry, Eric T. Sevy, Matthew C. Asplund, Adam T. Woolley, Matthew R. Linford Sep 2004

Rapid And Convenient Method For Preparing Masters For Microcontact Printing With 1–12 Μm Features, Lloyd W. Zilch, Ghaleb A. Husseini, Yit-Yian Lua, Michael V. Lee, Kevin R. Gertsch, Bennion R. Cannon, Robert M. Perry, Eric T. Sevy, Matthew C. Asplund, Adam T. Woolley, Matthew R. Linford

Faculty Publications

Mechanical scribing can be employed to create surfaces with recessed features. Through replica molding elastomeric copies of these scribed surfaces are created that function as stamps for microcontact printing. It is shown that this new method for creating masters for microcontact printing can be performed with a computer-controlled milling machine (CNC), making this method particularly straightforward and accessible to a large technical community that does not need to work in a particle free environment. Thus, no clean room, or other specialized equipment is required, as is commonly needed to prepare masters. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry confirms surface pattering by …

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