Digital Commons Network^™

Physicochemical And Colligative Investigation Of Α (Shrimp Shell)-And Β (Squid Pen)-Chitosan Membranes: Concentration-Gradient-Driven Water Flux And Ion Transport For Salinity Gradient Power Andseparation Process Operations, Clifford R. Merz

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Chitin, and its derivative chitosan, is a naturally occurring biopolymer and an abundant polysaccharide containing acetylated units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Chitosan membranes produced from shrimp shell (α) and squid pen (β) biowaste were prepared by solvent-casting, after which water flux and ionic transport diffusion experiments were conducted using a side-by-side concentration test cell under differing salinity concentration gradients. Physicochemical and experimental investigations were conducted, which confirmed that β-chitin possesses differing and enhanced performance characteristics than α-chitin with respect to diffusive water flux and ionic transport capabilities. In addition, novel colligative investigations through osmotic equilibrium were conducted to determine electrochemical characteristics …

Fauna Of The Kemp Caldera And Its Upper Bathyal Hydrothermal Vents (South Sandwich Arc, Antarctica), Katrin Linse, Jonathan T. Copley, Douglas P. Connelly, Robert D. Larter, David A. Pearce, Nick V. C. Polunin, Alex D. Rogers, Chong Chen, Andrew Clarke, Adrian G. Glover, Alastair G. C. Graham, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, Leigh Marsh, William D. K. Reid, C. Nicolai Roterman, Christopher J. Sweeting, Katrin Zwirglmaier, Paul A. Tyler

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Faunal assemblages at hydrothermal vents associated with island-arc volcanism are less well known than those at vents on mid-ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres. This study characterizes chemosynthetic biotopes at active hydrothermal vents discovered at the Kemp Caldera in the South Sandwich Arc. The caldera hosts sulfur and anhydrite vent chimneys in 1375–1487 m depth, which emit sulfide-rich fluids with temperatures up to 212°C, and the microbial community of water samples in the buoyant plume rising from the vents was dominated by sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. A total of 12 macro- and megafaunal taxa depending on hydrothermal activity were collected in these …

Submesoscale And Mesoscale Eddies In The Florida Straits: Observations From Satellite Ocean Color Measurements, Yingjun Zhang, Chuanmin Hu, Yonggang Liu, Robert H. Weisberg, Vassiliki H. Kourafalou

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Despite their well-recognized importance in driving ocean physics and biology, submesoscale (diameter < Rossby radius of deformation) eddies have been extremely difficult to observe due to technical difficulties from both field and remote platforms. Here using novel satellite ocean color data products and modified algorithms, we address this challenge for the Florida Straits (22–28°N, 78–85°W). Between 2002 and 2018, while mesoscale eddies (radius >15 km) show strong seasonality with occurrence frequency decreasing from Lower Keys to Upper Keys, submesoscale eddies show little or no seasonality with high occurrence frequency restricted to 30–200-m isobaths. The number of mesoscale eddies decreases exponentially in size, but submesoscale eddies show a normal distribution in size. These findings are significant in filling our knowledge gap in submesoscale eddies in this physically and ecologically important region as it encompasses world-renowned coral reefs, seagrasses, and fisheries.

Mechanisms Of Organic Matter Export In Estuaries With Contrasting Carbon Sources, A. R. Arellano, T. S. Bianchi, C. L. Osburn, E. J. D'Sa, N. D. Ward, D. Oviedo-Vargas, I. D. Joshi, D. S. Ko, M. R. Shields, G. Kurian, J. Green

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Modifications in land use and climate will result in shifts in the magnitude and composition of organic matter (OM) transported from wetlands to coastal waters, but differentiation between riverine and wetland OM sources in coastal areas remains a challenge. Here, we evaluate particulate and dissolved OM export dynamics in two representative estuary geomorphologies—Apalachicola Bay (AP) and Barataria Bay (BB), characterized primarily by blackwater river inputs and high particle abundance, respectively. The magnitude and composition of OM exported from each estuary was evaluated based on seasonal measurements of surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen, the …

Mechanisms Of Organic Matter Export In Estuaries With Contrasting Carbon Sources, A. R. Arellano, T. S. Bianchi, C. L. Osburn, E. J. D'Sa, N. D. Ward, D. Oviedo-Vargas, I. D. Joshi, D. S. Ko, M. R. Shields, G. Kurian, J. Green

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Modifications in land use and climate will result in shifts in the magnitude and composition of organic matter (OM) transported from wetlands to coastal waters, but differentiation between riverine and wetland OM sources in coastal areas remains a challenge. Here, we evaluate particulate and dissolved OM export dynamics in two representative estuary geomorphologies—Apalachicola Bay (AP) and Barataria Bay (BB), characterized primarily by blackwater river inputs and high particle abundance, respectively. The magnitude and composition of OM exported from each estuary was evaluated based on seasonal measurements of surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen, the …

Expedition 374 Summary, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is currently locally retreating because of shifting wind-driven oceanic currents that transport warm waters toward the ice margin, resulting in ice shelf thinning and accelerated mass loss. Previous results from geologic drilling on Antarctica’s continental margins show significant variability in ice sheet extent during the late Neogene and Quaternary. Climate and ice sheet models indicate a fundamental role for oceanic heat in controlling ice sheet variability over at least the past 20 My. Although evidence for past ice sheet variability is available from ice-proximal marine settings, sedimentary sequences from the continental shelf and …

Site U1525, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Expedition 374 Methods, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

This chapter documents the procedures and methods employed during drilling operations and in the shipboard laboratories on the R/V JOIDES Resolution during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 374. This information applies only to the shipboard work described in the Expedition Reports section of the Expedition 374 Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Programvolume. Methods used by investigators for shore-based analyses of Expedition 374 data and samples will be described in separate individual publications. This introductory section provides an overview of drilling and coring operations, core handling, curatorial conventions, depth scale terminology, and the sequence of shipboard analyses. Subsequent …

Site U1523, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Site U1522, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Site U1521, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Site U1524, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History, Robert M. Mckay, Laura De Santis, Denise K. Kulhanek, Imogen M. Browne, Amelia E. Shevenell, Expedition 374 Scientists

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Natural And Anthropogenic Oil Impacts On Benthic Foraminifera In The Southern Gulf Of Mexico, M. L. Machain-Castillo, A. C. Ruiz-Fernández, Adolfo Gracia, J. A. Sanchez-Cabeza, A. Rodríguez-Ramírez, H. M. Alexander-Valdés, L. H. Pérez-Bernal, X. A. Nava-Fernández, L. E. Gómez-Lizárraga, L. Almaraz-Ruiz, Patrick Schwing, David Hollander

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The Campeche Sound is the major offshore oil producing area in the Southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM). To evaluate the impact of oil related activities in the ocean floor sediments, we analyzed the geochemical (major and trace element, organic carbon and hydrocarbon concentrations) and biological (benthic foraminifera) composition of 62 superficial sediment samples, from 13 to 1336 m water depth. Cluster and Factor analysis of all the variables indicate that their distribution patterns are mainly controlled by differences between the terrigenous and carbonate platforms in the SGoM. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages were abundant and diverse, and their distribution patterns are mainly …

Global Observational Needs And Resources For Marine Biodiversity, Enrique Montes-Herrera, Frank Muller-Karger

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Toward A Coordinated Global Observing System For Seagrasses And Marine Macroalgae, Frank Muller-Karger, Chuanmin M. Hu, Enrique Montes-Herrera, Mengqiu Wang

Marine Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

In Search Of Red Noctiluca Scintillans Blooms In The East China Sea, Lin Qi, Sheng-Fang Tsai, Yanlong Chen, Chengfeng Le, Chuanmin Hu

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Red Noctiluca scintillans (RNS) is one of the major species causing red tides and bioluminescence, yet extremely difficult to track due to its ephemeral nature. Here, we show that RNS can be fingerprinted from satellite data due to its unique absorption and scattering properties. Retrospective analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data of 2000–2017 over the East China Sea reveals seasonal patterns and interannual changes as well as an increasing RNS bloom trend, all driven by hydrographical and biological factors and possibly by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. Unlike earlier reports from field measurements, RNS blooms …

Evolving And Sustaining Ocean Best Practices And Standards For The Next Decade, Frank Muller-Karger

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, …

Reimagining The Potential Of Earth Observations For Ecosystem Service Assessments, Frank Muller-Karger

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The benefits nature provides to people, called ecosystem services, are increasingly recognized and accounted for in assessments of infrastructure development, agricultural management, conservation prioritization, and sustainable sourcing. These assessments are often limited by data, however, a gap with tremendous potential to be filled through Earth observations (EO), which produce a variety of data across spatial and temporal extents and resolutions. Despite widespread recognition of this potential, in practice few ecosystem service studies use EO. Here, we identify challenges and opportunities to using EO in ecosystem service modeling and assessment. Some challenges are technical, related to data awareness, processing, and access. …

Reimagining The Potential Of Earth Observations For Ecosystem Service Assessments, Frank E. Muller-Karger

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The benefits nature provides to people, called ecosystem services, are increasingly recognized and accounted for in assessments of infrastructure development, agricultural management, conservation prioritization, and sustainable sourcing. These assessments are often limited by data, however, a gap with tremendous potential to be filled through Earth observations (EO), which produce a variety of data across spatial and temporal extents and resolutions. Despite widespread recognition of this potential, in practice few ecosystem service studies use EO. Here, we identify challenges and opportunities to using EO in ecosystem service modeling and assessment. Some challenges are technical, related to data awareness, processing, and access. …

The Coastal Ocean Circulation Influence On The 2018 West Florida Shelf K. Brevis Red Tide Bloom, Robert H. Weisberg, Yonggang Liu, Chad Lembke, Chuanmin Hu, Katherine Hubbard, Matthew Garrett

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Blooms of the harmful alga, Karenia brevis on the west Florida continental shelf are thought to initiate offshore before manifesting as a nuisance along the coastline. Contributing to such blooms are a complex sequence of events occurring within oligotrophic waters, which in any given year may or may not be facilitated by the ocean circulation. Once initiation occurs, the delivery from the region of offshore origination to the region of coastline manifestation requires an upwelling circulation, whereby K. brevis cells are advected shoreward along the bottom. The 2018 K. brevis bloom was particularly intense owing to cells from the …

Riverine Calcium End-Members Improve Coastal Saturation State Calculations And Reveal Regionally Variable Calcification Potential, Sean Thomas Beckwith, Robert H. Byrne, Pamela Hallock

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Carbonate-rich groundwater discharged from springs, seeps, and spring-fed rivers on carbonate platforms creates environments of potential refuge for calcifying organisms in coastal waters by supplying higher [Ca²⁺] and [CO₃^2-] along with typically lower nutrient concentrations. The benefits associated with carbonate terrains are maximized in the presence of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), especially seagrasses. To improve the accuracy of carbonate saturation state (Ω) determinations, calculated values of [CO₃^2-] and Ksp^∗ were paired with [Ca²⁺] values determined using a model that incorporates directly measured riverine calcium end-members (model A). This model …

The Coastal Ocean Circulation Influence On The 2018 West Florida Shelf K. Brevis Red Tide Bloom, Robert H. Weisburg, Yonggang Liu, Chad Lembke, Chuanmin M. Hu, Katherine Hubbard, Mathew Garrett

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Blooms of the harmful alga, Karenia brevis on the west Florida continental shelf are thought to initiate offshore before manifesting as a nuisance along the coastline. Contributing to such blooms are a complex sequence of events occurring within oligotrophic waters, which in any given year may or may not be facilitated by the ocean circulation. Once initiation occurs, the delivery from the region of offshore origination to the region of coastline manifestation requires an upwelling circulation, whereby K. brevis cells are advected shoreward along the bottom. The 2018 K. brevis bloom was particularly intense owing to cells from the …

Keeping An Eye On Antarctic Ice Sheet Stability, Carlota Escutia, Robert M. Deconto, Robert Dunbar, Laura De Santis, Amelia E. Shevenell, Timothy Naish

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Knowledge of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) responded in the geologic past to warming climates will provide powerful insight into its poorly understood role in future global sea level change. Study of past natural climate changes allows us to determine the sensitivity of the AIS to higher-than-present atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and global temperatures, thereby providing the opportunity to improve the skill and performance of ice sheet models used for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) future projections.

Antarctic and Southern Ocean (south of 60°S latitude) marine sediment records obtained over the last 50 years by seven scientific …

Essential Biodiversity Variables For Mapping And Monitoring Species Populations, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Walter Jetz, Melodie A. Mcgeoch, Robert Guralnick, Simon Ferrier, Jan Beck, Mark J. Costello, Miguel Fernandez, Gary N. Geller, Petr Keil, Cory Merow, Carsten Meyer, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Henrique M. Pereira, Eugenie C. Regan, Dirk S. Schmeller, Eren Turak

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Species distributions and abundances are undergoing rapid changes worldwide. This highlights the significance of reliable, integrated information for guiding and assessing actions and policies aimed at managing and sustaining the many functions and benefits of species. Here we synthesize the types of data and approaches that are required to achieve such an integration and conceptualize ‘essential biodiversity variables’ (EBVs) for a unified global capture of species populations in space and time. The inherent heterogeneity and sparseness of raw biodiversity data are overcome by the use of models and remotely sensed covariates to inform predictions that are contiguous in space and …

Discovery Of A Novel Potexvirus In The Seagrass Thalassia Testudinum From Tampa Bay, Florida, Noémi Van Bogaert, Karyna Rosario, Bradley Furman, Margaret Hall, Anthony Greco, Mya Breitbart

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Seagrass meadows are important coastal ecosystems that are declining worldwide. Given the profound impact of the microbiome on plant health, exploration of the seagrass microbiome is critical for proper ecosystem management and conservation. Although prior studies have investigated seagrass‐associated bacteria, fungi, and protists, virtually nothing is known about viruses infecting these flowering marine plants. Here, we report genomic and microscopic evidence of a new positive‐sense, single‐stranded ribonucleic acid virus infecting apparently healthy Thalassia testudinum in Florida. The virus, named turtlegrass virus X (TVX), shares 66% genome‐wide pairwise identity with foxtail mosaic virus, a potexvirus that infects terrestrial grasses. Quantitative polymerase …

Assessing Eukaryotic Biodiversity In The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Through Environmental Dna Metabarcoding, Natalie Sawaya, Anni Djurhuus, Collin Closek, Megan Hepner, Emily Olesin, Lindsey Visser, Christopher Kelble, Katherine Hubbard, Mya Breitbart

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the DNA suspended in the environment (e.g., water column), which includes cells, gametes, and other material derived from but not limited to shedding of tissue, scales, mucus, and fecal matter. Amplifying and sequencing marker genes (i.e., metabarcoding) from eDNA can reveal the wide range of taxa present in an ecosystem through analysis of a single water sample. Metabarcoding of eDNA provides higher resolution data than visual surveys, aiding in assessments of ecosystem health. This study conducted eDNA metabarcoding of two molecular markers (cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes) to survey eukaryotic …

Mississippi River And Campeche Bank (Gulf Of Mexico) Episodes Of Cross-Shelf Export Of Coastal Waters Observed With Satellites, Daniel Otis

Marine Science Faculty Publications

The cross-shelf advection of coastal waters into the deep Gulf of Mexico is important for the transport of nutrients or potential pollutants. Twenty years of ocean color satellite imagery document such cross-shelf transport events via three export pathways in the Gulf of Mexico: from the Campeche Bank toward the central Gulf, from the Campeche Bank toward the Florida Straits, and from the Mississippi Delta to the Florida Straits. A catalog of these events was created based on the visual examination of 7280 daily satellite images. Water transport from the Campeche Bank to the central Gulf occurred frequently and with no …

Fecundity Assessment Of Stone Crabs In The Eastern Gulf Of Mexico, Claire E. Crowley, Colin P. Shea, Ryan L. Gandy, Kendra L. Daly

Marine Science Faculty Publications

Accurate estimates of reproductive potential are a key component of any stock assessment. Multiple factors influencing the variability in batch fecundity of stone crabs Menippe spp. across the Florida fishery were quantified with a negative binomial regression model. Stone crabs were collected bimonthly from Cedar Key, Tampa Bay, Pavilion Key, and Sawyer Key from April 2013 through April 2015 for fecundity analysis. Batch fecundity (number of eggs per clutch) was estimated by using dry weights. Modeling results revealed that fecundity was strongly and positively related to carapace width and highly variable among locations, months, and years. Batch fecundity was lowest …

Improving Satellite Global Chlorophyll A Data Products Through Algorithm Refinement And Data Recovery, Chuanmin Hu, Lian Feng, Zhongping Lee, Bryan A. Franz, Sean W. Bailey, Jeremy Werdell, Christopher W. Proctor

Marine Science Faculty Publications

A recently developed algorithm to estimate surface ocean chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl in mg m⁻³), namely, the ocean color index (OCI) algorithm, has been adopted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration to apply to all satellite ocean color sensors to produce global Chl maps. The algorithm is a hybrid between a band-difference color index algorithm for low-Chl waters and the traditional band-ratio algorithms (OCx) for higher-Chl waters. In this study, the OCI algorithm is revisited for its algorithm coefficients and for its algorithm transition between color index and OCx using a merged data set of high-performance …