Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Simulation (46)
- Florida (28)
- Modeling (25)
- Machine learning (24)
- Optics (20)
-
- Runoff (20)
- Computer graphics (16)
- Data processing (16)
- Nonlinear optics (16)
- Optimization (16)
- Remote sensing (16)
- Computer vision (15)
- Diffusion (15)
- Water quality (15)
- Artificial intelligence (14)
- Combustion (14)
- Reliability (14)
- Water purification (14)
- Algorithms (13)
- Tracking (13)
- Computer programs (12)
- Drinking water (12)
- Laser (12)
- Heat -- Transmission (11)
- Lasers (11)
- Liquid crystal (11)
- Aluminum (10)
- Computational fluid dynamics (10)
- Computer simulation (10)
- Film cooling (10)
- Publication Year
Articles 1 - 30 of 3789
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Flow Induced Vibration In Corrugated Metal Flexhoses, Patrick Tran
Flow Induced Vibration In Corrugated Metal Flexhoses, Patrick Tran
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This study on flow-induced vibration provides valuable insights into the fundamental dynamics of fluid-structure interactions. The findings contribute to the development of predictive models and design guidelines for engineering systems susceptible to flow-induced vibration. By improving our understanding of this phenomenon, engineers can enhance the safety and reliability of various structures subjected to fluid flow, such as pipelines, flexhoses, and bellows. Flowinduced vibration is a phenomenon that occurs when fluid flow interacts with a structure, leading to oscillations and potentially causing mechanical damage. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and predicting the vibration characteristics is crucial for the design and safe operation …
A Study Of The Performance Of Wind Turbines Fitted With Sprayed Liquid Flaps, Alexander Spitzer
A Study Of The Performance Of Wind Turbines Fitted With Sprayed Liquid Flaps, Alexander Spitzer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Lift generating technologies are often considered a potential solution to increased power generation and reliability within wind turbine design. The Sprayed Liquid Flap (SLF) is a novel active control method that has shown success in providing lift generation on aircraft wings, but its application in the context of rotating flows is unexplored. This research aims to understand the effects of the SLF on a wind turbine and provide a pathway for future exploration of its aerodynamic impacts on rotating flows. Computational Fluid Dynamics with an Euler-Euler multiphase approach is employed to assess the influence of the SLF on a wind …
An Examination Of The Role Of Industry 4.0 In Supply Chain Management: Critical Success Factors And A Roadmap, Alper Senol
An Examination Of The Role Of Industry 4.0 In Supply Chain Management: Critical Success Factors And A Roadmap, Alper Senol
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Global supply chain management aims to enhance efficiency and profitability for suppliers, manufacturers, logistics providers, and warehouses. It faces challenges due to the complexity involved. To stay competitive, organizations in the industry are leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies, but some struggle with implementation due to limited expertise. The primary challenge of Global Supply Chain Management now is to integrate Industry 4.0 tools and technologies to maintain high-quality standards and optimized processes. This study focused on identifying the key factors that directly affect the success of integrating Industry 4.0 into the supply chain. It examined both tangible and intangible business resources and …
Trajectory Design Optimization Using Coupled Radial Basis Functions (Crbfs), Kyler Roy
Trajectory Design Optimization Using Coupled Radial Basis Functions (Crbfs), Kyler Roy
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Optimal trajectory design has been extensively studied across multiple disciplines adopting different techniques for implementation and execution. It has been utilized in past space trajectory missions to either optimize the amount of fuel spent or minimize the time of flight to meet mission requirements. Coupled Radial Basis Functions (CRBFs) are a new way to solve these optimal control problems, and this thesis applies CRBFs to spacecraft trajectory optimization design problems. CRBFs are real-valued radial basis functions (RBFs) that utilize a conical spline while also not being affected by the value of the shape parameter. The CRBF approach is applied to …
A Study Of The Influence Of Heat Flux On Aerodynamics In Hypersonic Flow, Kristina Pionessa
A Study Of The Influence Of Heat Flux On Aerodynamics In Hypersonic Flow, Kristina Pionessa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This study investigates the utilization of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate aerodynamic heating effects in support of research and design endeavors. The initial investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of a computational approach in analyzing different geometries and flow conditions. Specifically, CFD is employed to analyze the aerodynamics of a blunt cone, double cone, and hypersonic leading edge experiencing a changing heat source across the flow/body boundary. At the stagnation point, maximum thermal loading occurs as previously found; therefore, boundary layer thickness and shock standoff distance is measured at that position to compare the results of each case. Characteristics such as …
A High-Pressure Shock Tube Study Of Hydrogen And Ammonia Addition To Natural Gas For Reduced Carbon Emissions In Power Generation Gas Turbines, Michael Pierro
A High-Pressure Shock Tube Study Of Hydrogen And Ammonia Addition To Natural Gas For Reduced Carbon Emissions In Power Generation Gas Turbines, Michael Pierro
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Ignition delay times from undiluted mixtures of natural gas (NG)/H2/Air and NG/NH3/Air were measured using a high-pressure shock tube at the University of Central Florida. The combustion temperatures were experimentally tested between 1000-1500 K near a constant pressure of 25 bar. Mixtures were kept undiluted to replicate the same chemistry pathways seen in gas turbine combustion chambers. Recorded combustion pressures exceeded 200 bar due to the large energy release, hence why these were performed at the high-pressure shock tube facility. The data is compared to the predictions of the NUIGMech 1.1 mechanism for chemical kinetic model validation and refinement. An …
Performance Comparison Of Low-Cost Sensors Across Six Cities Of Continental United States, Md Hasibul Hasan
Performance Comparison Of Low-Cost Sensors Across Six Cities Of Continental United States, Md Hasibul Hasan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
In the field of air quality measurement, low-cost sensors have been extensively used for capturing high-resolution spatial and temporal pollutant concentrations. However, data accuracy and the impact of environmental conditions particularly temperature and relative humidity, remain a significant issue. Careful sensor calibrations against reference instruments are necessary for ensuring data accuracy and validity. This study investigated the effectiveness of multiple calibration methodologies (linear calibration, 3rd order polynomial calibration, and Random Forest, RF) for low-cost air quality sensor calibration across six cities (Atlanta, Portland, Riverside, Sacramento, New York City, and Phoenix) in the United States. The data for this study is …
A Unique Method Of Using Information Entropy To Evaluate The Reliability Of Deep Neural Network Predictions On Intracranial Electroencephalogram, Elakkat Dharmaraj Gireesh
A Unique Method Of Using Information Entropy To Evaluate The Reliability Of Deep Neural Network Predictions On Intracranial Electroencephalogram, Elakkat Dharmaraj Gireesh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Deep Neural networks (DNN) are fundamentally information processing machines, which synthesize the complex patterns in input to arrive at solutions, with applications in various fields. One major question when working with the DNN is, which features in the input lead to a specific decision by DNN. One of the common methods of addressing this question involve generation of heatmaps. Another pertinent question is how effectively DNN has captured the entire information presented in the input, which can potentially be addressed with complexity measures of the inputs. In the case of patients with intractable epilepsy, appropriate clinical decision making depends on …
The Effects Of Microgravity On The Development Of Osteoporosis, Jackson Asiatico
The Effects Of Microgravity On The Development Of Osteoporosis, Jackson Asiatico
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Previous research has identified a potential link between microgravity conditions and the onset of osteoporosis, a connection that stems from altered fluidic pathways crucial in nutrient dispersion and cell stimulation. Specifically, the absence of mechanical loading in space environments reduces fluid shear stress, thereby disrupting the normal flow of interstitial fluid in trabecular bone. This disruption greatly impacts the functionality of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the vital cells responsible for maintaining healthy bones. The focus of this study aims to explore the impact of microgravity on bone loss in astronauts, establishing the connection between the lack of mechanical loading and the …
Theoretical Analysis Of Charge Conduction And Rectification In Self-Assembled-Monolayers In Molecular Junctions, Francis Adoah
Theoretical Analysis Of Charge Conduction And Rectification In Self-Assembled-Monolayers In Molecular Junctions, Francis Adoah
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
As electrical devices shrink to the atomic scale, it is expected that Moore's law will soon be obsolete for semiconductor devices. In 1974, Avriam and Ratner predicted that organic devices could replace semiconductor technology, leading to extensive research on molecular-based organic devices. This dissertation delves into the theoretical frameworks used to examine the transport in molecular junctions and aims to enhance our comprehension of charge transport and conduction properties. The studies presented in this thesis illustrates that a molecule's alteration by just a single atom can change it from an insulator to a conductor, and also that, by fine-tuning the …
Optimizing Information Values In Smart Mobility, Fatima Afifah
Optimizing Information Values In Smart Mobility, Fatima Afifah
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Smart mobility, enabled by advanced sensing, communication, vehicle, and emerging mobility technologies, has transformed transportation systems. Real-time information shared by public and private entities plays a pivotal role in smart mobility, which facilitates informed decision-making, including effective mode choice, dynamic vehicle control, optimized travel routing, and strategic vehicle relocation. While more information is believed to benefit individual decision makers, it is crucial to acknowledge that the effects of information on transportation network performance are contingent; more information may not always benefit the safety and mobility of the whole system. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the effects of …
Transportation Electrification In Interdependent Power And Transportation Systems - Analysis, Planning, And Operation, Sina Baghali
Transportation Electrification In Interdependent Power And Transportation Systems - Analysis, Planning, And Operation, Sina Baghali
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the eminent alternatives to decarbonize the transportation sector. However, large-scale EV adoption brings new challenges and opportunities to both transportation and power systems (TPSs). The challenges include the lack of understanding of EV driving behaviors and the associated charging demand (CD) distribution, the complex interaction of the decentralized decision-makers from TPSs, and the insufficient infrastructure from TPSs to accommodate the growing CD of EVs. On the other hand, the opportunities include benefiting the power systems by leveraging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies and improving transportation mobility by incorporating strategic infrastructure planning. The goal of this dissertation …
Experimental Analysis On Effects Of Inclination And Direction On Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Heat Transfer For Internal Pipe Flow, Emmanuel Gabriel-Ohanu
Experimental Analysis On Effects Of Inclination And Direction On Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Heat Transfer For Internal Pipe Flow, Emmanuel Gabriel-Ohanu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) can be utilized as a working or heat transfer fluid in various thermal systems with applications in large-scale power cycles; portable power production units, coolant systems and devices. However, there are no sufficient methods and equations of heat transfer coefficient correlations, and in addition insufficient research studies about the mechanisms controlling heat transfer processes for sCO2. This study is motivated by the need to understand the intricate properties of sCO2 heat transfer and fluid dynamics with an emphasis on flow direction and inclination effects. This paper presents the study on effects of gravity, buoyancy on sCO2 …
Optimal Sequencing And Scheduling Algorithm For Traffic Flows Based On Extracted Control Actions Near The Airport, Sharmistha Chakrabarti
Optimal Sequencing And Scheduling Algorithm For Traffic Flows Based On Extracted Control Actions Near The Airport, Sharmistha Chakrabarti
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This dissertation seeks to design an optimization algorithm, based on naturalistic flight data, with emphasis on safety to perform a benefits' analysis when sequencing and scheduling aircraft at the runway. The viability of creating a decision-support tool to aid air traffic controllers in sequencing and optimizing airport operations is evaluated through the benefits' analysis. Air traffic control is a complex and critical system that ensures the safe and efficient movement of aircraft within the airspace. This is particularly true in the immediate vicinity of an airport. Unlike in en-route or terminal area airspace where aircraft usually traverse well established routes …
Understanding Evacuation Traffic Safety Issues During Hurricane Evacuation Using Machine Learning And Connected Vehicle Data, Zaheen E Muktadi Syed
Understanding Evacuation Traffic Safety Issues During Hurricane Evacuation Using Machine Learning And Connected Vehicle Data, Zaheen E Muktadi Syed
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Hurricane evacuation, ordered to save lives of people of coastal regions, generates high traffic demand with increased crash risk. To mitigate such risk, transportation agencies need to anticipate highway locations with high crash risks to deploy appropriate countermeasures. With ubiquitous sensors and communication technologies, it is now possible to retrieve micro-level vehicular data containing individual vehicle trajectory and speed information. Such high-resolution vehicle data, potentially available in real time, can be used to assess prevailing traffic safety conditions. Using vehicle speed and acceleration profiles, potential crash risks can be predicted in real time. Previous studies on real-time crash risk prediction …
Understanding The Mechanisms By Which Cable Sway Produces Motion Artifact In Mobile Electroencephalography, David Rojas
Understanding The Mechanisms By Which Cable Sway Produces Motion Artifact In Mobile Electroencephalography, David Rojas
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Mobile brain/body imaging utilizes electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during human walking in dynamic environments. Motion artifact from cable sway affects the quality of EEG signals collected from the scalp, masking contributions of synchronously firing neurons. Previous studies have explored cable sway-induced motion artifact, but only during vigorous exercise or controlled sinusoidal motion. Therefore, a need remains to further understand the underlying mechanisms of this artifact, as it may help with developing real-time mitigation methods, reducing reliance on offline signal processing. In this thesis, I aimed to show that controlled cable sway could produce specific motion artifact waveforms in …
The Performance Of A Liquid-Fueled High Pressure Igniter For Scramjets, Gerardo Rodriguez
The Performance Of A Liquid-Fueled High Pressure Igniter For Scramjets, Gerardo Rodriguez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Ignition systems within scramjet combust ors remain a trending topic of research because of the essential role they play in the engine's operation. An alternative to currently researched ignition systems is investigated in this study with the main goal of u tilizing the same liquid fuel as the mai n combustion chamber for the ignition system itself. In this case, JetA fuel was injected in a liquid jet in crossflow configuration with air to atomize the fuel. To characterize this ignition system, metrics such as combustion chamber pressure rise, pulse frequency, and jet penetration were used to validate possible utilization …
Investigation Of Ground Deformations And Vibrations Due To Impact Pile Driving: Measurements And Prediction Model, Berk Turkel
Investigation Of Ground Deformations And Vibrations Due To Impact Pile Driving: Measurements And Prediction Model, Berk Turkel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Pile driving, a commonly used method for installing deep foundations, has gained prominence as a foundation solution to transfer structural loads to deep competent strata. However, this method of installation can generate noise, ground vibrations, and deformations. These effects pose risks to adjacent structures and buried utilities, jeopardizing the safety and serviceability of urban infrastructure. Researchers and public and private agencies have proposed many vibration limit criteria to avoid damage to infrastructure. However, these criteria for construction vibrations are not linked to the ground densification associated with repetitive and cumulative loadings in sandy soils. This dissertation focuses on developing a …
Improving Basic Cadet Training For Changing Environment: Case Study At The Korea Air Force Academy, Yoojin Kwon
Improving Basic Cadet Training For Changing Environment: Case Study At The Korea Air Force Academy, Yoojin Kwon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Increasing uncertainty, such as Covid-19 and weather changes, threatens BCT (Basic Cadet Training) at ROKAFA (Republic of Korea Air Force Academy). In preparation for the changing and adverse environment, this study carried out the following steps to propose a system improvement utilizing LVC (Live, Virtual, Constructive) in BCT system at ROKAFA; 1) Researching the examples of BCT and LVC by advanced countries, 2) Analyzing BCT (ROKAFA) through systems approach (document analysis, survey of 140 cadets and officers, written interviews with military experts), 3) Applying LVC to BCT. BCT is a vital step in the transition from civilian to military status …
Distributed Optimization With Limited Communication In Networks With Adversaries, Iyanuoluwa Emiola
Distributed Optimization With Limited Communication In Networks With Adversaries, Iyanuoluwa Emiola
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
We all hope for the best but sometimes, one must plan for ways of dealing with the worst-case scenarios, especially in a network with adversaries. This dissertation illustrates a detailed description of distributed optimization algorithms over a network of agents, in which some agents are adversarial. The model considered is such that adversarial agents act to subvert the objective of the network. The algorithms presented in this dissertation are solved via gradient-based distributed optimization algorithm and the effects of the adversarial agents on the convergence of the algorithm to the optimal solution are characterized. The analyses presented establish conditions under …
Heat Release And Flame Scale Effects On Turbulence Dynamics In Confined Premixed Flows, Max Fortin
Heat Release And Flame Scale Effects On Turbulence Dynamics In Confined Premixed Flows, Max Fortin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
As industry transitions to a net-zero carbon future, turbulent premixed combustion will remain an integral process for power generating gas turbines and are also desired for aviation engines due to their ability to minimize pollutant emissions. However, accurately predicting the behavior of a turbulent reacting flow field remains a challenge. To better understand the dynamics of premixed reacting flows, this study experimentally investigates the evolution of turbulence in a high-speed bluff-body combustor. The combustor is operated across a range of equivalence ratios from 0.7-1 to quantify the role of heat release and flame scales on the evolution of turbulence as …
Developing A Physics-Informed Deep Learning Paradigm For Traffic State Estimation, Jiheng Huang
Developing A Physics-Informed Deep Learning Paradigm For Traffic State Estimation, Jiheng Huang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The traffic delay due to congestion cost the U.S. economy $ 81 billion in 2022, and on average, each worker lost 97 hours each year during commute due to longer wait time. Traffic management and control strategies that serve as a potent solution to the congestion problem require accurate information on prevailing traffic conditions. However, due to the cost of sensor installation and maintenance, associated sensor noise, and outages, the key traffic metrics are often observed partially, making the task of estimating traffic states (TSE) critical. The challenge of TSE lies in the sparsity of observed traffic data and the …
A Framework Of Critical Success Factors For Implementation Of Industry 4.0 In Aerospace And Defense Industries, Lina Khan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, is essential to the success of Aerospace and Defense (A&D) organizations as it showcases the ability to adapt, innovate, and remain competitive. Industry 4.0 technologies such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), big data, cognitive computing, smart factories, connected manufacturing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) focus on revolutionizing manufacturing through embedding digital and physical systems, with the goal to maximize the desired output(s) while using minimal resources. Although there are numerous advantages, there are challenges associated with implementation of these complex systems. This doctoral research investigates the critical factors needed for successful implementation of …
A Conceptual Model For Quality 4.0 Deployment In U.S. Based Manufacturing Firms, Thomas Jones
A Conceptual Model For Quality 4.0 Deployment In U.S. Based Manufacturing Firms, Thomas Jones
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Manufacturing is currently undergoing a fourth industrial revolution, referred to as Industry 4.0, enabled by digital technologies and advances in our ability to collect and use data. Quality 4.0 is the application of Industry 4.0 to enhance the quality function within an organization. Quality practitioners are uniquely positioned within organizations and already possess data application skillsets. Despite a perception that Quality 4.0 will be critical to future success shared by a majority of industry, most companies have not attempted to implement Quality 4.0 strategy, and those that have report very low rates of success. The goal of this study was …
A Framework To Define And Quantify Leadership Styles Within Navy Engineering Units, Megan Praschak
A Framework To Define And Quantify Leadership Styles Within Navy Engineering Units, Megan Praschak
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This study aimed to develop a framework for the U.S. Navy's leadership styles by assessing self-perceived leadership styles in a sample of reserve Engineering Duty Officers (EDOs) and the Senior Enlisted Leaders (SELs) in these technical units. Transformational and transactional leadership styles were examined using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form (Avolio & Bass, 2004), while the servant leadership style was analyzed using the Servant Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SLSQ) (Sandling, 2021). The effect of rank and the triad leadership position on leadership style was explored in this study. The survey was made available to all EDOs and SELs (n = …
Effect Of Particle Size On Mechanics Of Particle Reinforced Composites Using Photoluminescence Piezospectroscopy, Khanh Vo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Nanoparticle reinforced composites are greatly desired by the aerospace community for a multitude of applications for their tailorable quasi-isotropic mechanical properties such as the high strength-to-weight ratio. With increasing demand of structural nanoparticulate composites, the optimization of their structural integrity and performance can be improved with a better understanding of the load transfer mechanics. Extensive nanoparticulate composites research has focused on the roles of particle shape, size, and volume fraction on the mechanical properties. Nanocomposites are often experimentally characterized through the determination of the bulk composite material properties. Load transfer research with a micro-mechanics perspective, distinguishing particle and matrix behavior, …
Machine Learning Applications In Advanced Additive Manufacturing: Process Modeling, Microstructure Analysis, And Defect Detection, Peter Warren
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are critical for assessing the integrity, health, and mechanical properties of materials manufactured from various methods. High fidelity NDE techniques are essential for quality control but often lead to massive data generation. Such a vast data load cannot be manually processed, this leads to a severe bottleneck for process engineers. Machine learning (ML) offers a solution to this problem by providing powerful and adaptable algorithms capable of learning patterns, identifying features, and finding hidden relationships in large sets of data. Various ML models are used in this work to improve predictions, improve measurements, detect anomalies, classify …
Rotorcraft Lander Fixed To A Descending Capsule Backshell, Corey Zucker
Rotorcraft Lander Fixed To A Descending Capsule Backshell, Corey Zucker
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
NASA is financing a mission to study the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, to investigate the terrain, chemical compositions, and potential for existent life. This mission is an exciting advancement from Mars Ingenuity, because the quadrotor lander, Dragonfly, will be the first of its kind with four coaxial rotors. Upon entry into Titan, and at near surface atmospheric conditions, Dragonfly will exit a parachute supported backshell that has shed its protective heatshield. The aerodynamics of this state are significant in comprehending the dynamics of the overall system for successful deployment into powered flight. The studies presented here examine the …
Modeling Individual Activity And Mobility Behavior And Assessing Ridesharing Impacts Using Emerging Data Sources, Jiechao Zhang
Modeling Individual Activity And Mobility Behavior And Assessing Ridesharing Impacts Using Emerging Data Sources, Jiechao Zhang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Predicting individual mobility behavior is one of the major steps of transportation planning models. Accurate prediction of individual mobility behavior will be beneficial for transportation planning. Although previous studies have used different data sources to model individual mobility behaviors, they have several limitations such as the lack of complete mobility sequences and travel mode information, limiting our ability to accurately predict individual movements. In recent years, the emergence of GPS-based floating car data (FCD) and on-demand ride-hailing service platforms can provide innovative data sources to understand and model individual mobility behavior. Compared to the previously used data sources such as …
Design And Simulation Analysis Of A Bipv (Building Integrated With Pv) Air-Duct System For Residential High-Performance Development, Arash Zarmehr
Design And Simulation Analysis Of A Bipv (Building Integrated With Pv) Air-Duct System For Residential High-Performance Development, Arash Zarmehr
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
A growing number of buildings are integrating building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) devices to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy costs. A building's heating and cooling loads are impacted by the thermal resistance of the air duct BIPV because of the change in thermal resistance. Therefore, augmenting the efficiency of (BIPV) devices will benefit many building architectures and mechanical engineering applications. This work introduces a low-cost and low- maintenance air duct system design augmenting BIPV systems. This novel approach increases airflow velocity and decreases air temperature for BIPV, resulting in improved performance for the PV system electricity output, increased PV lifespan due …