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Articles 1 - 30 of 91
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Fluctuating Age Distributions And Sex Ratio Tracking In A Protandrous Shrimp, Eric L. Charnov, Scott Groth
Fluctuating Age Distributions And Sex Ratio Tracking In A Protandrous Shrimp, Eric L. Charnov, Scott Groth
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
ESS theory for plastic sex ratio is tested in a long term (39 yr) data set for a Pandalid Shrimp.
Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Ian M. Latella, Howard L. Snell
Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Ian M. Latella, Howard L. Snell
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
This report covers the fourth consecutive year (2013-2016) of research on the population dynamics, ecology, and conservation status of the Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus) in New Mexico. The year 2016 represented the rare opportunity to study the effects of El Niño, which typically brings above average precipitation to New Mexico, on the breeding behavior and ecology of the Arizona toad. We expected that the El Niño-driven above average precipitation during the winter of 2015 and spring of 2016 would result in increased detection of toads at breeding sites, especially those sites that were dry in 2013, 2014, and …
2015 Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Ian M. Latella, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Howard L. Snell
2015 Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Ian M. Latella, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Howard L. Snell
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
In 2013, we initiated a field study to assess the status of the Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus) in New Mexico. Herein we provide the results of three years (2013-2015) of range-wide population monitoring, a review of threat assessments, and several contributions to the basic ecology of the Arizona Toad in New Mexico. This work highlights the sensitivity of the species to abiotic factors and emphasizes the nature of annual population fluctuations in a variable environment. We provide analyses of environmental factors that influence toad reproductive behaviors, employ occupancy and detection modeling at breeding sites, and provide analyses of tadpole habitat …
The Junior Scientist Outreach Program Handbook: A Guide To The Preparation, Execution, And Evaluation Of A Sustainability-Themed Informal Science Education Outreach Program, Martha Josefina Vargas
The Junior Scientist Outreach Program Handbook: A Guide To The Preparation, Execution, And Evaluation Of A Sustainability-Themed Informal Science Education Outreach Program, Martha Josefina Vargas
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
This handbook is intended to provide the history of and methodology for the preparation, execution and evaluation of an informal science education program that is based in a predominantly Hispanic community in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Because this program, known as The Junior Scientist Outreach Program (JSOP), has already positively impacted the lives of hundreds of students and families, the importance and relevance of its continuation will be highlighted and reiterated throughout the instructions and step-by-step procedures.
Body Size Is The History Of Life: Growth Confronting Landscapes Of Death, Eric Charnov
Body Size Is The History Of Life: Growth Confronting Landscapes Of Death, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Human Hunting Mortality Threshold Rules For Extinction In Mammals (And Fish), Eric Charnov, Wenyun Zuo
Human Hunting Mortality Threshold Rules For Extinction In Mammals (And Fish), Eric Charnov, Wenyun Zuo
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Growth, Mortality, And Life-History Scaling Across Species, Eric L. Charnov, Wenyun Zuo
Growth, Mortality, And Life-History Scaling Across Species, Eric L. Charnov, Wenyun Zuo
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Average Adult Size In Female Lizards, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne
Average Adult Size In Female Lizards, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Optimal (Plastic) Life Histories In Growing Versus Stable Populations, Eric Charnov
Optimal (Plastic) Life Histories In Growing Versus Stable Populations, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Reproductive Allometry And The Size-Number Trade-Off For Lizards, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne
Reproductive Allometry And The Size-Number Trade-Off For Lizards, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
The yearly reproductive allocation shows a 0.75 allometry with adult size across lizard species.
Fish Growth: Bertalanffy K Is Proportional To Reproductive Effort, Eric Charnov
Fish Growth: Bertalanffy K Is Proportional To Reproductive Effort, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
The Bertalanffy Growth Equation: Theory Of Paulys Auximetric Plots, Eric L. Charnov
The Bertalanffy Growth Equation: Theory Of Paulys Auximetric Plots, Eric L. Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Lifetime Reproductive Effort, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne, Melanie Moses
Lifetime Reproductive Effort, Eric Charnov, Robin Warne, Melanie Moses
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
The concept of lifetime reproductive effort[LRE] is defined for arbitrary age structured populations. Optimal life history theory with metabolic production constraints is developed to predict the numeric value of LRE; This is tested with large data sets for mammals and lizards.
Optimal Foraging: Some Theoretical Explorations, Eric Charnov, Gordon H. Orians
Optimal Foraging: Some Theoretical Explorations, Eric Charnov, Gordon H. Orians
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
This book had its genesis in a rather disorganized and poorly conceived lecture on optimal foraging theory that one of us (GHO) gave to an advanced ecology class during the winter of 1971.The deficiencies in that treatment, combined with the obvious potential of an improved conceptualization and analysis of the problem, led to the formation of a small seminar on optimal foraging theory attended by Charles Fowler, Nolan Pearson and ourselves. This seminar, which extended over two academic quarters, produced the basic fine-grained foraging models and some hints about wider applications of the results. We both found ourselves independently stimulated …
The Offspring-Size/Clutch-Size Trade-Off In Mammals., Eric Charnov, S.K.M. Ernest
The Offspring-Size/Clutch-Size Trade-Off In Mammals., Eric Charnov, S.K.M. Ernest
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
The Smith-Fretwell model for optimal offspring size assumes the existence of an inverse proportional relationship (i.e., trade-off) between the number of offspring and the amount of resources invested in an individual offspring; virtually all of the many models derived from theirs make the same trade-off assumption. Over the last 30 years it has become apparent that the predicted proportionality is often not observed when evaluated across species. We develop a general allometric approach to correct for size-related differences in the resources available for reproduction. Using data on mammals, we demonstrate that the predicted inverse proportional relationship between number of offspring …
Maternal Condition And Facultative Sex Ratios In Populations With Overlapping Generations., L.E. Schwanz, J.G. Bragg, Eric Charnov
Maternal Condition And Facultative Sex Ratios In Populations With Overlapping Generations., L.E. Schwanz, J.G. Bragg, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Facultative investment in offspring sex is related to maternal condition in many organisms. In mammals, empirical support for condition-dependent sex allocation is equivocal, and there is some doubt as to theoretical expectations. Much theory has been developed to make predictions for condition-dependent sex ratios in populations with discrete generations. However, the extension of these predictions to populations with overlapping generations (OLGs; e.g., mammals) has been limited, leaving doubt as to the specific prediction for maternal-condition-dependent sex ratios in mammals. We develop a population genetics model that incorporates maternal effects on multiple offspring fitness components in a population with OLGs. Using …
A Dimensionless Invariant For Relative Size At Sex Change In Animals: Explanation And Implications, Andy Gardner, David Allsop, Eric Charnov, Stuart West
A Dimensionless Invariant For Relative Size At Sex Change In Animals: Explanation And Implications, Andy Gardner, David Allsop, Eric Charnov, Stuart West
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Recent comparative studies across sex-changing animals have found that the relative size and age at sex change are strikingly invariant. In particular, 91%-97% of the variation in size at sex change across species can be explained by the simple rule that individuals change sex when they reach 72% of their maximum body size. However, this degree of invariance is surprising and has proved controversial. In particular, it is not clear why this result should hold, given that there is considerable biological variation across species in factors that can influence the evolutionarily stable timing of sex change. Our overall aim here …
Reproductive Effort Is Inversely Proportional To Average Adult Life Span., Eric Charnov
Reproductive Effort Is Inversely Proportional To Average Adult Life Span., Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Background: Forty years ago, G.C. Williams predicted that reproductive effort should be inversely related to the average adult life span across species. Aim: Use allometric life-history theory to refine that prediction. Result: Reproductive effort should be inversely proportional to average adult life span, a −1 scaling rule.
Mammal Life-History Evolution With Size-Dependent Mortality, Eric Charnov
Mammal Life-History Evolution With Size-Dependent Mortality, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Size dependence of mortality over the ontogeny is added to life-history optimization schemes for mammals
Similarity Of Mammalian Body Size Across The Taxonomic Hierarchy And Across Space And Time, Felisa A. Smith, James H. Brown, John P. Haskell, S. Kathleen Lyons, John Alroy, Eric L. Charnov, Tamar Dayan, Brian J. Enquist, S.K. Morgan Ernest, Elizabeth A. Hadly, David Jablonski, Kate E. Jones, Dawn M. Kaufman, Pablo A. Marquet, Brian A. Maurer, Karl J. Niklas, Warren P. Porter, Kaustuv Roy, Bruce Tiffney, Michael R. Willig
Similarity Of Mammalian Body Size Across The Taxonomic Hierarchy And Across Space And Time, Felisa A. Smith, James H. Brown, John P. Haskell, S. Kathleen Lyons, John Alroy, Eric L. Charnov, Tamar Dayan, Brian J. Enquist, S.K. Morgan Ernest, Elizabeth A. Hadly, David Jablonski, Kate E. Jones, Dawn M. Kaufman, Pablo A. Marquet, Brian A. Maurer, Karl J. Niklas, Warren P. Porter, Kaustuv Roy, Bruce Tiffney, Michael R. Willig
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Although it is commonly assumed that closely related animals are similar in body size, the degree of similarity has not been examined across the taxonomic hierarchy. Moreover, little is known about the variation or consistency of body size patterns across geographic space or evolutionary time. Here, we draw from a data set of terrestrial, nonvolant mammals to quantify and compare patterns across the body size spectrum, the taxonomic hierarchy, continental space, and evolutionary time. We employ a variety of statistical techniques including "sib-sib" regression, phylogenetic autocorrelation, and nested ANOVA. We find an extremely high resemblance (heritability) of size among congeneric …
Effects Of Body Size And Temperature On Population Growth, Van M. Savage, James F. Gillooly, James H. Brown, Geoffrey B. West, Eric Charnov
Effects Of Body Size And Temperature On Population Growth, Van M. Savage, James F. Gillooly, James H. Brown, Geoffrey B. West, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
For at least 200 years, since the time of Malthus, population growth has been recognized as providing a critical link between the performance of individual organisms and the ecology and evolution of species.We present a theory that shows how the intrinsic rate of exponential population growth, , and the carrying capacity, rmax K, depend on individual metabolic rate and resource supply rate. To do this, we construct equations for the metabolic rates of entire populations by summing over individuals, and then we combine these population-level equations with Malthusian growth. Thus, the theory makes explicit the relationship between rates of resource …
Size And Temperature In The Evolution Of Fish Life Histories, Eric Charnov, James Gillooly
Size And Temperature In The Evolution Of Fish Life Histories, Eric Charnov, James Gillooly
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times, especially individual growth or production rates. By favoring an optimal maturation age and reproductive allocation, natural selection links individual growth to the mortality schedule. A recent model for evolution of life histories for species with indeterminate growth, which includes most fish, successfully predicts the numeric values of two key dimensionless numbers and the allometry of the average reproductive allocation versus maturation size across species. Here we use this new model to predict the relationships of age-at-maturity, adult mortality and reproductive effort to environmental …
The Optimal Balance Between Growth Rate And Survival In Mammals, Eric Charnov
The Optimal Balance Between Growth Rate And Survival In Mammals, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Evolutionary theory for life-history allometry in mammals is extended to include a trade-off between body-size growth rate and adult lifespan.
Survey Of Whole Air Data From The Second Airborne Biomass Burning And Lightning Experiment Using Principal Component Analysis, Felisa A. Smith, Yunsoo Choi, Scott Elliott, Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake, Jonah J. Colman, Manvendra K. Dubey, Simone Meinardi, F. Sherwood Rowland, Tomoko Shirai
Survey Of Whole Air Data From The Second Airborne Biomass Burning And Lightning Experiment Using Principal Component Analysis, Felisa A. Smith, Yunsoo Choi, Scott Elliott, Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake, Jonah J. Colman, Manvendra K. Dubey, Simone Meinardi, F. Sherwood Rowland, Tomoko Shirai
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements collected during the second airborne Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment (BIBLE-B) were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA), to test the capability for identifying intercorrelated compounds within a large whole air data set. The BIBLE expeditions have sought to quantify and understand the products of burning, electrical discharge, and general atmospheric chemical processes during flights arrayed along the western edge of the Pacific. Principal component analysis was found to offer a compact method for identifying the major modes of composition encountered in the regional whole air data set. Transecting the continental monsoon, urban and industrial …
Bible A Whole-Air Sampling As A Window On Asian Biogeochemistry, Felisa A. Smith, Scott Elliott, Donald R. Blake, Nikola J. Blake, Manvendra D. Dubey, F. Sherwood Rowland, Barkley C. Sive
Bible A Whole-Air Sampling As A Window On Asian Biogeochemistry, Felisa A. Smith, Scott Elliott, Donald R. Blake, Nikola J. Blake, Manvendra D. Dubey, F. Sherwood Rowland, Barkley C. Sive
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Asian trace gas and aerosol emissions into carbon, nitrogen, and other elemental cycles will figure prominently in near term Earth system evolution. Atmospheric hydrocarbon measurements resolve numerous chemical species and can be used to investigate sourcing for key geocarriers. A recent aircraft study of biomass burning and lightning (BIBLE A) explored the East Asian atmosphere and was unique in centering on the Indonesian archipelago. Samples of volatile organics taken over/between the islands of Japan, Saipan, Java, and Borneo are here examined as a guide to whole-air-based studies of future Asian biogeochemistry. The midlatitude onshore/offshore pulse and tropical convection strongly influence …
Thermal Time: Body Size, Food Quality And The 10c Rule, Eric Charnov, James Gillooly
Thermal Time: Body Size, Food Quality And The 10c Rule, Eric Charnov, James Gillooly
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Developmental rates of ectotherms (y) are often linearly related to temperature (Tc in C) within some biologically relevant range of temperatures as y = (1/S)(Tc - Tb), where Tb is the estimated temperature at zero development, and the thermal constant S is the development time multiplied by the temperature above Tb (i.e. degree days above Tb). Among similar species, it has been widely shown that S and Tb are negatively related across environments, that S is positively related to body size, and that Tb is independent of body size but increases with mean environmental temperature. Here we present a model …
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Developmental Time, James Gillooly, Eric Charnov, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, James Brown
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Developmental Time, James Gillooly, Eric Charnov, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, James Brown
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times. The relationship of size and temperature to development is of particular interest, because during ontogeny size changes and temperature often varies. Here we derive a general model, based on first principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics, that predicts the time of ontogenetic development as a function of body mass and temperature. The model fits embryonic development times spanning a wide range of egg sizes and incubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zooplankton). The model also describes nearly …
Shrimp Adjust Their Sex Ratio To Fluctuating Age Distributions, Eric Charnov, Robert Hannah
Shrimp Adjust Their Sex Ratio To Fluctuating Age Distributions, Eric Charnov, Robert Hannah
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Long-term data sets that quantitatively confirm basic ecological theory are rare for field populations. Highly variable recruitment often causes wide temporal variation in population age distribution and basic theory for adaptive sex ratio often predicts sex ratio tracking' to match the fluctuating age distribution. Using sex-changing shrimp as a model system, we test this in a new data set of 20 years duration. The new data support the theory, despite intense fishery exploitation that itself has greatly altered the age distribution in recent years.
Reproductive Effort, Offspring Size And Benefit/Cost Ratios In The Classification Of Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Reproductive Effort, Offspring Size And Benefit/Cost Ratios In The Classification Of Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
There have been many attempts to document links between reproductive allocation and factors such as adult body size and demography. This paper suggests that among closely related taxa, two dimensionless numbers, each a benefit—cost ratio summarizing reproductive timing, allocation and demography, are invariants and thus are useful to classify life histories. The two numbers are E/α and C·E, where E is average adult life span,α is age-at-first-reproduction and C is average mass (per adult) devoted to reproduction per unit of time, divided by the average adult body mass (m); C is usually called reproductive effort'. Since E−1 is the average …
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Metabolic Rate, James Gillooly, James Brown, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, Eric Charnov
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Metabolic Rate, James Gillooly, James Brown, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
We derive a general model, based on principles of biochemical kinetics and allometry, that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0 to 40C. Mass - and temperature - compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.