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Selected Works

2015

SelectedWorks

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

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Tilting Mechanism For A Four Wheeler, Dr V Balambica, Er Vishwa Deepak Dec 2015

Tilting Mechanism For A Four Wheeler, Dr V Balambica, Er Vishwa Deepak

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Here in this paper a tilting mechanism is carried out for a normal fuel run track car to give it the flexibility of a motor cycle. This feature enables the car to tilt in to the curve while negotiating it. Our analysis shows that to increase the maximum curve at speed by more than 50%. The method we have used is a simple mechanical tilting system controlled by a simple DC stepper motor which is controlled electronically. This tilting mechanism if successful should dramatically increase the maximum speed in curves. This should also provide the advantages of increased passenger comfort …


Step-By-Step Check Response Of Pv Module Modeling Tested By Two Selected Power Reference Modules, A. M. Soliman,, K. Abdel-Aty Dec 2015

Step-By-Step Check Response Of Pv Module Modeling Tested By Two Selected Power Reference Modules, A. M. Soliman,, K. Abdel-Aty

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming nowadays an attractive solution to overcome energy demands and pollution reduction. Several issues under research such as PV MPPT, PV Distributed generation, PV On-Grid systems, and PV off Grid systems need a modeling of PV module as an important initial step in these researches. This paper presents a mathematical model of a PV module using Matlab which this model was checked in response step by step to be guidance for researchers understanding in these areas. In the mean time, the modeling final results are compared by two different commercial reference models for verification purpose which …


Study Of Structural Performance And Durability Of Concrete By Partial Replacement Of Cement With Hypo Sludge (Paper Waste), K Hari Kishan, N .Vidyasagar Lal,, 3 Sateesh Konni Dec 2015

Study Of Structural Performance And Durability Of Concrete By Partial Replacement Of Cement With Hypo Sludge (Paper Waste), K Hari Kishan, N .Vidyasagar Lal,, 3 Sateesh Konni

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Utilization of industrial waste products as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in concrete making is very important aspect in view of economical, environmental and technical reasons. As these supplementary cementitious materials have different chemical and mineralogical composition, their effect on micro structural properties and strength performance vary considerably. While producing paper, various wastes come out from the various processes in paper industries. The preliminary waste from paper industry is named as hypo sludge. In this study the material obtained from the paper industry waste (hypo sludge) is admixed with Portland cement at different replacement levels. The properties of concrete investigated include …


Application Of Design Failure Modes And Effect Analysis (Dfmea) To Vertical Roller Mill Gearbox, Gaurav J. Pawar 1 ,, Soumendu J. Mukhopadhyay 2 Dec 2015

Application Of Design Failure Modes And Effect Analysis (Dfmea) To Vertical Roller Mill Gearbox, Gaurav J. Pawar 1 ,, Soumendu J. Mukhopadhyay 2

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Design FMEA is structured method of identifying potential failure modes and providing corrective actions before first production run occurs. This paper aims to provide probable causes of failure, levels of effects of failure and corrective actions to be taken in the design phase for BevelPlanetary Vertical Roller Mill Gearbox.


Catalytic Cracking Of Pentenes In Mfi Zeolite: Activation Energy And Reactor Volume Decrease, Klaus A. Serny T., Pablo J. Baricelli, Milexi J. Pacheco M., Luis G. Melean, Merlín Rosales Dec 2015

Catalytic Cracking Of Pentenes In Mfi Zeolite: Activation Energy And Reactor Volume Decrease, Klaus A. Serny T., Pablo J. Baricelli, Milexi J. Pacheco M., Luis G. Melean, Merlín Rosales

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The cracking of pentenes has been investigated at 773 and 873 K in modified MFI zeolite to produce ethylene and propylene. The activation energy showed a significant reduction for this investigation. Additionally, it has been evidenced the important role of the diffusion phenomenon and catalyst technical aspect on the processing of pentenes to produce ethylene and propylene proposing a mathematical model for the design of catalytic reactor achieving a 15% reduction in the volume of the reactor compare to obtained volume with the conventional design. This investigation opens the opportunity to explore new designs of catalysts taking in count intrinsic …


Determination Of The Global Heat Transfer Coefficient Of A Double Heat Exchanger Battery In A Dry Mode., B. Dieng, G. Jaw, A. Kane, I. Diagne, M. Dieng, G. Sissoko Dec 2015

Determination Of The Global Heat Transfer Coefficient Of A Double Heat Exchanger Battery In A Dry Mode., B. Dieng, G. Jaw, A. Kane, I. Diagne, M. Dieng, G. Sissoko

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The cold battery is a heat exchanger between two fluids, air (secondary fluid) and iced water (primary fluid).The cold battery is composed of two heat exchangers in series, one of which is made up of flat-plate in galvanized steel serving as a reservoir for the iced water and the other one a copper shelland-tube exchanger with aluminum cooling blades. The two heat exchangers a connected pipe of the same diameter. These pipes will permit the transit of the iced water coming from the flat-plate exchanger by gravitation towards the tubes of the second exchanger. These two heat exchangers are incorporated …


Non-Linear Spectral Unmixing Of Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3 ) Data, Keshav Dev Singh, Ramakrishnan Desikan Dec 2015

Non-Linear Spectral Unmixing Of Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3 ) Data, Keshav Dev Singh, Ramakrishnan Desikan

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Most of the approaches to solve the unmixing problem are based on the Linear Mixing Model (LMM) which is questionable. Therefore, nonlinear spectral model is generally used to study the effects of multiple scattering in the complex surfaces. In this paper, we have demonstrated the application of Radiative Transform Equation (RTE) based Hapke multi scattering model. The Hapke model based non-linear spectral unmixing is carried out on a Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3 ) data. The values of six non-linear Hapke's model parameters are estimated using a MATLAB based algorithm after optimizing the Hapke corrected M3-Endmembers and modeled spectra through minimum …


A Scenario Of Rainfall Erosivity Index Research, D .V. Pandit1, R. K. Isaac2 Dec 2015

A Scenario Of Rainfall Erosivity Index Research, D .V. Pandit1, R. K. Isaac2

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Rainfall erosivity index is an important index to evaluate the soil loss due to rainfall. Rainstorm plays a paramount role in surface sealing, runoff and erosion process. Research on rainfall erosivity index is important in understanding the mechanism of soil erosion processes. This paper gives a scenario on the important research work done by the scientists to evaluate the erosivity index by using various methods and approaches. The aim of this paper was also to highlight that methodology of the scientists which they have used to get the appropriate erosivity index value for their study. The quality and representativeness of …


Airborne Internet Providing Tethered Balloon System, Suvriti Dhawan, Mohit Vishal, Anmol Taploo, Amanjot Singh, Shiny Praveen Thote Dec 2015

Airborne Internet Providing Tethered Balloon System, Suvriti Dhawan, Mohit Vishal, Anmol Taploo, Amanjot Singh, Shiny Praveen Thote

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

In this paper we shall introduce a new system for providing wireless network communication over a specified area using ’lighter than air’ balloons. This technology will replace the existing fiber optic network system. This will be done by using a tethered balloon along with the payload (containing a receiver, a transmitter and a radio communication device).This payload will be suspended from the ground at an altitude (depending on the area of coverage required). Users under this area will be able to access this system directly for internet connectivity. This system can be used over large areas like universities, companies and …


Prevalence And Knowledge Of Brucellosis In Dairy Cattle In Makuyu Division, Murang’A County, Kenya, Dr. Michael N. Gicheru, Dr. Eric Mwangi, Mwangi Rachel Mbaire Dec 2015

Prevalence And Knowledge Of Brucellosis In Dairy Cattle In Makuyu Division, Murang’A County, Kenya, Dr. Michael N. Gicheru, Dr. Eric Mwangi, Mwangi Rachel Mbaire

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Brucellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease that affects man, domestic animals and wildlife. The bacteria Brucella abortus is the principle cause of brucellosis in cattle. The incidence of the disease in humans, and which directly relates to that in other animals, is highly dependent on animal husbandry practices, the interaction between humans and animals, living standards, hygiene, food customs, and animal and human population density. Makuyu Division where the study was undertaken experiences hot and dry climate, the area has no permanent rivers and domestic water is obtained from boreholes. Most families live in congested homes and are provided with …


Transforming Growth Factor Betas Induce Mmp-2 And Mmp-9 Secretion Via Smad-Dependent Signaling In Human Endometrial And Endometriotic Cells, Ezekiel O. Mecha, Cong Sui, Charles O.A . Omwandho, Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg, Lutz Konrad Dec 2015

Transforming Growth Factor Betas Induce Mmp-2 And Mmp-9 Secretion Via Smad-Dependent Signaling In Human Endometrial And Endometriotic Cells, Ezekiel O. Mecha, Cong Sui, Charles O.A . Omwandho, Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg, Lutz Konrad

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are elevated during menstruation and are involved in endometriosis. Similarly, matrix metalloproteinases like MMP-2 are also highly expressed in patients with endometriosis. Expression of gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, is increased by TGF-βs. TGF- βs bind and activate receptor-mediated Smad proteins to mediate gene expression, however, also non-Smad signaling pathways participate in signal transduction of the TGF-βs. In this study, we found that of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is higher in stromal cells especially in endometriotic cells compared to epithelial cells. Treatment of endometrial and endometriotic stromal and epithelial cells with TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 decreased cell numbers, induced …


Modification In Weighted Clustering Algorithm For Faster Clustering Formation By Considering Absolute Attributes Of Mobile Nodes And Greedy Method For Role Selection Of Mobile Nodes In Manet, Vijayanand Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Yadav Dec 2015

Modification In Weighted Clustering Algorithm For Faster Clustering Formation By Considering Absolute Attributes Of Mobile Nodes And Greedy Method For Role Selection Of Mobile Nodes In Manet, Vijayanand Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Yadav

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Wirelessly allocated mobile nodes which are configured in a geographically adjacent to each other can form cluster by applying rules on the mobile nodes. Each cluster family have different members with different assigned roles such as cluster head, cluster members, gateway members and ordinary nodes which can perform roles of any three mentioned roles as the time progresses based on absolute and relative attribute information. Absolute attributes of mobile nodes can be mobility, energy consumed and entropy of the mobile node. Relative attributes can be considered as neighbour information and sum of distances of neighbours etc. Relative attributes are the …


Control Method For Dc-Dc Boost Converter Based On Inductor Current, Van Bao Chau Nov 2015

Control Method For Dc-Dc Boost Converter Based On Inductor Current, Van Bao Chau

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper introduces a new control method for DC-DC Boost converter that is the control method based on inductor current on the basis of balance of power. The simulation results have proven to be that: proposed control method ensured the accuracy and output voltage ripple is within the required limit.


An Effectual Breakthrough For Concord Relentless Itemset Exhuming Based On Map Reduce, Ahilandeeswari G.,, Dr. R. Manicka Chezian Nov 2015

An Effectual Breakthrough For Concord Relentless Itemset Exhuming Based On Map Reduce, Ahilandeeswari G.,, Dr. R. Manicka Chezian

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Relentless Itemset Exhuming (RIE) is a archetypal data Exhuming topic with many authentic world applications such as market basket analysis. In authentic world the dataset size grows, researchers have prophesied Map Reduce version of RIE contrivance to meet the immensely colossal data challenge. Subsisting relentless itemset contrivance cannot distribute data equipollent among all the nodes and MR Apriori contrivance paper utilize manifold map/reduce procedures and engender an inordinate extent of key-value pairs with value. In this paper present a novel collateral, distributed contrivance which addresses these quandaries. We prophesis an ameliorated collateral contrivance and discuss its applications in this paper. …


Design Of A Reading Recommendation Method Based On User Preference For Online Learning, Yanling Li,, S. C. Ng,, Felermino M. D. A. Ali Nov 2015

Design Of A Reading Recommendation Method Based On User Preference For Online Learning, Yanling Li,, S. C. Ng,, Felermino M. D. A. Ali

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

A design of reading recommendation method based on user preference for online learning namely, RMUP is proposed. The aim of this study is to design an online learning recommendation system to support automatic information extract, dynamic user preference analysis and conduct an accurate recommendation of reading materials to relevant users.


Process Parameters And Foaming Agents Used In Manufacturing Of Aluminium Metallic Foams: A Review, Sri Ram Vikas K.,, N. Raghu Ram,, Ch. Kishore Reddy,, V.V. Sridhara Raju Nov 2015

Process Parameters And Foaming Agents Used In Manufacturing Of Aluminium Metallic Foams: A Review, Sri Ram Vikas K.,, N. Raghu Ram,, Ch. Kishore Reddy,, V.V. Sridhara Raju

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Porous metals and metallic foams are composite materials in which one phase is gaseous and another phase is solid metal. The mechanical behavior of these materials depends mainly on the mechanical properties of the solid metallic phase, the structural configuration of the solid and the density of the composite ρc, relative to the density of the solid phase ρs. The primary distinction between a porous metal and metallic foam is the relative density, metal gas composites with a relative density (ρc/ρs) above 0.3 are generally considered porous materials, while those with a relative density below 0.3 are generally considered to …


Moodle Data Retrieval For Educational Data Mining, Felermino M. D. A. Ali, S. C. Ng Nov 2015

Moodle Data Retrieval For Educational Data Mining, Felermino M. D. A. Ali, S. C. Ng

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This study aims to incorporate a new service into existing Moodle Core Services for student's usage data retrieval. This service can ease the pre-processing in EDM and provide a generic mechanism for data portability. The proposed method expects to reduce the data pre-processing time and enhance the interoperability in Moodle.


Pulse Width Modulated Ac Voltage Controller Filter Design By Optimization Technique, N. Murali,, Dr.V. Balaji Nov 2015

Pulse Width Modulated Ac Voltage Controller Filter Design By Optimization Technique, N. Murali,, Dr.V. Balaji

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The AC voltage controller plays a vital role in many of the industries. In this paper the multiple pulse width modulated AC voltage controllers is designed for analyzing the different loads. The performance of AC voltage controller is analyzed with and without filter. The performance parameters are output voltage and total harmonic distortion. The performance analysis is done for pulse width modulated AC voltage controller with resistive load and combination of resistive and inductive load. The design of passive filter components is obtained using particle swarm bacterial foraging optimization technique. The effect of filter requirements is analyzed using the Matlab …


An Energy Proficiency Positioned Dynamic Threshold Approach To The Migration Of Virtual Machines In Dvs Empowered Green Cloud Data Centers, C. Saranya.,, Dr. R. Manicka Chezian Nov 2015

An Energy Proficiency Positioned Dynamic Threshold Approach To The Migration Of Virtual Machines In Dvs Empowered Green Cloud Data Centers, C. Saranya.,, Dr. R. Manicka Chezian

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The furthermost eco-amicable challenge nowadays is ecumenical warming. Energy disaster conveys green computing. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been a crucial procedure in exploiting the hardware characteristics of cloud datacenters to preserve energy by lowering the supply voltage and operating frequency. The study presents modified power consumption can be reduced by live migration of the virtual machines (VM) as required and by switching off idle machines. So, proposed a dynamic threshold predicated approach DMM CPU utilization for host at data center. This consolidation will work on dynamic and capricious workload evading nonessential power consumption. It will meet energy efficiency requisite …


Experimentally Study The Effects Of Fins Height And Width H\W Ratio To The Fin Thermal Performance By Natural Convections, Hazim A.M. Al-Jewaree, Osama A.M. Alhamil Nov 2015

Experimentally Study The Effects Of Fins Height And Width H\W Ratio To The Fin Thermal Performance By Natural Convections, Hazim A.M. Al-Jewaree, Osama A.M. Alhamil

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The industry revolution in thermal engineering started with fixed the extended surface area named a fin. Therefore, a lot off research work done in this field to enhance the performance of heat transfer . All, previous work reach to that any increase of heat transfer coefficient and the fin surface area will increase the heat transfer rate by natural convection. The research work summarized in this paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of fin heights –width (H/w) ratios on the fin performance using rectangular plate type fins. The steady-state natural convection heat transfer from vertical rectangular fins extending …


Text Stream Mining Using Suffix Trees, Pamela Vinitha Eric,, Kusum Rajput,, Veda .N Oct 2015

Text Stream Mining Using Suffix Trees, Pamela Vinitha Eric,, Kusum Rajput,, Veda .N

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Information explosion has resulted in the need for more advanced methods for managing the information. Text stream mining, is very important as people and organizations are trying to process and understand as much of information as possible. Generalised suffix tree is a data structure which is capable of solving a number of text stream mining tasks like detecting changes in the text stream, identifying reuse of text and detecting events by identifying when the frequencies of phrases change in a statistically significant way. An efficient method with polynomial time complexity that uses suffix trees to analyse streams of data in …


M-Learning System Based On Ontology, Dr Leelavathi Rajamanickam,, Chen Woon Choong Oct 2015

M-Learning System Based On Ontology, Dr Leelavathi Rajamanickam,, Chen Woon Choong

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Information and communication Technology is a gateway through which large population of students has been addressed. Mobile learning technology the latest arrival highly changing the way the students learn, interact, access up to data information. It mainly satisfies the current and future generation which needs information at the earliest rather than later few touches. The World Wide Web acts as an interface in E- learning as well as in mobile learning (Mlearning) environments. It supports and facilitates the delivery of teaching and learning materials. M - l e a r n i n g provides quality educational content with the …


Review On The Suitability Of Conceptual Performance Measurement Systems For Lean Manufacturing, Dilanthi M. G.S Oct 2015

Review On The Suitability Of Conceptual Performance Measurement Systems For Lean Manufacturing, Dilanthi M. G.S

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Lean manufacturing is implemented to improve any organizational performance so that its performance should be measured to assure the organizational goal attainment. But the past studies have not yet suggested any specific performance measurement system for lean manufacturing. Therefore this paper reviews the conceptual performance measurement systems and their suitability to measure the lean performance and hence argues that a new performance measurement framework should be developed.


Science Behind The Magnetic Field Therapy, D. B. Thombre,, Megha D. Thombre Oct 2015

Science Behind The Magnetic Field Therapy, D. B. Thombre,, Megha D. Thombre

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Magnetic therapy is the use of magnets to relieve pain in various areas of the body. It is the simplest, cheapest and entirely painless system of treatment with no side effects. In present article, discussion of fundamental aspect about the application of magnetic field (Natural and artificial) and how it apply to the human body with suggestions. Magnetic field is produce by magnet or electromagnetic generating devices are able to penetrate the human body because human body is magnetic hence magnetic field affect the functioning of human body. Suggestions are, High blood pressure person sleep with foots towards west and …


Consequence Analysis Of Bleve Scenario In The Propane Tank: Acase Study At Bandar Abbas Gas Condensate Refinery Of Iran, Saeed Nazari, Najmeh Karami, Hojjat Moghadam, Parvin Nasiri Sep 2015

Consequence Analysis Of Bleve Scenario In The Propane Tank: Acase Study At Bandar Abbas Gas Condensate Refinery Of Iran, Saeed Nazari, Najmeh Karami, Hojjat Moghadam, Parvin Nasiri

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The occurrence of incidents resulting from chemical releases requires preparatory measures. Despite special layers of protection in chemicalindustries to avoid such releases and subsequent consequences, human errors still occur and negatively contribute to failures in different activities include maintenance practices and operating control and so on. It is proven that one of the most devastating risk in the oil and gas companies is explosion, particularly BLEVE. Thus, the study of this phenomena and analysis of its consequences at various stages is necessary. Recent studies claimed that the predictionof damaging effectafter the explosion by mathematical models is necessary for its effective …


Non Parametric Trend Analysis Of Climate Change In Lower Bagmati River Basin In Northern India, M. .P Akhtar, Amrendra Kumar, Deepak Khare Sep 2015

Non Parametric Trend Analysis Of Climate Change In Lower Bagmati River Basin In Northern India, M. .P Akhtar, Amrendra Kumar, Deepak Khare

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This study is conducted to observe the temporal variability of rainfall and temperature for 102 years (1901- 2002) in the Lower Bagmati River Basin in Northern India. Annual and monsoon rainfall time series is considered to investigate the trend using non parametric methods. Trend in 102 years span indicates reduced basin water potential in


Microstructure And Wear Behavior Of As Cast Al-25mg2si-2cu-2ni Alloy, Geetanjali S. Guggari, Veena. Badiger, Dr. Shivakumar S Sep 2015

Microstructure And Wear Behavior Of As Cast Al-25mg2si-2cu-2ni Alloy, Geetanjali S. Guggari, Veena. Badiger, Dr. Shivakumar S

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

The remarkable feature of the Aluminium is its low density and ability to withstand corrosion effect due to phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The oxides and sulphate are useful compounds of Aluminium based on its weight. In this work, an attempt has been made to utilize the combined effect of high cooling rate solidification, unique micro structural evolution mechanism of T6 heat treatment the advantages of hypereutectic Al-Si system alloyed with other elements such as Cu, Fe …


Use Of Coconut Shell As An Aggregate In Concrete: A Review, Sourav Ghosal, S. C. Moulik Sep 2015

Use Of Coconut Shell As An Aggregate In Concrete: A Review, Sourav Ghosal, S. C. Moulik

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Now-a-days, the rising cost of building materials for construction purposes is a factor of great concern. The price of building materials is rising day by day. Now, most of the researchers are paying much attention on the suitable materials which can reduce the cost of construction as well as increase the strength properties of concrete. Mainly gravel and sand are used in the preparation of conventional concrete. While the use of an agricultural by-product i.e. coconut shell as a partial replacement with conventional coarse aggregates is expected to serve the purpose of encouraging housing developers in building construction. Environmental impact …


Creep Properties Of Local Variety Of Lime (Lemun Tsami) Under Quasi-Static Loading, Dakogol F. A, Obetta, S. E, Ijabo O. .J Sep 2015

Creep Properties Of Local Variety Of Lime (Lemun Tsami) Under Quasi-Static Loading, Dakogol F. A, Obetta, S. E, Ijabo O. .J

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

Local variety of lime (Lemun tsami) was subjected to quasi-static compressive loading using Instron Universal Testing Machine at three levels of time after harvest; freshly harvested, one and two weeks after harvest. Creep parameters were determined by fitting the experimental data to the Burger’s Model and the obtained model equation for freshly harvested was: 𝑱 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗[ 1 – е (-t/2.933) ]+ 𝒕 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟑 , R 2 = 0.98. The instantaneous creep compliance (Jo) was; 1.843, 3.137 and 4.116 1/MPa for freshly harvested, one and two weeks after harvest respectively while the corresponding instantaneous elasticity …


Strengthening Of Rc Beam And Column Joint By Using Cfrp & Gfrp, M .A Nawale, A. J. , Mehetre, . S. B. Kandekar Sep 2015

Strengthening Of Rc Beam And Column Joint By Using Cfrp & Gfrp, M .A Nawale, A. J. , Mehetre, . S. B. Kandekar

Innovative Research Publications IRP India

This paper will give the information about strengthening of different parameter by using CFRP & GFRP. Strengthening of existing structures has become a major part of construction activity in our country. Many civil structures are no longer safe due to increased load specifications in the design codes. The beam column joint is the crucial zone in a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame. It is subjected to large forces during severe ground shaking and its behaviour has a significant influence on the response of the structure. The assumption of joint being rigid fails to consider the effects of high shear forces …