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Articles 1 - 30 of 84
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Discrimination Of Aposematic And Novel Prey By Mature Sceloporus Malachiticus, December 2006, Jeff Masterson
Discrimination Of Aposematic And Novel Prey By Mature Sceloporus Malachiticus, December 2006, Jeff Masterson
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Prey use a variety of defenses against predators in order to avoid predation and often use warning coloration known as aposematism to advertise unpalatability to predators. Predators have accordingly evolved defenses against possibly unpalatable prey by being selective, and avoiding aposematically colored prey items. Some predators are more selective, avoiding anything appearing novel (neophobia), thus lowering the risk of unprofitable foraging by restricting their diet to familiar items. Previous studies have shown that neonatal Sceloporus malachiticus will innately avoid aposematic prey. In this experiment I examined any potential changes in prey selection concerning aposematic or novel prey items in S. …
Maternal Defensive Behavior Of Umbonia Ataliba Treehoppers, December 2006, Sarah Anvik
Maternal Defensive Behavior Of Umbonia Ataliba Treehoppers, December 2006, Sarah Anvik
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
A population of Umbonia ataliba (Homoptera: Membracidae) located between 1300 and 1500 m in Monteverde, Costa Rica was studied from October to November 2006. The maternal defensive behavior exhibited by these subsocial insects toward nymphs of different developmental stages was experimentally investigated. The purpose of my study was to determine how the defensive behavior changed from eggs to adults and in response to two different predator types. I attached dead wasps to long wooden sticks and then simulated predator approaches toward family groups of eggs, second instar and fourth instars nymphs. I found that the defensive behavior by females guarding …
Territorial Response Of Rufous-And-White Wrens (Thryothorus Rufalbus) To Neighbor/Stranger Conspecific Playbacks, December 2006, Kaitlin Dunn
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
I tested the Rufous-and-white Wren (T. rufalbus) for discrimination between the songs of neighbor and stranger conspecifics. I found significant differences in behavioral responses between the song playbacks of neighboring and unfamiliar conspecifics in seventeen pairs of the Rufous-and-white Wren. Birds sang for longer periods and sang more songs in response to playbacks of strangers. However, the amount that they approached the playback source did not differ between the song types. These results suggest that Rufous-and-white wrens recognize the songs of neighbors and identify the individuals as less threatening than strangers. This diminished response may be an adaptive strategy to …
The Effect Of Wing Color On Heliconius Melpomene Mating Behavior And Its Implications On The Evolution Of Mimicry, December 2006, Ellen Thompson
The Effect Of Wing Color On Heliconius Melpomene Mating Behavior And Its Implications On The Evolution Of Mimicry, December 2006, Ellen Thompson
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Wing color is important to butterflies both for social signals and protection from predators. Butterflies gain protection from predators by having aposematically colored wings that warn the predator that the butterfly is distasteful. Some butterflies are also part of Mullerian mimicry complexes in which two distasteful species converge on the same color pattern to enhance their aposematic protection. Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene are Mullerian mimics that exhibit a wide variety of wing patterns throughout Central and South America. Their wing patterns have greatly diverged within each species, but between the species they are almost perfect mimics in each area. …
Patch Fidelity Behavior In Coexisting Damselflies: Hetaerina Cruentata (Odonata: Calopterygidae) And Argia Extranea (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), December 2006, Anna C. Peterson
Patch Fidelity Behavior In Coexisting Damselflies: Hetaerina Cruentata (Odonata: Calopterygidae) And Argia Extranea (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), December 2006, Anna C. Peterson
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Patch fidelity in coexisting territorial damselfly species, Hetaerina cruentata and Argia extranea was studied to determine if these species displayed differing territorial behavior, which may be one mechanism for niche differentiation of these species. Data such as light amount and proximity to water of the patch sites were gathered to provide information about territorial preferences of these two species. No significant relationships between patch fidelity and patch characteristics were found. A significant difference was seen between the patch fidelity of the two species, implicating territory as a possible niche differentiating mechanism. Possible explanations for the variation in patch fidelity behavior …
Microorganism Species Richness And Diversity In Elfin Forest Bryophytes, December 2006, Andrew Miller
Microorganism Species Richness And Diversity In Elfin Forest Bryophytes, December 2006, Andrew Miller
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The elfin cloud forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica is an area with a species rich bryophyte community that harbors an unexplored community of microscopic organisms. I examined two morphospecies of bryophytes to compare their species richness of microorganisms living in the water the bryophyte holds. The factors that I examined that may affect microorganism’s species richness are pH and structural differences between the bryophyte morphospecies. Bryophyte water samples were collected, pH was measured, and protozoan species were counted and viewed under a compound microscope. Even though there were visible differences in structural complexity between moss morphospecies (longer shoot lengths and …
Medicinal Plant Use And Knowledge For Monteverde Residents Based On Age And Education, December 2006, Cassandra Gurgiolo
Medicinal Plant Use And Knowledge For Monteverde Residents Based On Age And Education, December 2006, Cassandra Gurgiolo
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Approximately 80% of the world population relies on medicinal plants from the forest, home gardens, or market as a primary form of healthcare (Alcorn 1995). However, increased development and deforestation in recent years may be compromising the practice of natural medicine among the inhabitants of many developing countries. Interviews with 33 residents of Monteverde, Cost Rica examine both the current level of knowledge concerning natural medicine and its practice based upon age and educational level. Statistically significant positive linear relationships were found between both utilization and knowledge of medicinal plants and age. Knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants decreased weakly …
Species Composition Of Bats (Chiroptera) In Different Land- Use Mosaics, December 2006, Samantha Carter
Species Composition Of Bats (Chiroptera) In Different Land- Use Mosaics, December 2006, Samantha Carter
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Bats are an abundant and diverse group of species that can be used as indicators of habitat disturbance and to test the effects of land-use mosaics on an ecosystem. For 11 nights I used mist-nets to sample the bat assemblages in pastures, forest fragments, banana fields and coffee fields on the Finca Santamaría in Cañitas, Monteverde, Costa Rica. The differences between the land-use areas were not significant in the abundance of bats, species richness, species diversity or trophic diversity. However the species that were found, such as Glossaphaga commissarisi and Sturnia ludovici could be considered indicators of disturbed habitats suggesting …
Changes In Bird Species Distribution In Four Altitudinal Zones In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Grant Connette
Changes In Bird Species Distribution In Four Altitudinal Zones In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Grant Connette
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The impact of climate change on ecosystems has been demonstrated by studies of upper elevation amphibians (Pounds 1997). In spite of this, the degree to which climate change affects birds is not as clear. Two previous studies have found the upward movement of many species of birds in the Monteverde area (Donnelly 1998, Palm 2003). I surveyed birds in four altitudinal zones on the less studied Atlantic slope of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and compared my findings to the bird distributions reported by Michael Fogden in 1993. I found significant upward movement of bird species (sign test, p < 0.05) as well as a general decline in the abundances of certain bird species (x2 = 27.65, df = 3, p < 0.001). The majority of these declines are probably linked to the reforestation of the Peñas Blancas valley but climate change is likely responsible for the upslope movement and increased abundance of higher elevation birds.
Tropical Pteridophyte Relationships With Mycorrhizal Fungi, December 2006, Katie Heard
Tropical Pteridophyte Relationships With Mycorrhizal Fungi, December 2006, Katie Heard
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
It is known that pteridophytes have a mutualistic association with mycorrhizal fungi, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil, to help with the acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen, perhaps the most limiting factors for plant growth (Brundett 1983). Few studies have been conducted in the tropics; although there is much descriptive evidence from elsewhere that suggests that mycorrhizal relationships are important (Wagner et al.1983). This study was conducted in the San Luis premontane forest and Monteverde lower montane wet forests in Costa Rica. Twenty-four epiphytic individuals and 20 terrestrial individuals were collected to investigate …
Soil Organic Matter (Som) In Agroecosystems And Intact Cloud Forest In The Monteverde Area, Costa Rica, December 2006, J. T. Metten
Soil Organic Matter (Som) In Agroecosystems And Intact Cloud Forest In The Monteverde Area, Costa Rica, December 2006, J. T. Metten
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Properly managed agroecosystems have great potential for sequestering carbon as Soil Organic Matter (SOM) (Brown et al. 2002; Lal 2005). I measured % SOM, Bulk Density, Total SOM, and Root Biomass in two agroecosystems, forest fragment, and intact cloud forest in Cañitas and Monteverde, Costa Rica. These data were analyzed to see if agroecosystems and forests differ in carbon sequestering ability. I found significant differences in % SOM and Bulk Densities between agroecosystems but when Total SOM was calculated, results were not significant. Analysis on Total SOM alone suggests that agroecosystems and forest in Monteverde have an equal ability to …
Determining Avian Vulnerability To Ectoparasites Using Morphological And Natural History Traits, December 2006, Lili K. Prahl
Determining Avian Vulnerability To Ectoparasites Using Morphological And Natural History Traits, December 2006, Lili K. Prahl
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Avian parasitism is the cause of many negative effects on host organisms including decreased fitness through reproductive failure and reduced health. There is increasing research being done to assess the characteristics of bird host morphology and natural history that influence the presence and abundance of ectoparasites on these hosts. This study attempts to create an index of sensitivity that can be used for different bird species in order to determine their expected vulnerability to ectoparasites. This index uses five parameters: bird weight and bill length, both determined by field work, as well as bird behavior, habitat, and population density. This …
Blood Parasite Infection In Mice From Cloud Forest And Nearby Disturbed Habitats, December 2006, Jesse A. Blumenstock
Blood Parasite Infection In Mice From Cloud Forest And Nearby Disturbed Habitats, December 2006, Jesse A. Blumenstock
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Conversion of habitat by humans is pervasive, increasing, and the root of serious environmental problems. This study was performed to find differences in blood parasite infections of host mice in neotropical cloud forest versus nearby disturbed habitat. In Monteverde, Costa Rica, mice were trapped and examined for blood parasite species richness and abundance in primary forest and disturbed areas near houses. Twenty-eight mice were captured: 15 from the forest and 13 from the disturbed habitats. Eighty-six percent of these mice were of the species Peromyscus nudipes. There was no significant difference of parasite species richness between mice from the forest …
Fruit Production Frequency As An Indication Of Self-Pollination In Lepanthes Eximia (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Kathryn A. Lulling
Fruit Production Frequency As An Indication Of Self-Pollination In Lepanthes Eximia (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Kathryn A. Lulling
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Most orchids are capable of self-pollination, but outcrossing promotes the variation in flower structure and the specificity of pollination mechanisms prevalent in orchids. For this reason there are many elaborate pollination mechanisms involving specific pollinators. Highly specific mechanisms ensure efficient pollination, yet low fruit production is common in orchids and in the genus Lepanthes. An exception to this trend is Lepanthes eximia, which has a relatively high fruit set. This may indicate that L. eximia does not depend on rare pollination events, but self-pollinates, accepting low genetic variability in order to increase its number of offspring. Two groups of L. …
Microclimate Effects On Cyphellae Density In Sticta Lichens, December 2006, Aidée Casillas
Microclimate Effects On Cyphellae Density In Sticta Lichens, December 2006, Aidée Casillas
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The genus Sticta is a dominant lichen in tropical montane rainforest environments that is unique in possessing cyphellae, i.e. depressed pores involved in gas exchange, on the undersides of thalli. Microclimatic parameters such as relative humidity, canopy density and temperature were measured in relation to cyphellae density and colony size of S. filix in the Monteverde Cloud Forest. Significant correlations were found relating canopy density to cyphellae density (R2 = 0.200, p = 0.0007, n = 54), (R2 = 0.213, p = 0.0016, n = 44), colony size to temperature (R2 = 0.239, p = 0.0002, n = 54), (R2 …
Hymenoptera Diversity And Abundance In Fragmented And Continuous Forest In San Luis, Costa Rica, December 2006, Katie Macdiarmid
Hymenoptera Diversity And Abundance In Fragmented And Continuous Forest In San Luis, Costa Rica, December 2006, Katie Macdiarmid
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Fragmentation of forest habitats can have a negative impact on the diversity of many species. When fragmentation impacts pollination, it can result in major changes to the composition of forest plant communities as well as a reduction in fruit production for nearby agriculture. I studied Hymenoptera diversity in a four hectare fragment and a continuous forest using Euglossine traps as well as a mixture of honey and water to attract Hymenoptera species. Hymenoptera diversity did not differ significantly between the two habitats but abundance of Hymenoptera, Euglossine, and Apidae were all significantly greater in the continuous forest site. This indicates …
Native Garden Design For The Monteverde Biological Station, December 2006, Katie Korus
Native Garden Design For The Monteverde Biological Station, December 2006, Katie Korus
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
This is a plan for a native garden at the Monteverde Biological Station designed in November of 2006. The garden has been designed to be used as a learning tool for the students at the Station and once developed will be aesthetically pleasing and attract native pollinators. The design includes sections of (1) light gap specialist plants (2) epiphyte families (3) plants that are examples of evolutionary mimicry to attract pollinators (4) common butterfly or hummingbird pollinated plants and (5) common understory plants. Plants for the garden were obtained from the Bajo de Tigre native plant nursery in Monteverde. Thus …
Integration Of Art And Environmental Education: The Centro De Educación Creativa In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Veronica Harried
Integration Of Art And Environmental Education: The Centro De Educación Creativa In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Veronica Harried
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Population growth and deforestation are negatively affecting biodiversity in the Tropics, necessitating environmental education for local populations. Arts education increases the ability to comprehend complex information, enhance creativity and provide problem solving skills (Longley 1999, Siegesmund 1998). Together, environmental education and Arts education can enhance ecological processes and conservation themes in students’ minds so they are retained well into their adulthood. This increases the likelihood that these individuals will make environmentally informed decisions throughout their lives (Gurevitz 2000). In this project, I incorporate current Arts curriculum guidelines from the United States into the Costa Rican environmental curriculum used at the …
Nutrient Availability And Protist Abundance In Cloud Forest Bromeliads, December 2006, Cierra Y. Allen
Nutrient Availability And Protist Abundance In Cloud Forest Bromeliads, December 2006, Cierra Y. Allen
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Protists are microscopic organisms which play a vital role in nutrient degradation in tank bromeliads (Carrias et al. 2001). Their communities provide good subjects of study for the effects of nutrient availability in an ecosystem. One hypothesis says that the number of individuals that an ecosystem harbors is determined by the total energy that enters. This study tested the prediction that there will be a relationship between nutrient availability and abundance of protists in tank bromeliads. Data were collected among 25 bromeliads located within the Monteverde Cloud forest, Cerro Plano, Costa Rica and the following parameters were estimated: the number …
Forest Proximity, Avian Diversity And Insect Herbivory In Shade Grown Coffee, December 2006, Frannie Peterson
Forest Proximity, Avian Diversity And Insect Herbivory In Shade Grown Coffee, December 2006, Frannie Peterson
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Conversion of forest to agricultural plots, plantations, and pastureland is one of the top two reasons for the unprecedented rate of tropical forest destruction. Coffee, in terms of area, is the most important crop in Costa Rica and continues to threaten remaining forest (Lean 1990). This study examined how proximity of coffee plantations to forest stands affects avian diversity, and the role of avian insectivores on coffee herbivory. Avian diversity was studied at two coffee plantations, one near and one far from the forest. Avian diversity was significantly higher in the near-forest coffee plantation than in the far forest. However, …
Behavioral Changes Of The Slate-Throated Redstart (Myioborus Miniatus) And The Collared Redstart (Myioborus Toquatus) Along An Altitudinal Gradient In The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, December 2006, Emma Gabrielsson
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Climate change has been found to affect the distribution of bird species in Monteverde, Costa Rica (Holmes 2000). In this study, the Slate-throated Redstart (Myioborus miniatus) and the Collared Redstart (Myioborus toquatus) were observed in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Both altitudinal distribution and behavior were observed for both species. It was found that the Slate-throated Redstart has moved up in altitude. Further, observations for both species were compared using a chi square test, and there were significant differences between the two species, and also within the same species. This study shows that climate change is possibly responsible for the …
Oviposition Preference And Larval Growth Rates Of Caligo Memnon (Nymphalidae: Brassolinae), December 2006, Emily Webb
Oviposition Preference And Larval Growth Rates Of Caligo Memnon (Nymphalidae: Brassolinae), December 2006, Emily Webb
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Caligo memnon caterpillars specialize on plants in three families, Heliconiaceae, Marantaceae, and Musaceea. These families are in the Order Zingiberales. Heliconiaceae and Marantaceae are native to the Neotropics, but Musaceae is an introduced family. I studied oviposition preference and larval performance of C. memnon on four host plants: Heliconia latispatha and Heliconia stricta (Heliconiacea), Calathea insignis (Marantaceae), and Musa acuminata (Musacea). Results showed that preferred host plants for oviposition did not correspond to the host plant that provided the fastest growth rate for caterpillars. Females preferred to oviposit on M. acuminata even though larval growth was lowest on this species, …
Tropical Cloud Forest Canopy And Subcanopy Adapt To Different Light Environments By Regulating Photosynthetic Pigments, December 2006, Bradley D. Wallentine
Tropical Cloud Forest Canopy And Subcanopy Adapt To Different Light Environments By Regulating Photosynthetic Pigments, December 2006, Bradley D. Wallentine
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The canopy and subcanopy of a Tropical Cloud Forest provide distinctly different light environments. Here, the amounts and ratios of photosynthetic pigments in leaves from a Cloud Forest canopy and subcanopy plants are compared. The pigments of forty canopy and subcanopy leaf samples are extracted using acetone and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. It is found that canopy and subcanopy plants possess equivalent means of concentrations of photosynthetic pigments per mass of leaf tissue (x = 0.21± 0.09 mg/g and 0.22 ± 0.11 mg/g, respectively). Therefore, plants from these two microhabitats invest the same quantity in major pigments for photosynthesis. However, …
Determination Of The Optimal Pollinator Of Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis (Verbenaceae) Based On Nectar Production Throughout The Day, December 2006, Stephanie Siemek
Determination Of The Optimal Pollinator Of Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis (Verbenaceae) Based On Nectar Production Throughout The Day, December 2006, Stephanie Siemek
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis has been found to have various visitors but its actual pollinator is unknown. I Collected nectar from 22 individual plants during various times of the day and I determined that S. jamaicensis produces most nectar during 6:00 am and 6:00 pm. Observation of the visitors were recorded for each hour and ten flowers were collected for each potential pollinator after they were observed obtaining nectar from the flowers. Nectar production was found to be significantly abundant early morning and late afternoon, this suggests that S. jamaicensis produces nectar for hummingbirds and moths since this is when they are …
The Price We Pay: Ecotourism’S Contribution To Conservation In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Corrie Haley
The Price We Pay: Ecotourism’S Contribution To Conservation In Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, Corrie Haley
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Recent increase in travel has made tourism one of the highest revenue producing industries worldwide (Inman Draft). Ecotourism has grown in Costa Rica, due to the 5% of global biodiversity and high percentage of protected habitat that the country possesses (Inman Draft). Ecotourism is defined as contributing to the local communities as well as conservation of the natural habitats it is based. I conducted numerous surveys were conducted in Monteverde, Costa Rica, which is an area with ecotourism companies, hotels and restaurants. It was found that the reserves, ecotourism companies and organizations are contributing about 9.68% of their annual revenue …
Mycorrhizae Concentration And Fitness Of Canopy Orchids In The Cloud Forest Of Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, You-Young Clover Lee
Mycorrhizae Concentration And Fitness Of Canopy Orchids In The Cloud Forest Of Monteverde, Costa Rica, December 2006, You-Young Clover Lee
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Orchids require the presence of mycorrhizal fungi in their root systems to germinate, but the importance of fungi after germination is the focus of this investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether increasing the coverage of mycorrhizal fungi increases overall fitness and productivity of individual orchids. Orchids of two species Masdevalia chasei and Trichosalpinx memor were collected from cloud forest tree canopies and their fitness and infection levels were estimated. The fitness of each individual was measured here as number of leaves, number of inflorescences, length of longest leaf, length of longest stem. The percent coverage of …
Assessing Demand For Organic Produce In The Monteverde Area, December 2006, Jacki Walczak
Assessing Demand For Organic Produce In The Monteverde Area, December 2006, Jacki Walczak
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Small-scale, local and organic agriculture is beneficial to communities environmentally, socially, and economically. In this study, consumer preference for organic produce, in particular lettuce, oranges and plantains, was examined in the community of Monteverde and surrounding areas. Five local stores were surveyed, all of which were unique in their location, size, and clientele. There was a significant difference between the organic and non-organic lettuce that consumers purchased at equal prices (Sign Test, n = 9, p < 0.05) and with a ten percent increase on organic lettuce (Sign Test, n = 10, p < 0.05). The difference was not significant for either organic and non-organic oranges (Sign Test, n=2, p>0.05) or plantains (Sign Test, n = 2, p > 0.05) either equal prices, or with a ten percent increase on the organic oranges (Sign …
Macrofungal Abundance And Distribution During The Wet Season In Monteverde, Costa Rica, August 2006, Jason Prior, Matthew Prior
Macrofungal Abundance And Distribution During The Wet Season In Monteverde, Costa Rica, August 2006, Jason Prior, Matthew Prior
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that play a myriad of important roles in all ecosystems. From providing medication for humans to interacting mutualistically with tropical plants, this kingdom offers benefits to many organisms. However, there is much to be learned from this highly understudied collection of species. This study focused on expanding a database of fungi in and around the Estación biológica de Monteverde. Each fungus collected was photographed and data such as date and time, weather conditions, microhabitat conditions, and morphological characteristics were recorded and entered into the database. Milagro Mata identified 25 of the collected species …
Sugar Concentrations, Hummingbird Aggressiveness, And Community Composition In Monteverde, Costa Rica, August 2006, Paul Brooks, Jennifer M. Gillen
Sugar Concentrations, Hummingbird Aggressiveness, And Community Composition In Monteverde, Costa Rica, August 2006, Paul Brooks, Jennifer M. Gillen
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
We studied hummingbird communities in Cañitas, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica to observe territorial tendencies when given high and low percentage sugar concentration of food resources at artificial feeders along the edge of a forest patch. We wanted to determine if community composition was disproportionately affected by more aggressive, and therefore territorial species. We observed interactions of hummingbirds at artificial feeders of 20 and 33% sugar concentration. We found a disproportionately high number of visits by Rufous-tailed Hummingbirds (Amazilia tzacatl) at both sets of feeders (52.5% at 20% feeders and 89.4% at 33% feeders). We found a higher frequency of visits …
Lepiota Sp. Data Sheet: Lepiota Sp. [Images], August 2006, Jason Prior, Matthew Prior
Lepiota Sp. Data Sheet: Lepiota Sp. [Images], August 2006, Jason Prior, Matthew Prior
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Specimen data sheet and accompanying images of Lepiota sp.