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Signaling The Competencies Of High School Students To Employers, John H. Bishop
Signaling The Competencies Of High School Students To Employers, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] The fundamental cause of the low effort level of American students, parents, and voters in school elections is the absence of good signals of effort and accomplishment and the consequent lack of rewards for learning. In most other advanced countries mastery of the curriculum is assessed by examinations that are set and graded at the national or regional level. Grades on these exams signal the student's achievement to employers and colleges and influence the jobs that graduates get and the universities and programs to which they are admitted. Exam results also influence school reputations and in some countries the …
Is It Wise To Try To Force Employers To Pay All The Costs Of Training At The Workplace?, John H. Bishop
Is It Wise To Try To Force Employers To Pay All The Costs Of Training At The Workplace?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] This article explores the effects that these regulations have on: (a) the form of labor contracts and on training outcomes such as: (b) who pays for work place training of non-exempt employees, (c) whether training is obtained at schools or firms, (d) how much training non-exempt employees get? The evidence on who gets and who pays for training is consistent with the proposition that these regulations are having the effects that economists would predict for them. Many other explanations fit the data just as well, however, so causal connections between these regulations and training outcomes cannot be proved beyond …
The Incidence Of And Payoff To Employer Training: A Review Of The Literature With Recommendations For Policy, John H. Bishop
The Incidence Of And Payoff To Employer Training: A Review Of The Literature With Recommendations For Policy, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] The theory of on-the-job training predicts that workers should pay the full costs of training that is useful at other firms. In fact, however, workers receiving training are not paid less than other similar workers and new hires who require extra training are paid only slightly less than new hires who require less than average amounts of training. Many employers offer workers the opportunity to learn general skills such as word processing and other computer applications programs on company time. Studies of the costs and benefits of apprenticeship training programs find that employers do not recoup their investment during …
Student, Staff, And Employer Incentives For Improved Student Achievement And Work Readiness, John H. Bishop
Student, Staff, And Employer Incentives For Improved Student Achievement And Work Readiness, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
“This article proposes a strategy for banishing mediocrity and building in its place an excellent American system of secondary education. Before a cure can be prescribed, however, a diagnosis must be made.”
Is The Test Score Decline Responsible For The Productivity Growth Decline?, John H. Bishop
Is The Test Score Decline Responsible For The Productivity Growth Decline?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] The test score decline between 1967 and 1980 was large (about 1.25 grade-level equivalents) and historically unprecedented. New estimates of trend in academic achievement, of the effect of academic achievement on productivity and of trend in the quality of the work force are developed. They imply that if test scores had continued to grow after 1967 at the rate that prevailed in the previous quarter century, labor quality would now be 2.9 percent higher and 1987 GNP $86 billion higher.
What's Wrong With American Secondary Schools: Can State And Federal Governments Fix It?, John H. Bishop
What's Wrong With American Secondary Schools: Can State And Federal Governments Fix It?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] The poor performance of American students is sometimes blamed on the nation's "diversity". Many affluent parents apparently believe that their children are doing acceptably by international standards. This is not the case. In Stevenson, Lee and Stigler's (1986) study of 5th grade math achievement, the best of the 20 classrooms sampled in Minneapolis was outstripped by every single classroom studied in Sendai, Japan and by 19 of the 20 classrooms studied in Taipeh, Taiwan. The nation's top high school students rank far behind much less elite samples of students in other countries. In mathematics the gap between Japanese and …
Improving Job-Worker Matching In The Us Labor Market: What Is The Role Of The Employment Service?, John H. Bishop
Improving Job-Worker Matching In The Us Labor Market: What Is The Role Of The Employment Service?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] Educational and political leaders are calling for improvements in the signalling and certification of academic and occupational skills to the labor market. The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS), for example, has recommended a national system for assessing individual accomplishments and work readiness that would be "designed so that, when teachers teach and students study, both are engaged in authentic practice of valued competencies." For educational reformers, better signalling is not an end in itself but a means of inducing students, parents, teachers and school boards to place greater priority on learning and of reforming the content and …
Is Welfare Reform Succeeding?, John H. Bishop
Is Welfare Reform Succeeding?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
Welfare Reform and the Earned Income Tax Credit have apparently caused a dramatic increase in the labor force participation rates of single parents. Between the first quarters of 1994 and 1998, labor force participation rates rose 25.4 percent for never-married women caring for children, rose 15.5 percent for mothers separated from their spouse and rose 4.9 percent for divorced single mothers. By contrast, unmarried individuals and separated and divorced women who were not caring for children lowered their rates of participation in the labor market. The rise in the labor force participation rates of single parents between 1994 and 1998 …
Improving Education: How Large Are The Benefits? How Can It Be Done Efficiently? , John H. Bishop
Improving Education: How Large Are The Benefits? How Can It Be Done Efficiently? , John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] The Problem: The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reports that 92 percent of high school seniors cannot "integrate specialized scientific information" and do not have "the capacity to apply mathematical operations in a variety of problem settings." (NAEP 1988a p. 51, 1988b p. 42) According to the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey, only 23 percent of adults are able to reliably determine correct change using information from a menu (National Center for Education Statistics, 1994 Table 1.3).
The Growth Of Female College Attendance: Causes And Prospects, John H. Bishop
The Growth Of Female College Attendance: Causes And Prospects, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] This paper analyzes the response of female college attendance and completion rates to changes over time (and variations across labor markets) in the payoff to college and the cost of attendance and the preparation of students for college. The robustness of the main findings will be checked by analyzing two very different data sets: cross section data on individuals and time series data on awegate college enrollment and completion rates from 1949 to 1989. In Section 1, a simple model of the college attendance decision is developed which incorporates most of the factors discussed above. Section 2 presents the …
Department Of Labor Testing: Seizing An Opportunity To Increase The Competitiveness Of American Industry And To Raise The Earnings Of American Workers , John H. Bishop
Department Of Labor Testing: Seizing An Opportunity To Increase The Competitiveness Of American Industry And To Raise The Earnings Of American Workers , John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] Greater use of tests assessing competence in verbal, mathematical, technical arenas and in specific occupations for selecting workers will have important effects on the economy. First, the rewards for developing the competencies measured by the tests will rise and this will increase the supply of workers whh these competencies. Tests like the General Aptitude Test Battery predict job performance because they measure or are correlated with a large set of developed abilities which are causa}]y related to productivity and not because they are correlated with an inherited ability to learn. Legal barriers to increased use of tests assessing verbal, …
The Impacts Of Career-Technical Education On High School Completion And Labor Market Success, John H. Bishop, Ferran Mane
The Impacts Of Career-Technical Education On High School Completion And Labor Market Success, John H. Bishop, Ferran Mane
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] High school career-technical education (CTE) is a massive enterprise. Last year high school students spent more than 1.5 billion hours in vocational courses of one kind or another. Of the twenty-six courses taken by the typical high school graduate, 4.2 are career-tech courses (NCES 2003a). Courses in general labor market preparation (principles of technology, industrial arts, typing, keyboarding, etc) and family and consumer sciences are offered in almost every lower and upper-secondary school. High school graduates in the year 2000 took 1.2 full-year introductory CTE courses during upper-secondary school and probably almost as many during middle school (NCES 2003a).
A Signaling/Bonding Model Of Employer Finance Of General Training, John H. Bishop, Suk Kang
A Signaling/Bonding Model Of Employer Finance Of General Training, John H. Bishop, Suk Kang
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] This paper challenges the general validity of these simple predictions. It begins in section 2 by presenting empirical evidence that (1) trainees often do not have to accept lower wage jobs in order to obtain training and (2) that employers often appear to be sharing the costs of general training with employees. In section 3 we expand and generalize Hashimoto's elegant theory of the sharing of the costs and benefits of specific training and show why with our modifications firms choose to offer front loaded compensation packages in which they appear to share the costs of general training with …
Making Vocational Education More Effective For At-Risk Youth, John H. Bishop
Making Vocational Education More Effective For At-Risk Youth, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
"Occupationally specific vocational training pays off for disadvantaged students, but only if graduates work in the jobs they were trained for. Implication: Vocational educators must help make sure that the skills they teach are used."
Is An Oversupply Of College Graduates Coming?, John H. Bishop
Is An Oversupply Of College Graduates Coming?, John H. Bishop
John H Bishop
[Excerpt] Demand for college graduates workers was strong during the 1980s (Blackburn, Bloom and Freeman 1989; Katz and Murphy 1990; Kosters 1989; Freeman 1991). The relative wage of college graduate workers rose and college attendance rose in response. Have the demand and technology shocks that produced this result run their course? Is the supply response large enough to stop and/or reverse the 1980s escalation of the relative wages of college graduates? Read superficially, Bureau of Labor Statistics projections appear to suggest that the answers to these questions are YES. In the latest BLS report, the growing supply of college graduates …