Digital Commons Network^™

Creating A Stakeholder Democracy Under Existing Corporate Law, Justin Blount

Faculty Publications

Much of the current debate in corporate governance is framed in terms of stakeholder versus shareholder forms of corporate governance. While one would find little debate that stakeholders’ interests are important to any business, there is substantial debate regarding whether any stakeholder besides shareholders should have a formal role in corporate governance. What has been largely ignored in this debate is the issue of private ordering: since corporate law is largely enabling rather than mandatory, can stakeholder governance structures be voluntarily created within the current shareholder-centric default corporate law structure? This article argues that this is clearly the case, sets …

Identification Of Arabidopsis Gpat9 (At5g60620) As An Essential Gene Involved In Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis, Jay Shockey, Anushobha Regmi, Kimberly Cotton, Neil Adhikari, John Bowse, Philip D. Bates

Faculty Publications

The first step in the biosynthesis of nearly all plant membrane phospholipids and storage triacylglycerols is catalyzed by a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). The requirement for an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized GPAT for both of these critical metabolic pathways was recognized more than 60 years ago. However, identification of the gene(s) encoding this GPAT activity has remained elusive. Here, we present the results of a series of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico experiments in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) designed to assign this essential function to AtGPAT9. This gene has been highly conserved throughout evolution and is …

Reliability Of The American Community Survey For Unintentional Drowning And Submersion Injury Surveillance: A Comprehensive Assessment Of 10 Socioeconomic Indicators Derived From The 2006-2013 Annual And Multi-Year Data Cycles, Nathaniel Bell, Bo Cai

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to evaluate the reliability and predictability of ten socioeconomic indicators obtained from the 2006-2013 annual and multi-year ACS data cycles for unintentional drowning and submersion injury surveillance.

METHODS: Each indicator was evaluated using its margin of error and coefficient of variation. For the multi-year data cycles we calculated the frequency that estimates for the same geographic areas from consecutive surveys were statistically significantly different. Relative risk estimates of drowning-related deaths were constructed using the National Center for Health Statistics compressed mortality file. All analyses were derived using census counties.

RESULTS: Five of the …

A Stable Coordination Complex Of Rh(Iv) In An N,O-Donor Environment, Shashi B. Sinha, Dimitar Y. Shopov, Liam S. Sharninghausen, David J. Vinyard, Brandon Q. Mercado, Gary W. Brudvig, Robert H. Crabtree

Faculty Publications

© 2015 American Chemical Society. We describe facial and meridional isomers of [RhIII(pyalk)3], as well as meridional [RhIV(pyalk)3]+ {pyalk =2-(2-pyridyl)-2-propanoate}, the first coordination complex in an N,O-donor environment to show a clean, reversible RhIII/IV redox couple and to have a stable Rh(IV) form, which we characterize by EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography. The unprecedented stability of the Rh(IV) species is ascribed to the exceptional donor strength of the ligands, their oxidation resistance, and the meridional coordination geometry.

Using An External Exposome Framework To Examine Pregnancy-Related Morbidities And Mortalities: Implications For Health Disparities Research, Tonny J. Oyana, Patricia Matthews-Juarez, Stephania A. Cormier, Xiaoran Xu, Paul D. Juarez

Faculty Publications

© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Objective: We have conducted a study to assess the role of environment on the burden of maternal morbidities and mortalities among women using an external exposome approach for the purpose of developing targeted public health interventions to decrease disparities. Methods: We identified counties in the 48 contiguous USA where observed low birthweight (LBW) rates were higher than expected during a five-year study period. The identification was conducted using a retrospective space-time analysis scan for statistically significant clusters with high or low rates by a Discrete Poisson Model. Results: We observed statistically …

Detailed Analysis Of The Predictions Of Loop Quantum Cosmology For The Primordial Power Spectra, Ivan Agullo, Noah A. Morris

Faculty Publications

We provide an exhaustive numerical exploration of the predictions of loop quantum cosmology with a postbounce phase of inflation for the primordial power spectrum of scalar and tensor perturbations. We extend previous analysis by characterizing the phenomenologically relevant parameter space and by constraining it using observations. Furthermore, we characterize the shape of loop quantum cosmology corrections to observable quantities across this parameter space. Our analysis provides a framework to contrast more accurately the theory with forthcoming polarization data, and it also paves the road for the computation of other observables beyond the power spectra, such as non-Gaussianity.

Filter Presence And Tipping Paper Color Influence Consumer Perceptions Of Cigarettes, Richard J. O’Connor, Maansi Bansal-Travers, K. Michael Cummings, David Hammond, Jim Thrasher, Cindy Tworek

Faculty Publications

Background: Cigarettes are marketed in a wide array of packaging and product configurations, and these may impact consumers’ perceptions of product health effects and attractiveness. Filtered cigarettes are typically perceived as less hazardous and white tipping paper (as opposed to cork) often conveys ‘lightness’.

Methods: This study examined cigarette-related perceptions among 1220 young adult (age 18-35) current, ever, and never smokers recruited from three eastern U.S. cities (Buffalo NY, Columbia SC, Morgantown WV). Participants rated three cigarette sticks: two filtered cigarettes 85 mm in length, differing only in tipping paper color (cork versus white), and an unfiltered 70 mm cigarette. …

What Powers The 3000-Day Light Curve Of Sn 2006gy?, Ori D. Fox, Nathan Smith, S. Mark Ammons, Jennifer Andrews, K. Azalee Bostroem, S. Bradley Cenko, Geoffrey C. Clayton, Eli Dwek, Alexei V. Filippenko, Joseph S. Gallagher, Patrick L. Kelly, Jon C. Mauerhan, Adam A. Miller, Schuyler D. Van Dyk

Faculty Publications

SN 2006gy was the most luminous supernova (SN) ever observed at the time of its discovery and the first of the newly defined class of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). The extraordinary energetics of SN 2006gy and all SLSNe (>1051 erg) require either atypically large explosion energies (e.g. pair-instability explosion) or the efficient conversion of kinetic into radiative energy (e.g. shock interaction). The mass-loss characteristics can therefore offer important clues regarding the progenitor system. For the case of SN 2006gy, both a scattered and thermal light echo from circumstellar material (CSM) have been reported at later epochs (day ~800), ruling out …

Planet Hunters. Viii. Characterization Of 41 Long-Period Exoplanet Candidates From Kepler Archival Data, Ji Wang, Debra A. Fischer, Thomas Barclay, Alyssa Picard, Bo Ma, Brendan P. Bowler, Joseph R. Schmitt, Tabetha S. Boyajian, Kian J. Jek, Daryll Lacourse, Christoph Baranec, Reed Riddle, Nicholas M. Law, Chris Lintott, Kevin Schawinski, Dean Joseph Simister, Boscher Grégoire, Sean P. Babin, Trevor Poile, Thomas Lee Jacobs, Tony Jebson, Mark R. Omohundro, Hans Martin Schwengeler, Johann Sejpka, Ivan A. Terentev, Robert Gagliano, Jari Pekka Paakkonen, Hans Kristian Otnes Berge, Troy Winarski, Gerald R. Green, Allan R. Schmitt, Martti H. Kristiansen, Abe Hoekstra

Faculty Publications

The census of exoplanets is incomplete for orbital distances larger than 1 AU. Here, we present 41 long-period planet candidates in 38 systems identified by Planet Hunters based on Kepler archival data (Q0-Q17). Among them, 17 exhibit only one transit, 14 have two visible transits, and 10 have more than three visible transits. For planet candidates with only one visible transit, we estimate their orbital periods based on transit duration and host star properties. The majority of the planet candidates in this work (75%) have orbital periods that correspond to distances of 1-3 AU from their host stars. We conduct …

Critical Point Symmetry For The Spherical To Triaxially Deformed Shape Phase Transition, Yu Zhang, Feng Pan, Yan An Luo, J. P. Draayer

Faculty Publications

The critical point T(5) symmetry for the spherical to triaxially deformed shape phase transition is introduced from the Bohr Hamiltonian by approximately separating variables at a given γ deformation with 0°≤γ≤30°. The resulting spectral and E2 properties have been investigated in detail. The results indicate that the original X(5) and Z(5) critical point symmetries can be naturally realized within the T(5) model in the γ=0° and γ=30° limit, respectively, which thus provides a dynamical connection between the two symmetries. Comparison of the theoretical calculations for 148Ce, 160Yb, 192Pt and 194Pt with the corresponding experimental data is also made, which indicates …

The First Science Result With The Jensa Gas-Jet Target: Confirmation And Study Of A Strong Subthreshold 18F(P,Α)15O Resonance, D. W. Bardayan, K. A. Chipps, S. Ahn, J. C. Blackmon, R. J. Deboer, U. Greife, K. L. Jones, A. Kontos, R. L. Kozub, L. Linhardt, B. Manning, M. Matoš, P. D. O'Malley, S. Ota, S. D. Pain, W. A. Peters, S. T. Pittman, A. Sachs, K. T. Schmitt, M. S. Smith, P. Thompson

Faculty Publications

The astrophysical 18F(p,α)15O rate determines, in large part, the extent to which the observable radioisotope 18F is produced in novae. This rate, however, has been extremely uncertain owing to the unknown properties of a strong subthreshold resonance and its possible interference with higher-lying resonances. The new Jet Experiments in Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics (JENSA) gas-jet target has been used for the first time to determine the spin of this important resonance and significantly reduce uncertainties in the 18F(p,α)15O rate.

Impurity-Induced Antiferromagnetic Order In Pauli-Limited Nodal Superconductors: Application To Heavy-Fermion Cecoin5, Johannes H.J. Martiny, Maria N. Gastiasoro, I. Vekhter, Brian M. Andersen

Faculty Publications

We investigate the properties of the coexistence phase of itinerant antiferromagnetism and nodal d-wave superconductivity (Q phase) discovered in heavy-fermion CeCoIn5 under applied magnetic field. We solve the minimal model that includes d-wave superconductivity and underlying magnetic correlations in real space to elucidate the structure of the Q phase in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. We further focus on the role of magnetic impurities, and show that they nucleate the Q phase at lower magnetic fields. Our most crucial finding is that, even at zero applied field, dilute magnetic impurities cooperate via RKKY-like exchange interactions to generate …

Gender And Attitudes About Mental Health Help Seeking: Results From National Data, Douglas Wendt, Kevin Shafer

Faculty Publications

Men often express less emotion than women do, are hesitant to express weakness, and seek professional help much less frequently than do their female counterparts. The lack of help seeking is common across characteristics such as age, race, ethnicity, and nationality. Authors used data from the 2006 General Social Surveys mental health module to suggest that the gender gap in help seeking may be rooted in attitudes regarding help-seeking behaviors generally. Using structural equation modeling, we linked vignette type (depression and schizophrenia) to the endorsement of help seeking from informal and formal sources. Men showed similar support for informal help …

Giant Fossil Mass Wasting Off The Coast Of West India: The Nataraja Submarine Slide, Gérôme Calvès, Mads Huuse, Peter D. Clift, Stéphane Brusset

Faculty Publications

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. We use two-dimensional pre-stack depth migrated seismic reflection profiles and seafloor bathymetry to describe the continental margin structure and a massive mass-transport deposit off the west coast of India. This giant slide runs from the Gujurat-Saurashtra margin to the Laxmi Basin. It is over 330 km long, a maximum of 190 km wide and its run-out basal gradient is 1.2°. We name this giant mass wasting deposit the Nataraja Submarine Slide. This slide covers 49±16×103 km2 and represents a volume of 19×103±4×103 km3, making it the second by volume of any passive margin landslide/mass-transport deposit. Seismic …

Evaluation Of Colorimetric Assays For Analyzing Reductively Methylated Proteins: Biases And Mechanistic Insights, Pamlea N. Brady, Megan A. Macnaughtan

Faculty Publications

© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Colorimetric protein assays, such as the Coomassie blue G-250 dye-binding (Bradford) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays, are commonly used to quantify protein concentration. The accuracy of these assays depends on the amino acid composition. Because of the extensive use of reductive methylation in the study of proteins and the importance of biological methylation, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of lysyl methylation on the Bradford and BCA assays. Unmodified and reductively methylated proteins were analyzed using the absorbance at 280 nm to standardize the concentrations. Using model compounds, we demonstrate that the dimethylation of lysyl …

La Filosofía Protestante Fundacional De Estados Unidos, Nicholas P. Miller, Maria Victoria Feito-Torrez

Faculty Publications

Traditional understandings of the genesis of the separation of church and state rest on assumptions about “Enlightenment" and the republican ethos o f citizenship. The author does not seek to dislodge that interpretation but to augment and enrich it by recovering its cultural and discursive religious contexts, specifically the discourse of Protestant dissent.He argues that commitments by certain dissenting Protestants to the right of private judgment in matters of biblical interpretation, an outgrowth of the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, helped promote religious disestablishment in the early modern West.

The Invasive Coral Oculina Patagonica Has Not Been Recently Introduced To The Mediterranean From The Western Atlantic Speciation And Evolutionary Genetics, Karine Posbic Leydet, Michael E. Hellberg

Faculty Publications

© 2015 Leydet and Hellberg; licensee BioMed Central. Background: Effective policies, management, and scientific research programs depend on the correct identification of invasive species as being either native or introduced. However, many species continue to be misidentified. Oculina patagonica, first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 1966, is believed to have been introduced in anthropogenic times and expanding in a west to east direction. However, its present identification and status as a recently introduced species remain to be explored. In this study, we used multi-locus genetic data to test whether O. patagonica in the Mediterranean has been recently introduced from …

Association Of Car Ownership And Physical Activity Across The Spectrum Of Human Development: Modeling The Epidemiologic Transition Study (Mets), David A. Shoham, Lara R. Dugas, Pascal Bovet, Terrence E. Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Dale A. Schoeller, Soren Brage, Ulf Ekelund, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Richard S. Cooper, Amy Luke

Faculty Publications

Background: Variations in physical activity (PA) across nations may be driven by socioeconomic position. As national incomes increase, car ownership becomes within reach of more individuals. This report characterizes associations between car ownership and PA in African-origin populations across 5 sites at different levels of economic development and with different transportation infrastructures: US, Seychelles, Jamaica, South Africa, and Ghana. Methods: Twenty-five hundred adults, ages 25-45, were enrolled in the study. A total of 2,101 subjects had valid accelerometer-based PA measures (reported as average daily duration of moderate to vigorous PA, MVPA) and complete socioeconomic information. Our primary exposure of interest …

Exact Solutions Of An Extended Bose-Hubbard Model With E 2 Symmetry, Feng Pan, Ningyun Zhang, Qianyun Wang, J. P. Draayer

Faculty Publications

An extended Bose-Hubbard (BH) model with number-dependent multi-site and infinite-range hopping is proposed, which, similar to the original BH model, describes a phase transition between the delocalized superfluid (SF) phase and localized Mott insulator (MI) phase. It is shown that this extended model with local Euclidean E2 symmetry is exactly solvable when on-site local potentials are included, while the model without local potentials is quasi-exactly solvable, which means only a part of the excited states including the ground state being exactly solvable. As applications of the exact solution for the ground state, phase diagram of the model in 1D without …

Measurement Of The Νμ Charged-Current Quasielastic Cross Section On Carbon With The Nd280 Detector At T2k, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri, C. Andreopoulos, S. Aoki, A. Ariga, S. Assylbekov, D. Autiero, M. Barbi, G. J. Barker, G. Barr, P. Bartet-Friburg, M. Bass, M. Batkiewicz, F. Bay, V. Berardi, B. E. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bhadra, F. D.M. Blaszczyk, A. Blondel, C. Bojechko, S. Bolognesi, S. Bordoni, S. B. Boyd, D. Brailsford, A. Bravar

Faculty Publications

This paper reports a measurement by the T2K experiment of the νμ charged current quasielastic (CCQE) cross section on a carbon target with the off-axis detector based on the observed distribution of muon momentum (pμ) and angle with respect to the incident neutrino beam (θμ). The flux-integrated CCQE cross section was measured to be «σ

Evaluation Of Vaccination Policies Among Outpatient Oncology Clinics In Utah: A Pilot Study, Karlen Beth Luthy, Sarah L. Stocksdale, Janelle L B Macintosh, Lacey M. Eden, Renea L. Beckstrand, Katherine Edmonds

Faculty Publications

Background: In Utah, all major hospital facilities have employee vaccination policies. However, the presence of health care worker vaccination policies in the Utah outpatient oncology setting was unknown.

Objectives: The objectives were to identify Utah oncology outpatient employee vaccination policies and to identify what consequences, if any, were present for unvaccinated employees.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study design in which clinic managers from outpatient oncology clinics in Utah were asked, via questionnaire, to describe the clinic’s employee vaccination policy and the consequences for refusing the policy.

Findings: Most vaccination policies applied to employees primarily assigned to work in …

Cooling Atomic Gases With Disorder, Thereza Paiva, Ehsan Khatami, Shuxiang Yang, Valéry Rousseau, Mark Jarrell, Juana Moreno, Randall G. Hulet, Richard T. Scalettar

Faculty Publications

Cold atomic gases have proven capable of emulating a number of fundamental condensed matter phenomena including Bose-Einstein condensation, the Mott transition, Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov pairing, and the quantum Hall effect. Cooling to a low enough temperature to explore magnetism and exotic superconductivity in lattices of fermionic atoms remains a challenge. We propose a method to produce a low temperature gas by preparing it in a disordered potential and following a constant entropy trajectory to deliver the gas into a nondisordered state which exhibits these incompletely understood phases. We show, using quantum Monte Carlo simulations, that we can approach the Néel temperature of …

New Ultraviolet Extinction Curves For Interstellar Dust In M31, Geoffrey C. Clayton, Karl D. Gordon, Luciana C. Bianchi, Derck L. Massa, Edward L. Fitzpatrick, R. C. Bohlin, Michael J. Wolff

Faculty Publications

New low-resolution UV spectra of a sample of reddened OB stars in M31 were obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope/STIS to study the wavelength dependence of interstellar extinction and the nature of the underlying dust grain populations. Extinction curves were constructed for four reddened sightlines in M31 paired with closely matching stellar atmosphere models. The new curves have a much higher signal-to-noise ratio than previous studies. Direct measurements of N(H i) were made using the Lyα absorption lines enabling gas-to-dust ratios to be calculated. The sightlines have a range in galactocentric distance of 5-14 kpc and represent dust from regions …

Elevation Promotes Long-Term Survival Of Pinus Elliottii Var. Densa, A Foundation Species Of The Endangered Pine Rockland Ecosystem In The Florida Keys, Grant L. Harley, Justin T. Maxwell, George T. Raber

Faculty Publications

The pine rockland community in southern Florida, which supports numerous state- and federally listed flora and fauna species, is considered endangered. Without its foundation species, Pinus elliottii var. densa, habitat and species diversity are lost to tropical hardwood hammock. Here, we investigate the landscape factors that contribute to the long-term persistence of pine rocklands on the 2 islands that contain the largest remaining habitat in the Florida Keys: Big Pine Key and No Name Key. Plot-level biophysical data and island-scale remotely sensed vegetation data were collected from pine rockland savannas and examined with multi-dimensional analysis. On both islands, vegetation …

Phase Diagram Of A Strongly Interacting Spin-Imbalanced Fermi Gas, Ben A. Olsen, Melissa C. Revelle, Jacob A. Fry, Daniel E. Sheehy, Randall G. Hulet

Faculty Publications

We obtain the phase diagram of spin-imbalanced interacting Fermi gases from measurements of density profiles of Li6 atoms in a harmonic trap. These results agree with, and extend, previous experimental measurements. Measurements of the critical polarization at which the balanced superfluid core vanishes generally agree with previous experimental results and with quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer and unitary regimes. We disagree with the QMC results in the Bose-Einstein condensate regime, however, where the measured critical polarizations are greater than theoretically predicted. We also measure the equation of state in the crossover regime for a gas with equal …

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Syphilis And Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence Trends Among Cross-Border Migrant Vietnamese Female Sex Workers In Guangxi, China, Chen Zhang, Xiaoming Li Ph.D., Yu Liu, Shan Qiao Ph.D., Yuejiao Zhou, Zhenzhu Tang, Zhiyong Shen

Faculty Publications

Background: Global literature indicates the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has disproportionately affected cross-border migrant female sex workers (FSW). However, few studies reported the HIV risk among Vietnamese FSW at borderline areas in China. We examined five consecutive years of HIV, syphilis, and HCV prevalence and corresponding risk factors among this group in Guangxi Province of China in the current study. Method: Demographic and behavioral data as well as test results of blood samples for HIV/syphilis/HCV testing were collected from the annual National Sentinel Surveillance (NSS) from the year of 2010 to 2014. …

Mrna Levels Of Imprinted Genes In Bovine In Vivo Oocytes, Embryos And Cross Species Comparisons With Humans, Mice And Pigs, Zongliang Jiang, Hong Dong, Xinbao Zheng, Sadie L. Marjani, David M. Donovan, Jingbo Chen, Xiuchun Cindy Tian

Faculty Publications

Twenty-six imprinted genes were quantified in bovine in vivo produced oocytes and embryos using RNA-seq. Eighteen were detectable and their transcriptional patterns were: largely decreased (MEST and PLAGL1); first decreased and then increased (CDKN1C and IGF2R); peaked at a specific stage (PHLDA2, SGCE, PEG10, PEG3, GNAS, MEG3, DGAT1, ASCL2, NNAT, and NAP1L5); or constantly low (DIRAS3, IGF2, H19 and RTL1). These patterns reflect mRNAs that are primarily degraded, important at a specific stage, or only required at low quantities. The mRNAs for several genes were surprisingly abundant. For instance, transcripts for the maternally imprinted MEST and PLAGL1, were high in …

No Reef Is An Island: Integrating Coral Reef Connectivity Data Into The Design Of Regional-Scale Marine Protected Area Networks, Steven R. Schill, George T. Raber, Jason J. Roberts, Eric A. Treml, Jorge Brenner, Patrick N. Halpin

Faculty Publications

We integrated coral reef connectivity data for the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico into a conservation decision-making framework for designing a regional scale marine protected area (MPA) network that provides insight into ecological and political contexts. We used an ocean circulation model and regional coral reef data to simulate eight spawning events from 2008–2011, applying a maximum 30-day pelagic larval duration and 20% mortality rate. Coral larval dispersal patterns were analyzed between coral reefs across jurisdictional marine zones to identify spatial relationships between larval sources and destinations within countries and territories across the region. We applied our results in Marxan, …

Optical Approach To Resin Formulation For 3d Printed Microfluidics, Hua Gong, Michael Beauchamp, Steven Perry, Adam T. Woolley, Gregory P. Nordin

Faculty Publications

Microfluidics imposes different requirements on 3D printing compared to many applications because the critical features for microfluidics consist of internal microvoids. Resins for general 3D printing applications, however, are not necessarily formulated to meet the requirements of microfluidics and minimize the size of fabricated voids. In this paper we use an optical approach to guide custom formulation of resins to minimize the cross sectional size of fabricated flow channels as exemplars of such voids. We focus on stereolithgraphy (SL) 3D printing with Digital Light Processing (DLP) based on a micromirror array and use a commercially available 3D printer. We develop …

Epigenetic Instability At Imprinting Control Regions In A KrasG12d-Induced T-Cell Neoplasm, Corey L. Bretz, Ingeborg M. Langohr, Suman Lee, Joomyeong Kim

Faculty Publications

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Although aberrant DNA methylation within imprinted domains has been reported in a variety of neoplastic diseases, it remains largely uncharacterized in the context of carcinogenesis. In this study, we induced T-cell lymphoma in mice by employing a breeding scheme involving mouse strains, LSL-KrasG12D and MMTV-Cre. We then systematically surveyed imprinted domains for DNA methylation changes during tumor progression using combined bisulfite restriction analysis and NGS-based bisulfite sequencing. We detected hyper- or hypo-methylation at the imprinting control regions (ICRs) of the Dlk1, Peg10, Peg3, Grb10, and Gnas domains. These DNA methylation changes at ICRs …