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A Novel Social-Ecological Clam Garden Site Selection Process, Courtney Greiner
A Novel Social-Ecological Clam Garden Site Selection Process, Courtney Greiner
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Clam gardens are intertidal features modified by Northwest Coastal Indigenous people to enhance clam habitat for optimal shellfish production. The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) recently initiated a clam garden project to address declining clam populations and community concerns regarding climate change and ocean acidification. This effort will integrate traditional ecological knowledge into contemporary resource management and climate adaptation strategies, encourage local food security and sovereignty, and promote sustainable seafood production. SITC’s Fisheries Department and Community Environmental Health Program have co-designed a social-ecological site selection process focused on community participation to promote the long-term success of the project. This presentation …
A Collaborative Approach To Developing A Model For Oil Spill Policy Decision Support: Building A Better Model While Learning Together, Jd Ross Leahy
A Collaborative Approach To Developing A Model For Oil Spill Policy Decision Support: Building A Better Model While Learning Together, Jd Ross Leahy
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Washington State Department of Ecology is developing a quantitative model to evaluate risk of oil spills in Washington waters. The model provides a long-term resource for evaluating oil spill policy and oil spill risks in Washington waters. To do so, it must produce understandable and accessible information for effective decision-making support and characterize risk in a way that addresses the concerns of tribes and stakeholders. Guided by the analytic-deliberative process recommended by the National Research Council, our team approached model development with a focus on collaboration and empirical rigor. Between the summer of 2020 and fall of 2021, we …
Marine Shoreline Armor Mapping, Change Analysis (2009-2019) And Regulatory Compliance And Effectiveness Assessment For San Juan County, Washington, Tina Whitman
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Significant improvements have occurred in our technical understanding of the impacts shoreline armoring has on coastal processes and habitats. In response, expanded voluntary and regulatory efforts to remove armor, reduce demand for new armor, and reduce impacts of authorized armor have been implemented across the region. While some progress in removing armor and limiting new armor appears to be happening, tracking armor trends relies on a review of state permit records. Assessments of actual changes in the extent of armor along marine shorelines are limited. Friends of the San Juans recently completed a Shoreline Armor Mapping, Change Analysis, and Regulatory …
Howe Sound/Átl’Ḵa7tsem Marine Stewardship Initiative: A Bottom-Up And Community Based Approach To Marine Spatial Planning In The Salish Sea, Bridget John, Nikita Wallia
Howe Sound/Átl’Ḵa7tsem Marine Stewardship Initiative: A Bottom-Up And Community Based Approach To Marine Spatial Planning In The Salish Sea, Bridget John, Nikita Wallia
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Life in the ocean faces myriad anthropogenic pressures that vary in their spatial scales, from global climate change to site-specific industrial projects. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is one approach to manage these pressures while protecting ocean health and human access. Unfortunately, many coastal communities have restricted capacity to lead MSP processes due to two barriers: limited access to high resolution local data, and insufficient knowledge sharing across jurisdictions. Our project seeks to address these barriers by implementing a bottom-up approach to MSP in the Salish Sea, Canada. The Howe Sound/Átl’?a7tsem Marine Stewardship Initiative’s goal is to protect the diverse human …
Getting From One Size Fits All To Variable Width Riparian Buffer Recommendations, Kollin Higgins
Getting From One Size Fits All To Variable Width Riparian Buffer Recommendations, Kollin Higgins
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
In 2014, King County began an effort called, Fish Farm Flood, to recover Chinook salmon in the Snoqualmie River while also maintaining a healthy viable agricultural industry. An initial agreement in 2017 called for the formation of a Buffer Task Force with the goal of providing the foundation and guidance for a scientifically credible, context-sensitive, locally derived decision support framework that describes the potential of variable-width riparian buffers along all watercourses in the Snoqualmie Valley Agricultural Production District. The agricultural district is mostly contained within the roughly mile wide floodplain of the Snoqualmie River. The district includes more than 150 …
Noaa’S Nearshore Conservation Program And Calculator – What Is New, Stephanie Ehinger
Noaa’S Nearshore Conservation Program And Calculator – What Is New, Stephanie Ehinger
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Poor nearshore habitat conditions are a key factor limiting survival of threatened juvenile Puget Sound Chinook salmon. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has recently implemented regulatory approaches to avoid, minimize, and offset further losses of critical nearshore habitat while at the same time supporting development and re-development of infrastructure. Several recently completed Endangered Species Act consultations on over 50 Corps regulatory proposed actions in Puget Sound’s nearshore required avoidance, minimization, and compensation for all unavoidable long-term project-related impacts. In these consultations, NMFS used a Habitat Equivalency Analysis-based tool, the “Nearshore Conservation Calculator”, to consistently and empirically determine certain impacts …
The Plight Of The Enigmatic Southern Resident Killer Whales: Have We Done All We Can To Recover These Icons Of The Salish Sea?, Orla Robinson, Regan Nelson, Dr. Lance Barrett-Lennard, Carleen Thomas
The Plight Of The Enigmatic Southern Resident Killer Whales: Have We Done All We Can To Recover These Icons Of The Salish Sea?, Orla Robinson, Regan Nelson, Dr. Lance Barrett-Lennard, Carleen Thomas
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Southern Resident killer whales recognize no boundaries but frequent the coastal waters of southern British Columbia (Canada) and northern Washington State (USA). Having acknowledged their conservation plight, the two respective national governments have afforded this distinct and much-valued population the status of ‘Endangered’ under their respective endangered species laws. Divergent natural resource management regimes, endangered species legislation, and marine use profiles in the two nations have at times limited a concerted conservation push for these killer whales. However, much has been learned over the past 20 years about the three primary threats to their recovery - diminished prey (primarily Chinook …
On-Site Sewage System (Oss) And Social Vulnerability Gis Dashboard: Using Data To Inform Approaches For Equitable Wastewater Futures, Meagan Jackson, Lynn Schneider
On-Site Sewage System (Oss) And Social Vulnerability Gis Dashboard: Using Data To Inform Approaches For Equitable Wastewater Futures, Meagan Jackson, Lynn Schneider
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Public Health – Seattle & King County created the On-site Sewage Systems (OSS) and social vulnerability GIS map and dashboard to evaluate if the distribution of aging on-site wastewater treatment systems (also known as septic systems) is correlated with demographics and social inequities. The dashboard combines King County OSS location and age data with the CDC Social vulnerability index at the census tract level, showing that urban OSS are more likely to be located in the most vulnerable census tracts. The map and dashboard provide a data-informed tool to help prioritize locations that have the greatest need for infrastructure planning …
Traffic Separation Scheme Feasibility Study, Sara German
Traffic Separation Scheme Feasibility Study, Sara German
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Southern Resident Killer Whales are endangered and face three key threats to their survival: prey availability, physical and acoustic disturbance, and contaminants. In an effort to mitigate the threat of physical and acoustic disturbance, Transport Canada has worked with an external contractor over the last two years to assess the feasibility of making changes to the Traffic Separation Scheme, as a potential way to reduce physical and acoustic disturbance from vessels in southern BC coastal waters. The goal of the project was to assess and recommend options to amend the TSS that balance the protection of the Southern Resident killer …
Government Of Canada: Reducing Vessel Noise And Disturbance, Sara German
Government Of Canada: Reducing Vessel Noise And Disturbance, Sara German
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
This presentation describes Canada's comprehensive approach to reducing underwater radiated noise (URN) from ships, as well as some of Canada's national and international efforts to reduce and tackle the URN issue. One of the goals of these efforts is to better understand and manage the cumulative effects of shipping activities on endangered whales in different parts of the country, particularly the Southern Resident Killer Whale on our West Coast. Given the complexity of reducing underwater noise and physical disturbance from ships, the Government of Canada has taken a multidimensional approach to this issue. This approach includes both operational and technical …
The Echo Program: Key Learnings At 5-Year Anniversary Of Vessel Slowdown For At-Risk Whales Off Bc's Southern Coast, Ryan Ford
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority-led Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) Program is a regional collaborative initiative to better understand and reduce the cumulative effects of commercial shipping activities on at-risk whales along BC's southern coast. Bringing together over 100 U.S. and Canadian partners and advisors from across government, the marine transportation industry, Indigenous communities, scientists, and environmental groups. The ECHO Program advances research and implements voluntary seasonal initiatives that encourage ship operators to slow down or stay distanced while transiting through key foraging areas of the endangered southern resident killer whale (SRKW) population. In 2020, these voluntary initiatives achieved …
Quiet Sound: A New Program To Protect Southern Resident Killer Whales From The Acoustic And Physical Impacts Of Large Commercial Vessels, Rachel Aronson, Todd Hass, Kathleen Hurley
Quiet Sound: A New Program To Protect Southern Resident Killer Whales From The Acoustic And Physical Impacts Of Large Commercial Vessels, Rachel Aronson, Todd Hass, Kathleen Hurley
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Quiet Sound is a new public-private partnership to better understand and reduce the cumulative effects of acoustic and physical disturbance from large commercial vessels on southern resident killer whales throughout their range in Washington State. Quiet Sound grew out of the Orca Recovery Task Force, and was jointly funded by state, local, and federal partners in 2021. This presentation will introduce the partners who have joined together to form Quiet Sound, and how these partners are organizing a program that is science-based, collaborative and transparent. We will review what we know now about large commercial vessel noise and SRKWs, and …
Nature’S Value In The Salish Sea: The Ecosystem Services Of The Salish Sea Basin, Erin Mackey, Ken Cousins
Nature’S Value In The Salish Sea: The Ecosystem Services Of The Salish Sea Basin, Erin Mackey, Ken Cousins
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the Salish Sea basin provide vital fish and wildlife habitat, serve as a foundation for food production, employment, and outdoor recreation, improve water and air quality, and reduce natural disaster risks, such as flooding. This year, Earth Economics conducted a geospatial Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV) of the nonmarket value provided by ecosystems throughout the basin, updating and expanding on Earth Economics 2010 report, “Valuing the Puget Sound Basin,” which estimated the value provided by the US portion of the basin—cited in the Seattle Times as recently as 2019. The availability of transnational 30m spatial …
The Health And Habitat Use Of Glaucous-Winged Gulls Wintering In The Salish Sea, Hannah Hall
The Health And Habitat Use Of Glaucous-Winged Gulls Wintering In The Salish Sea, Hannah Hall
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Salish Sea is a globally significant location for marine birds. However, forage fish declines, legacy contaminants, and increasing industrial activity are ongoing concerns for wildlife and humans here. Glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) are effective biomonitors of long-term shifts in marine food-webs and contaminant trends. Over the past 150 years, they have increasingly relied on terrestrial prey and urban areas to forage and nest. Simultaneously, Glaucous-winged gulls (GWGU) have experienced lower reproductive success and significant population declines. Currently, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has a mandate through the Ocean’s Protection Plan to assess threats to wildlife posed by new …
Using Shore-Based Surveys To Assess Vessel Traffic Patterns In Two Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, Dr. Louise Blight, Dr. Patrick O'Hara
Using Shore-Based Surveys To Assess Vessel Traffic Patterns In Two Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, Dr. Louise Blight, Dr. Patrick O'Hara
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The waters of the Salish Sea encompass habitat of international conservation significance to coastal and marine birds, and include Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary and Victoria Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary (MBS; total area ~2000 ha). Both MBS were designated in the early 1900s to protect overwintering waterbirds from urban hunting, but have subsequently seen considerable development within their waters, including marinas, fuel docks, and other marine infrastructure. Vessel disturbances have been identified as a stressor to waterbirds, but traffic rates in these coastal areas are poorly understood for vessels without AIS tracking. We conducted a pilot study using shore-based observers …
Characterization And Interpolation Of Sediment Pcbs And Pbdes In Resident Killer Whale Habitat Along The Coast Of British Columbia, Canada, Dr. Joseph Kim
Characterization And Interpolation Of Sediment Pcbs And Pbdes In Resident Killer Whale Habitat Along The Coast Of British Columbia, Canada, Dr. Joseph Kim
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Characterization and Interpolation of Sediment PCBs and PBDEs in Resident Killer Whale Habitat along the Coast of The northeastern Pacific Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale (NRKW and SRKW) (Orcinus orca) populations are listed as threatened and endangered in Canada, respectively, with persistent, bioaccumulative contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) posing threats to their recovery. Concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in subtidal surface sediments collected from 97 sites along the British Columbia (BC) coast were used to identify their distribution and profiles, and to assess killer whale habitat quality. Victoria Harbour (VH3(site ID: 1)) sediments …
Tahlequah Soft Shore Project Tahlequah Ferry Terminal, Rick Huey
Tahlequah Soft Shore Project Tahlequah Ferry Terminal, Rick Huey
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Tahlequah Soft Shore Project Since 1920, the shoreline to the west of the Tahlequah Ferry Terminal was the site of the Tahlequah Store and Dock, serving boaters and south Vashon Island residents. In 2005, Washington State Ferries purchased the property for a future trestle project. The building was removed in 2007, and the decaying dock in 2015. In 2021, Washington State Ferries constructed the Tahlequah Soft Shore Project, removing a failing creosote timber bulkhead, and a concrete bulkhead that was causing bank erosion. Beach material was added, the intertidal zone planted; the bank grubbed of non-native plants and debris, and …
Impacts Of Combined Sewer Outflow Overflows On Dissolved Oxygen And Turbidity In Possession Sound, Katie Shaw
Impacts Of Combined Sewer Outflow Overflows On Dissolved Oxygen And Turbidity In Possession Sound, Katie Shaw
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Combined sewer outflow (CSO) overflows are a threat to water quality, particularly in such urbanized areas as the Puget Sound. CSOs contribute to spills of untreated sewage mixed with storm water that wash into water systems during heavy rain events. Possession Sound, fed by the Snohomish River, has 13 CSO outfalls in Everett, Washington, some of which experience CSO events fairly regularly. Contaminants in these CSO overflows can release pathogens, solids, nutrients, toxins, and oxygen-consuming pollutants into the water. These variables can in turn affect DO (dissolved oxygen) and turbidity (measure of water clarity) – two important measures of water …
River Field Studies Network: Connecting People, Rivers, And Science Through Immersive Education, Dr. John Mclaughlin
River Field Studies Network: Connecting People, Rivers, And Science Through Immersive Education, Dr. John Mclaughlin
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Rivers are universal landscape features that underlie cultural identity, provide essential ecosystem services, support substantial biodiversity, and are among our most threatened ecosystem components. Over forty river basins circumscribe the Salish Sea region, integrating human land use impacts and connecting those impacts to the Salish Sea. Restoring rivers and human-river relationships rank among our most vital imperatives. The River Field Studies Network (RFSN) is a National Science Foundation funded Research Coordination Network in Undergraduate Biology Education (RCN-UBE) project that aims to transform undergraduate STEM education through immersive interdisciplinary river and watershed programs. Specifically, we are building a network of collaborators …
Pah Removal, Fate And Transport In Stormwater Bioretention Systems Amended With Biochar And Fungi, Chelsea Mitchell
Pah Removal, Fate And Transport In Stormwater Bioretention Systems Amended With Biochar And Fungi, Chelsea Mitchell
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Bioretention is a widely implemented form of Green Stormwater Infrastructure used to prevent the pollution of receiving waters by stormwater runoff. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic contaminants which are ubiquitous in stormwater. Several PAHs are toxic to aquatic species. Little is known about the transport and fate of individual PAH compounds in bioretention systems. Even less is known about how amendments to standard bioretention formulations might optimize PAH treatment. We conducted a mesocosm-scale experiment to evaluate the removal of PAHs using four types of bioretention media. We used a standard, planted bioretention media mixture (60:40 sand:compost …
Here’S What To Know About The New Puget Sound Vital Signs!, Corinne Noufi, Mary Ramirez, Nathalie Hamel
Here’S What To Know About The New Puget Sound Vital Signs!, Corinne Noufi, Mary Ramirez, Nathalie Hamel
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
After more than 10 years of collaborative reporting, the Puget Sound Vital Signs, their indicators and targets are changing. In 2019 the Puget Sound Partnership, a state agency leading the recovery of Puget Sound, undertook a collaborative effort to revise the Vital Signs and indicators. The focus of the revisions was on the “biophysical” Vital Signs: water quality, water quantity, habitats, and species and food web. The process convened hundreds of experts from throughout the region during three workshops and smaller group meetings. In the end, the Partnership chose 13 biophysical Vital Signs and 34 indicators. The revised Vital Signs …
Monitoring Xenoestrogen Exposure And Endocrine Disruption In A Puget Sound Benthic Flatfish, English Sole (Parophrys Vetulus), Dr. Louisa Harding
Monitoring Xenoestrogen Exposure And Endocrine Disruption In A Puget Sound Benthic Flatfish, English Sole (Parophrys Vetulus), Dr. Louisa Harding
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Xenoestrogens, including natural estrogens and synthetic chemicals that mimic estrogens, can disrupt endocrine functions and reproduction in exposed fish. These chemicals are widespread, often entering the environment due to human activities such as industrial discharge, wastewater treatment plant effluents, stormwater or agricultural runoff. Vitellogenin (vtg) is an egg-yolk protein precursor synthesized in the liver of female fish in response to naturally produced estrogens during their normal reproductive cycle. However, vitellogenin can be abnormally induced in male fish if they are exposed to xenoestrogens, making this protein a suitable and widely used biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure. Vitellogenin in English sole is …
Salish Sea Initiative Interactive Map, Tamara Fraser, Dr. Kathryn Berry
Salish Sea Initiative Interactive Map, Tamara Fraser, Dr. Kathryn Berry
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Salish Sea Initiative (SSI) is a Government of Canada, Trans Mountain Expansion (TMX) Accommodation Measure designed to respond to First Nations concerns about the potential environmental impacts of human activities on coastal and marine ecosystems in the Salish Sea. Led by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the SSI aims to support the capacity building of eligible First Nations within and around the Salish Sea to plan, develop and conduct marine stewardship activities, including environmental monitoring, traditional use studies, and cumulative effects assessments. Thirty-three First Nations are eligible to participate in SSI and the initiative runs until March 2024. A key …
Sentinels Of Change: Engaging Communities To Monitor Marine Invertebrates In The Salish Sea, Heather Earle, Dr. Matthew Whalen
Sentinels Of Change: Engaging Communities To Monitor Marine Invertebrates In The Salish Sea, Heather Earle, Dr. Matthew Whalen
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Salish Sea supports an abundance of marine invertebrates that play critical roles in food webs and fisheries. Between climate change and intensifying local human impacts, species in the region face a growing list of threats, with the potential for population-level changes and cascading effects within nearshore ecosystems. Across our inland sea, coastal communities are poised to contribute to meaningful monitoring and science and, in doing so, enhance community capacity, ocean literacy, and environmental engagement. Working with communities, organizations, and Nations from across the Salish Sea, we are mobilizing a network of community scientists to monitor invertebrate communities and populations. …
A Community Collaboration Striving For A Plastic Free Salish Sea, Karin Roemers-Kleven
A Community Collaboration Striving For A Plastic Free Salish Sea, Karin Roemers-Kleven
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Plastic pollution has become a globally recognized problem, especially for our oceans. Its presence is having a devastating effect on marine life as well as human health. The impacts of larger marine debris such as derelict fishing gear and discarded household items can result in deadly entanglements of marine life including mammals, birds, sea turtles, and fish. More alarming is the proliferation of microplastics throughout the world’s oceans, including here in the Salish Sea. Microplastics have found their way into species from the bottom of the food chain to the very top, even in sea salt and as a result …
Characterizing Contaminant Concentrations In Priority Chinook Salmon Stocks Consumed By Resident Killer Whales In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean, Stephanie Holbert
Characterizing Contaminant Concentrations In Priority Chinook Salmon Stocks Consumed By Resident Killer Whales In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean, Stephanie Holbert
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The critically endangered, transboundary Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW) (Orcinus orca) population faces significant threats including a reduced abundance of their primary prey (Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), physical and acoustic disturbance, and high levels of endocrine disrupting contaminants. However, the sympatric Northern Resident Killer Whales (NRKW) that also primarily consume Chinook salmon have had continued population growth and have lower contaminant burdens. Studies have reported adverse health effects from contaminant burdens in transient killer whales and NRKWs. Contaminant exposure modeling has predicted protracted health risks for both resident killer whale populations. Despite Chinook salmon from the Fraser River watershed in …
The Importance Of Plankton-The Base Of The Salish Sea's Food Chain, Beautiful Organisms, Usually Invisible, Presented In An Ongoing Series Of My Paintings. (Will Not Present Live), Susan Taylor
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Without zooplankton and phytoplankton, most of which is invisible, the Salish Sea would die. With the paintings in my Plankton series, I'm striving to create awareness of the crucial importance and beauty of these organisms. If we can't see something, we tend not to care about it. And we need to start caring about plankton. You can see the paintings in my Importance of Plankton series on my website bloodstargallery.com
Microchemical Techniques To Evaluate Priority Contaminant Sources Along The Migration Routes Of Chinook (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) And Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch), Micah Quindazzi
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
During their marine life stage, Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from watersheds connected to the Salish Sea display two distinct migration phenotypes; Salish Sea resident and out-migrant. Knowledge of Chinook and Coho marine migrations has been limited to tagged individuals caught by anglers and researchers. It is unclear how fishing effort and angler compliance, as well as other factors influence the proposed migration pathways undertaken by different stocks. Amongst the migrant phenotype, these salmon may only move as far as the continental shelf just off the coast of Washington and Vancouver Island, or they may migrate offshore …
Resilient Coasts For Salmon - Empowering Communities With Nature-Based Solutions To Adapt To Climate Change, Kyla Sheehan
Resilient Coasts For Salmon - Empowering Communities With Nature-Based Solutions To Adapt To Climate Change, Kyla Sheehan
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Coastal communities in the Salish Sea are facing unprecedented challenges as climate change continues to evolve. A five-year project collaboration between the Pacific Salmon Foundation and the Stewardship Centre for BC, called Resilient Coasts for Salmon: Nature-based Solutions for Climate Change (RC4S), is working to empower citizens by providing nature-based solutions that encourage resiliency for coastal communities and ecosystems. Utilizing a multifaceted approach, RC4S is raising public awareness about climate change impacts in local South and East Coast Vancouver Island communities and nature-based solutions to help adapt to those threats. RC4S is also building professional capacity in shoreline restoration through …
Investigating Contaminant-Related Health Effects In Killer Whales In British Columbia Using Omics, Dr. Bethany Decourten
Investigating Contaminant-Related Health Effects In Killer Whales In British Columbia Using Omics, Dr. Bethany Decourten
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are an iconic species in the Salish Sea with three populations inhabiting the area: the northern resident, southern resident, and Bigg’s populations. Low food availability, contaminant exposure, and noise are the major threats to these populations with the southern residents being the most vulnerable. We measured PCB and PBDE concentrations in blubber biopsies collected from individuals in the southern resident, northern resident, and Bigg’s populations between 2019 and 2021. Our data show differences in PCB and PBDE concentrations between populations and sex. Building upon this research, we are combining multiple omics approaches to deepen our understanding …