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Articles 1 - 30 of 49
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Orchid Fragrance Complexity As A Mechanism For Euglossine Bee Pollinator Specialization, November 2009, Luci Moore
Orchid Fragrance Complexity As A Mechanism For Euglossine Bee Pollinator Specialization, November 2009, Luci Moore
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Neotropical orchids of subtribes Stanhopeinae and Catasetinae are exclusively pollinated by euglossine bees (Euglossini). This study determines whether orchids present specific combinations and proportions of chemical odors in order to attract a limited subset of euglossine bee species, thereby avoiding hybridization that may result from the attraction of too many pollinators. Chemical baits of cineole, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, cineole/benzyl acetate (a Stanhopea tricornis fragrance analogue), and cineole/methyl salicylate/methyl benzoate (a Catasetum gnomus fragrance analogue) were used to attract fifteen species of euglossine bees in the San Luis Valley, Monteverde, Costa Rica. The diversity of bee species attracted to the …
Shifts In Flowering Phenology In Response To Irregular Precipitation And Temperature Patterns In Monteverde, November 2009, Wynn Moss
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Studies of plant flowering phenology have the potential to provide essential information on the structure and function of communities. Additionally, shifts in flowering phenology as a response to local weather variability have been observed in the tropics, and may worsen as the effects of anthropogenic climate change increase. Unfortunately, comprehensive data on the phenology of many Monteverde plant species is unavailable. This survey of 79 flowering plants of Monteverde in October and November of 2009 aimed to determine the effects of El-Niño on the timing of anthesis as well as provide new information on the phenology of local plant species. …
Spatial Dispersion Of Fruits And Foraging Optimization Of Frugivorous Bats, November 2009, Kristen Omori
Spatial Dispersion Of Fruits And Foraging Optimization Of Frugivorous Bats, November 2009, Kristen Omori
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Optimal foraging helps maximize fitness of the disperser and corresponding plant. Fruiting strategies may influence foraging success in order to increase seed dispersal rate. This study examines the spatial dispersion of fruits and its influence on foraging time of frugivorous bats. Five bat species in captivity at the Bat Jungle in Monteverde, Costa Rica, including Carollia brevicauda and Artibeus toltecus, are used to test the foraging time on three spatial arrangements, uniform, random and clumped, using a natural food source, Solanum umbellatum (Solanaceae). Each of the three arrangements were tested for fruit removal rate during one day and two of …
Site Fidelity In Two Species Of Cyclocephala (Scarabaeidae) To Xanthosoma Robumstum (Araceae), November 2009, Margaret Hendricks
Site Fidelity In Two Species Of Cyclocephala (Scarabaeidae) To Xanthosoma Robumstum (Araceae), November 2009, Margaret Hendricks
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Mark and recaptured methods were utilized to determine the site fidelity of two species of scarabid pollinators to a patch of Xanthosoma robustum in Monterverde, Costa Rica. Sex ratios remained constant with previous studies, exhibiting a higher proportion of males found per inflorescence than females. One-way ANOVA tests of variance supported evidence that female Cyclocephala are more prevalent in first day inflorescences. One-way ANOVA tests also concluded that scarab pollinators exhibit no fidelity to the study patch, The existence of a more resource rich patch in the area could account for the low fidelity observed. The selection for low fidelity …
Incidence Of Pigment Change In Werauhia (Bromeliaceae) Uncorrelated With Canopy Cover Level, November 2009, Rachelle Sloss
Incidence Of Pigment Change In Werauhia (Bromeliaceae) Uncorrelated With Canopy Cover Level, November 2009, Rachelle Sloss
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The study of plant adaptation to changing habitat is particularly important in the face of continuing habitat destruction in the tropics. Habitat fragmentation will likely increase light intensity for tropical flora in these areas. Plants often respond to such changes by increasing concentrations of secondary pigment, like anthocyanins and carotenoids, as a photoprotective mechanism. Plants may also increase the ratio of chlorophyll a:b in high light because they have less need for shade-adapted accessory pigments like chlorophyll b. However, in the Werauhia bromeliads studied, average anthocyanin and carotenoid concentrations decreased while chlorophyll a:b ratio increased. The decrease in anthocyanins and …
Leaf Choice In Dryas Iulia (Nymphalidae Heliconiinae) Cyanide Content And Toughness, November 2009, Ashley Arthur
Leaf Choice In Dryas Iulia (Nymphalidae Heliconiinae) Cyanide Content And Toughness, November 2009, Ashley Arthur
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Vines in the Passifloraceae synthesize cyanogenic glycosides that deter general herbivores, but Heliconiinae butterfly larvae such as Dryas iulia have overcome this and utilize Passiflora leaves as larval food. Ovipositing adult females and larvae may access the suitability of leaves caused by various plant defenses such as cyanide content and leaf toughness. D. iulia adult females show no preference in cyanide content (9.01μg ± 28.3, 5.77μg ± 12.6) or toughness (238.67g ± 78.4, 266.58g ± 123.1) for ovipostion, yet larvae prefer leaves with a significantly lower cyanide content (9.01μg ± 28.3, 0.47μg ± 0.51) then the average available leaf but …
Rodent Diversity In Relation To Atlantic And Pacific Slopes In A Neotropical Cloud Forest, November 2009, Justine Smith
Rodent Diversity In Relation To Atlantic And Pacific Slopes In A Neotropical Cloud Forest, November 2009, Justine Smith
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Mountainous regions in Costa Rica are characterized by windward/leeward effects caused by easterly trade winds and orographic cloud formation. The Pacific slope is generally drier and more seasonal compared to the Atlantic slope. These factors tend to favor higher biodiversity for a given taxon on the Atlantic slope. Live traps were used to test this for a tropical Cloud Forest rodent community on either side of the Continental Divide. Six species were captured overall. All six species were present on the Atlantic slope and three were present on the Pacific slope. As predicted, rodent diversity, including richness and evenness, was …
The Effects Of Habitat Heterogeneity In The Parasocial Orb-Weaver Metabus Gravidus (Araneae: Araneidae), November 2009, Sara Wilbur
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Metabus gravidus (Araneae: Araneidae) is a colonial, orb-weaving spider, conspicuous along streams and rivers in Central America. These spiders construct individual webs along anchor lines spanning small waterways, placing foraging spiders in areas of high insect traffic. Riparian habitats are characterized by heterogeneity of physical factors, such as rainfall, temperature, and cloud cover. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of habitat heterogeneity on daily M. gravidus presence. M. gravidus individuals in webs were counted daily in nineteen colonies along La Quebrada Máquina in Monteverde, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica. Abiotic conditions, such as previous 24-hour rainfall, temperature, …
The Role Of Extrafloral Nectaries And Saponins In Plantherbivore Interactions Of Inga Sierrae (Fabaceae: Mimosaceae), November 2009, Kevin Davis
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Trees of the Neotropical genus Inga are noted for the use of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and secondary compounds to protect against herbivores. For Inga sierrae, the production of Extra-EFNs (EEFNs) has been suggested to confer fitness on fledgling leaves, while the role of saponins on herbivory remains unclear. This study investigates the potential trade-off between EEFN and saponin production and its effect on herbivory. I recorded percent herbivory on fledgling leaves during a three week period and measured saponin contents for I. sierrae trees at two different study sites at 1525m in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Encounter surveys were conducted to …
The Applicability Of The River Continuum Concept To The Upper Reaches Of A Neotropical Lower Montane Stream, November 2009, Nicholas Skaff
The Applicability Of The River Continuum Concept To The Upper Reaches Of A Neotropical Lower Montane Stream, November 2009, Nicholas Skaff
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
The applicability of the River Continuum Concept (RCC) to the upper reaches of Quebrada Máquina, a lower montane stream in Monteverde, Costa Rica, was examined. Macroinvertebrate samples were taken from ten points along the stream from first through fourth order segments. The families of the collected individuals were then categorized based on functional feeding group. The similarity between the families found at each collection point was calculated, along with correlations between the functional groups and various stream characteristics. In most cases, RCC predictions did not apply to Quebrada Máquina. The first (first order) and last (fourth order) sample points were …
Altitudinal Soil Continuums Of Andisols On The Atlantic Slope Of The Tilaran Mountain Range (Costa Rica), November 2009, Tyler Reynolds
Altitudinal Soil Continuums Of Andisols On The Atlantic Slope Of The Tilaran Mountain Range (Costa Rica), November 2009, Tyler Reynolds
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Presently, little is known about soils along an altitudinal gradient on the Atlantic Slope of the Tilarán Mountain Range in Costa Rica, so soil samples were taken and horizons were measured, on altitudinal transects from 1700m to 1300m in elevation. Precipitation patterns, decomposition rates, litterfall rates, temperature, and soil parent material depth, are recognized as playing important roles in the % soil root mass and nutrient cycles of tropical mountain soils. This study looks to find trends between these soil formation and maintenance factors, and altitude. These data present significant positive correlations of soil Nitrate-N and Phosphorus concentrations with elevation, …
Homegardens Of Monteverde: Exploring Changes In Home Crop Cultivation, November 2009, Abigail Smith
Homegardens Of Monteverde: Exploring Changes In Home Crop Cultivation, November 2009, Abigail Smith
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Homegardens are model forms of sustainable land use in tropical agroforestry systems. Known as an assembly of varied crops and animals, these small homestead farms provide a cheap, nutritional source of food to the family while maintaining the biodiversity and productivity of the surrounding ecosystem. With the introduction of ecotourism into the Monteverde area, an economy traditionally based on agriculture shifted towards tourism services, thus changing the underlying dynamics of the community. Thirty families of the Monteverde area were interviewed and provided information relating to homegarden contents, family history, and lifestyle choices. This study shows that homegardens have declined significantly …
Resource Allocation To Vegetative Versus Reproductive Structures In Piper Sp, November 2009, Melissa M. Martinko
Resource Allocation To Vegetative Versus Reproductive Structures In Piper Sp, November 2009, Melissa M. Martinko
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Resource allocation theory in plants dictates that resources utilized for one physiological process are unavailable for another, and that plants must selectively allocate critical resources in order to maximize their fitness. Therefore, resources allocated to reproductive growth are unavailable for vegetative growth and vice versa. The relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth was examined for a common Piper species found in San Luis, Monteverde, Costa Rica by comparing the size of leaves with opposing inflorescences on the same node to the size of leaves without opposing inflorescences on the same node. A total of 18 Piper plants with mature inflorescences …
Size-Related Niche-Partitioning Of Epiphytic Orchids In Cloud Forest Canopies, November 2009, Blaine Marchant
Size-Related Niche-Partitioning Of Epiphytic Orchids In Cloud Forest Canopies, November 2009, Blaine Marchant
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Ten recently fallen trees in the Lower Montane Wet Forest (1550-1650 m) and Lower Montane Rain Forest (1650 m to 1800 m) of Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica were each divided into four zones based on tree architecture. Each zone theoretically represents differences in substrate and abiotic conditions: Zone 1 was the main trunk, Zone 2 the inner third of the canopy, Zone 3 the second third of the canopy, and Zone 4 the outer-most third of the canopy. The epiphytic orchids of each tree were surveyed to determine the role of weight in epiphytic orchid distribution among the different zones …
Understanding The Effects Of Secondary Succession On Soil Nutrient Concentration And Soil Macro-Invertebrates, November 2009, Rebecca Goldstein
Understanding The Effects Of Secondary Succession On Soil Nutrient Concentration And Soil Macro-Invertebrates, November 2009, Rebecca Goldstein
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
When agricultural land is abandoned, secondary succession is known to occur within the plant community, but little is known about the effects of regeneration on the soil. Since plant richness and productivity is tightly correlated with nutrient availability, I investigated the effect of time after regeneration on nutrient levels and macro-invertebrate richness. I sampled six sites ranging in age of regeneration (0 years, 7 years, 11 years, 19 years, 45 years, and primary) measured at the concentration (lb/acre) of potassium, phosphorous, iron, and nitrate nitrogen and counted the morpho-species richness. Potassium and phosphorous concentrations were significantly correlated with age of …
Duet Response Songs And Territorial Defense In The Gray-Breasted Wood Wren (Henicorhina Leucostica Troglodytidae), November 2009, Ali Corley
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Bird song serves a wide variety of functions. Avian duetting is one form of bird song that is especially common in the tropics but whose function is still not well understood. The Joint Territorial Defense and Acoustic Mate Guarding hypotheses explain duetting as either a cooperative form of song, in which a pair is working together to accomplish a common goal, or conflicting form of song, in which each bird in a pair is singing for individual motives. Under Joint Territorial Defense theory, pairs sing duets to better defend their territories. The Acoustic Mate Guarding theory predicts that pairs sing …
Effect Of The Parasite Ophryocystis Elektroscirrha On Asymmetry And Wing Color Of The Monarch Butterfly, Danaus Plexippus, November 2009, Emily Landeck
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, a protozoan parasite, can have many different effects on the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus, including difficulty emerging from the pupal case and spreading their wings, and increased mortality within 24 hours of eclosion. Color in the wings of the butterfly is a strong indicator of fitness in terms of reproductive success. In this study I test if parasite load has an effect on the fitness of individuals of D. plexippus using color of the wings as a proxy for fitness. I measured the wingspan; asymmetry of forewings; color hue, saturation, and brightness; and parasite load on 15 individuals …
Effects Of Inbreeding On Morphology And Reproduction In Morpho Peleides (Nymphalidae), November 2009, Brittany Pahnke
Effects Of Inbreeding On Morphology And Reproduction In Morpho Peleides (Nymphalidae), November 2009, Brittany Pahnke
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Populations limited in dispersal ability have higher rates of inbreeding and lower gene flow than large, well-connected populations. Inbreeding depression causes some morphological characteristics to change predictably in butterfly populations, and these may therefore be indicators of overall fitness. I examined differences in body size and symmetry between wild-caught Morpho peleides individuals and individuals from an inbred population to observe the effects of inbreeding on morphological characteristics. Inbred butterflies had lower average forewing length than wild ones, and thus lower overall body size, but there were no detectable differences in asymmetry. Body size was positively correlated with body mass, and …
Effect Of Cecropia Polyphlebia, Cecropia Obtusifolia, And Bidens Pilosa On Human Lung Capacity, November 2009, Michelle Gin
Effect Of Cecropia Polyphlebia, Cecropia Obtusifolia, And Bidens Pilosa On Human Lung Capacity, November 2009, Michelle Gin
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Traditional medicine is used by 80% of the world population as their primary care. Monteverde, Costa Rica houses a rich flora including Cecropia polyphlebia (Cecropiaceae), Cecropia obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae), and Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) that have been identified as medicinal plants to reduce the symptoms of asthma and other respiratory ailments. Fifty-eight human subjects were divided into four groups of tea treatments, including Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile (Asteraceae) as a control. Lung capacity was measured using the amount of air blown into a balloon in a single breath. Initial (pre-treatment) as well as the immediate and long-term effects of plant extracts on lung …
Effects Of Trichoderma Harzianum Perimeter Applications On Preventing Mycena Citricolor In Coffea Arabica Plots, November 2009, Nicholas J. Gallagher
Effects Of Trichoderma Harzianum Perimeter Applications On Preventing Mycena Citricolor In Coffea Arabica Plots, November 2009, Nicholas J. Gallagher
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
This study examined the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, a proven effective biological control agent, for its potential of preventing the forest and windbreak instigated onset of the fungus Mycena citricolor in coffee plots. Fifteen plots on one farm in the Monteverde region of Puntarenas, Costa Rica were surveyed for the presence of M. citricolor on coffee near forest edges and along transects away from the forest. T. harzianum was applied to the forest edge on half of the plots, and the coffee plants near the edge were resurveyed for new infestations of M. citricolor. No significant difference between the treated and …
Impact Of Intraspecific And Interspecific Competition On Aggression And Foraging Of Hummingbirds (Family Trochilidae), November 2009, Whitney Tsai
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Hummingbirds have high metabolic needs and many aggressively compete for food. Competition is a potentially important component of resource defense but its impact on aggression and foraging of hummingbirds is not well understood. I manipulated the perception of competition by using the playback of the Coppery-headed Emerald (Elvira curpeiceps), a territorial hummingbird, and of the Violet Sabrewing (Campylopterus hemileucurus), a traplining hummingbird, to assess the impact on number of aggressive chases and foraging success of hummingbirds at feeders. This study was performed in Monteverde at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and Selvatura Park. The playbacks caused some but not all …
Effects Of Satiation On Pit-Trap Structure In The Larval Antlion Myrmeleon Crudelis (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae), November 2009, Zack Newman
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Sit-and-wait predators have many strategies to deal with food scarcity. Some predators become more active, while others conserve energy by becoming more sedentary. I decided to test the effects that starvation has on the larval antlion Myrmeleon crudelis. Myrmeleon crudelis build pit-traps, conical structures built in sand, to capture prey. These pit-traps vary in diameter, depth, and angle for each larva. Seven individuals in one group were fed every other day, while seven other individuals were starved for all ten days this study took place. The pit-traps of both groups were then compared to each other. The results show that …
The Effect Of Land Use On Stream Water Quality In San Luis And Cañitas, November 2009, Anna Stuart Burnett
The Effect Of Land Use On Stream Water Quality In San Luis And Cañitas, November 2009, Anna Stuart Burnett
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Human altered landscapes often have significant impacts on water quality in their respective watersheds. However, in order to create policy and educate people about better land use practices, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the effects of land use on stream water quality. This study looks at the health of stream water in three streams flowing through different land uses – forest, cattle pasture, and coffee – in San Luis and Cañitas in the Monteverde area. Water quality was determined using biotic and abiotic indicators. The abiotic indicators included dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, and turbidity. …
Sucrose Concentration Preference In Nectarivorous Bats, November 2009, Kyle Bevers
Sucrose Concentration Preference In Nectarivorous Bats, November 2009, Kyle Bevers
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Nectarivorous bats perform vital pollination services for many tropical plant species. While nectarivorous bats have been shown to prefer higher percentages of sucrose in past studies, bat pollinated flowers usually offer a lower sugar concentration in the nectar, equal to 18 percent sucrose on average, thus forcing bats to visit more flowers. Visiting flowers increases outcrossing, pollination, and subsequently, plant fitness. This study attempts to see where bat’s preferences, if any, exist for sucrose within the natural range of bat pollinated flowers. For nine nights, bats were observed at Selvatura Park in Monteverde, Costa Rica, where they forage at hummingbird …
Alteration Of Crickets Songs Due To Competition Via Playbacks, November 2009, Katie Ehlers
Alteration Of Crickets Songs Due To Competition Via Playbacks, November 2009, Katie Ehlers
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
In many animal species, females do not mate randomly but rather they choose males based on their courtship signals. With crickets, calls may not be used soley for attracting a mate; they can also be used to reduce a competitor’s reproductive success. It was thus predicted that crickets would both respond to playbacks in an attempt to compete with the singing male and also alter their song in some way when singing competitively. Two different playbacks were created with one having a single cricket’s song and the other having a cricket chorus, and individuals received each treatment to determine its …
The Abundance Of The Vector Insect, Triatoma Dimidiata (Reduviidae) And The Ecology Of Infection With Trypanosoma Cruzi, November 2009, Erica Vargas
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
A study was conducted in the Monteverde region to determine patterns of infection in Triatoma dimidiata with Trypanosoma cruzi. It was predicted that proximity to domestic animals and looking at the sex ratio would reveal patterns of infection in T. dimidiata. This study was conducted in San Luis, and 12 properties were searched for T. dimidiata. Fourteen individuals were found overall at four sites with two infected individuals. However, the two infected individuals were found in close association with dogs. Fewer nymphs than expected were found this year. Weather patterns of the region could account for the low abundance of …
The San Luis River Continuum: A Look At The Chemical And Biological Changes Along A Longitudinal Pristine River Gradient, May 2009, Kit Hamley
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
From start to finish, physical changes along a river continuum create a natural longitudinal gradient to which biotic communities respond. This biotic response to natural physical change is a fundamental pattern of river ecology and is generally called The River Continuum Concept. The purpose of this study was to look at changes in water quality and aquatic insect communities along a pristine river continuum. Data was collected along a 1-kilometer series of 11 sites along the San Luis River in San Luis, Costa Rica. As expected, water quality did not change along the 1-kilometer reach. Overall percent abundances of insect …
The Effects Of Active Vs. Natural Reforestation On Bird Diversity, May 2009, Jessica Springstead
The Effects Of Active Vs. Natural Reforestation On Bird Diversity, May 2009, Jessica Springstead
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
With rapid deforestation rates and loss of diversity the ability to reforest degraded landscapes faster than they would naturally regrow could be an effective tool for conservation. Many different methods of active reforestation have been proposed (Holl et al. 2000, Lamb et al. 2005, Martinez and Howe 2003) but because it is impossible to plant every species of plant that would be found in an area much of the diversity after planting must come from vertebrate dispersers of which most are birds (Fang and Peng 1997, Holl et al. 2000, Lamb et al. 2005, Martinez and Howe 2003). I wanted …
Effects Of Ultraviolet Radiation And Degraded Water Quality On Growth And Survival Of Bufo Marinus Tadpoles, May 2009, Brenna Levine
Effects Of Ultraviolet Radiation And Degraded Water Quality On Growth And Survival Of Bufo Marinus Tadpoles, May 2009, Brenna Levine
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Amphibian species worldwide are currently experiencing population declines and decreased ranges. This decrease in amphibian populations is due in part to habitat degradation such as canopy cover loss and decreased water quality. Other amphibian species, however, such as Bufo marinus, are experiencing population growth and global expansion. In this study, I tested the effects of loss of canopy cover and degraded water quality on growth and survival of B. marinus tadpoles by exposing them to conditions of elevated levels of ultraviolet radiation, degraded water quality, and a combination of these two factors. I found that B. marinus tadpoles have high …
Through The Eyes Of The Locals: The Role Of Ecotourism In The Monteverde Region Of Costa Rica, May 2009, Jenna Diggs
Through The Eyes Of The Locals: The Role Of Ecotourism In The Monteverde Region Of Costa Rica, May 2009, Jenna Diggs
Tropical Ecology and Conservation [Monteverde Institute]
Identifying economic and environmental gains and losses from the ecotourism industry in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica is easy because these factors are well studied. Recognizing the influence of ecotourism over political, social and cultural factors of the region can be more difficult. One way to study all of these aspects is to gather information from the locals themselves. The majority viewed it as the most important industry and maintained that the natural and social environment had changed significantly in their time spent living in Monteverde. Also, their jobs depended on the industry. The participants in the study generally …