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Labeling “Genocide” In Sudan: A Constructionist Analysis Of Darfur, William F.S. Miles
Labeling “Genocide” In Sudan: A Constructionist Analysis Of Darfur, William F.S. Miles
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Labeling is critical for the framing, perception, and political implications of social problems, genocide being a critical but overlooked example. For half a century social-science theory has developed increasingly sophisticated paradigms for understanding the process by which problems are recognized and addressed: social constructionism, labeling theory, politico-linguistics, problem definition, and tipping points. Yet rarely have these theoretical frameworks been applied to genocide studies. When reconsidered in light of Sudan, these general frameworks validate the constructionist argument that the recognized severity of political problems—including government-organized or -sanctioned mass killings—is a function of the socio-linguistic processing and naming of them. Anti-genocide advocates, …
The Restless World Of Leonardo Alishan (March 1951–January 2005): A Burnt Offering On The Altar Of The Armenian Genocide, Rubina Peroomian
The Restless World Of Leonardo Alishan (March 1951–January 2005): A Burnt Offering On The Altar Of The Armenian Genocide, Rubina Peroomian
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In his short career as a writer, poet, and literary critic, Leonardo Alishan left a rich literary legacy, a legacy that is not widely known. This article attempts to shed light on an important segment of his literary output: his creations in the genre of genocide literature. Alishan was a third-generation survivor of the Armenian Genocide, the inheritor of his grandmother’s devastating memories, living in the grip of the nightmare of the Catastrophe, never able to transcend it. The everpresent pain that dragged his grandmother from one mental hospital to another reverberated in his literary work, painting a microcosm of …
Book Review: Samuel Totten, Ed. Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, And Resources , Samuel Totten
Book Review: Samuel Totten, Ed. Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, And Resources , Samuel Totten
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
There are only a few scholars writing about teaching genocide and the Holocaust, and Samuel Totten is truly one of the most prolific and most effective. His book Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources is the latest of a long list of publications for educators on the subject of genocide.
Errata
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
“Native Christians Massacred”: The Ottoman Genocide Of The Assyrians During World War I, Hannibal Travis
“Native Christians Massacred”: The Ottoman Genocide Of The Assyrians During World War I, Hannibal Travis
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The Ottoman Empire’s widespread persecution of Assyrian civilians during World War I constituted a form of genocide, the present-day term for an attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, or religious group, in whole or in part. Ottoman soldiers and their Kurdish and Persian militia partners subjected hundreds of thousands of Assyrians to a deliberate and systematic campaign of massacre, torture, abduction, deportation, impoverishment, and cultural and ethnic destruction. Established principles of international law outlawed this war of extermination against Ottoman Christian civilians before it was embarked upon, and ample evidence of genocidal intent has surfaced in the form of admissions …
Editor's Intorduction, Herb Hirsch
Editor's Intorduction, Herb Hirsch
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This is the third issue of Volume 1 of Genocide Studies and Prevention. It is the first non-topical or general issue and, therefore, contains articles covering a wide variety of topics. The lead article by Professor David Scheffer, formerly US ambassador at large for war crimes issues (1997–2001) and currently the Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw/Robert A. Helman Professor of Law and director of the Center for International Human Rights at Northwestern University, is an exciting and interesting call for a new genre of human-rights law. Arguing that the term ‘‘genocide’’ has imposed limitations on action to protect human rights, …
Full Issue 1.3
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Genocide And Atrocity Crimes, David Scheffer
Genocide And Atrocity Crimes, David Scheffer
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The term ‘‘genocide’’ has been commonly used, particularly in political dialogue, to describe atrocities of great diversity, magnitude, and character. Yet the prospect of the term’s arising in policy making too often imposes an intimidating brake on effective responses. The political use of the term should be separated from its legal definition as a crime of individual responsibility. Governments and international organizations should be liberated to apply the term ‘‘genocide’’ more readily within a political context so as to publicly describe precursors of genocide and react rapidly either to prevent or to stop mass killings or other seeming acts of …
Book Review: Naomi Baumslag. Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, And Typhus , Myma Goldenberg
Book Review: Naomi Baumslag. Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, And Typhus , Myma Goldenberg
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus, Naomi Baumslag proposes an agenda for research on the connections among medicine, war, and genocide. Building on the groundbreaking work of Robert Jay Lifton, John J. Michalczyk, Howard Fertig, Arthur Caplan, Henry Friedlander, and others, Baumslag sets out to prove that the Nazis rewarded physicians who helped implement the Final Solution, specifically by encouraging the spread of typhus as a means of murdering Jews. By imposing and then neglecting deplorable conditions in the ghettos and camps, Baumslag argues, Nazi doctors ‘‘promoted typhus . . . because ‘natural death’ was cheaper than …
Book Review: Laurel Leff. Buried By The Times: The Holocaust And America's Most Important Newspaper, Janine Minkler
Book Review: Laurel Leff. Buried By The Times: The Holocaust And America's Most Important Newspaper, Janine Minkler
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Why did the New York Times persistently bury news of the Holocaust? asks Laurel Leff in her dramatic historical account of ‘‘America’s most important newspaper.’’ Leff, associate professor at Northeastern University and former journalist for the Wall Street Journal and Miami Herald, examines the complex combination of forces that led the Times to relegate news of the Holocaust to secondary status. She also sustains an uncompromising critique of this period in New York Times history. ‘‘No American newspaper was better positioned to highlight the Holocaust than the Times, and no American newspaper so influenced public discourse by its failure to …
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Deportation And Massacres In The Cipher Telegrams Of The Interior Ministry In The Prime Ministerial Archive (Başbakanlık Arşivi), Taner Akc¸Am
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Despite attempts at cleansing the Ottoman archives, after the armistice of 1918, of material incriminating the Young Turk government in planning to annihilate the Armenians, the prime ministerial archive (Bas bakanl|k Ars ivi, or BOA) in Istanbul still contains invaluable documentation on the Armenian Genocide. Contrary to the common belief, which suggests that the Ottoman documents in the BOA were created solely in order to obscure the actions of the Ottoman government, the author argues that this archive contains information that runs completely counter to the official Turkish denial thesis and actually elucidates both the intent of Ottoman authorities and …
Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, And The Potential For Genocidal Violence In The Dominican Republic, Edward Paulino
Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, And The Potential For Genocidal Violence In The Dominican Republic, Edward Paulino
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Following the 2005 murder of a Dominican woman near the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haitian communities were deported en masse and their homes violently ransacked by Dominican civilians seeking revenge. These violent expulsions were not only human-rights violations but part of a historic pattern of anti-Haitianism in the Dominican Republic that originated in the nineteenth century. This article calls attention to the possibility of genocidal violence in the Dominican Republic by examining the violent 2005 attacks on the Haitian community there. It suggests that an anti-Haitian legacy that includes the 1937 Haitian Massacre and the contemporary and …
The Significance Of The Armenian Genocide After Ninety Years, Roger W. Smith
The Significance Of The Armenian Genocide After Ninety Years, Roger W. Smith
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Each genocide provides a foundation for subsequent horrors. Each historical misrepresentation of efforts to exterminate a particular ethnic group increases the likelihood that such efforts will be undertaken again in another time and place.
The “Odious Scourge”: Evolving Interpretations Of The Crime Of Genocide, William A. Schabas
The “Odious Scourge”: Evolving Interpretations Of The Crime Of Genocide, William A. Schabas
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The crime of genocide was defined in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in reaction to the concept of crimes against humanity developed at Nuremberg, which insisted upon a connection with aggressive war in prosecutions for atrocity crimes. The convention stated genocide could be committed in time of peace, but it also narrowed the scope of the crime itself to the intentional destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Cultural genocide was intentionally excluded. Although the text of the definition remains unchanged, judicial interpretation has broadened it significantly. Recent decisions have …
Author Biographies
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Full Issue 1.2
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
The Ottoman Documents And The Genocidal Policies Of The Committee For Union And Progress (İttihat Ve Terakki) Toward The Armenians In 1915, Taner Akçam
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The author analyzes the Ottoman Archives as a source of information on the Armenian Genocide of 1915. He discusses the contradictory positions of two broad groups of scholars on the reliability of these archives, concluding that the Ottoman Archives agree with the information found in the archives of the United States, Britain, Germany, and Austria. He discusses the various categories of Ottoman documents, which mostly came out during the trials related to the Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1919 to 1921, and makes clear that there was a wide-ranging cleansing operation of the archives after the armistice in 1918. …
The Agency Of “Triggering Mechanisms” As A Factor In The Organization Of The Genocide Against The Armenians Of Kayseri District, Vahakn N. Dadrian
The Agency Of “Triggering Mechanisms” As A Factor In The Organization Of The Genocide Against The Armenians Of Kayseri District, Vahakn N. Dadrian
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Using the notion of a ‘‘triggering mechanism’’ as a guidepost, this article details the sequence of events precipitated by the accidental explosion of a bomb a young Armenian was tinkering with in anticipation of a new round of massacres he hoped to obviate. The ensuing massive and indiscriminate arrests throughout the length and breadth of the district, the attendant use of a variety of methods of torture, and the eventual eradication of the bulk of the district’s Armenian population through courts-martial, followed by serial executions through hanging, deportation, and massacre, are depicted and analyzed to demonstrate the exterminatory thrust of …
The Destruction Of The Armenian Church During The Genocide, Simon Payaslian
The Destruction Of The Armenian Church During The Genocide, Simon Payaslian
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The scholarship on the Armenian Genocide has expanded enormously during the past three decades. Most of these works have focused on the causes and consequences of the genocide, Western responses to and Turkish denial of the genocide, and, more recently, Armenian-Turkish reconciliation. The role of the Armenian Apostolic Church, however, has received little attention in the literature. In addition to its ecclesiastical duties, the Armenian Church has over the centuries performed various secular functions, including, in the Ottoman Empire, acting as the principal representative agency for the Armenian millet. This article briefly examines the responses of the Armenian Patriarchate in …
When Persecution Bleeds Into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature Of Genocide, Uğur Ü. Üngör
When Persecution Bleeds Into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature Of Genocide, Uğur Ü. Üngör
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In the rapidly developing historiography of the Armenian Genocide, the processive character of pre-genocidal persecutions has received less attention than the genocidal process itself. This article treats the persecution of Ottoman Armenians as a cumulative process leading up to a mass-murder campaign in the summer of 1915. It addresses the evolution of CUP policy toward the Armenians through the prism of escalating persecution and the relationship between center and periphery. In order to illustrate the concrete implementation of this process, the province of Diyarbekir will serve as an example to clarify the history of the persecutions.
“When The Cannons Talk, The Diplomats Must Be Silent”: A Danish Diplomat In Constantinople During The Armenian Genocide, Matthias Bjørnlund
“When The Cannons Talk, The Diplomats Must Be Silent”: A Danish Diplomat In Constantinople During The Armenian Genocide, Matthias Bjørnlund
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The envoy Carl Ellis Wandel was the sole Danish diplomatic representative in Constantinople before, during, and after World War I, and between 1914 and 1925 he wrote hundreds of detailed reports on the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, as well as on related subjects. This article analyzes and contextualizes some of his most important reports, showing how these hitherto unknown sources contribute to the understanding of vital aspects of the Armenian Genocide, not least concerning the ongoing scholarly debate between ‘‘intentionalist’’ and ‘‘structuralist’’ interpretations of the event and concerning the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians as a particularly radical part …
Introduction To The Special Issue On Darfur, Samuel Totten, Eric Markusen
Introduction To The Special Issue On Darfur, Samuel Totten, Eric Markusen
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In launching the first issue of Genocide Studies and Prevention, we, the four editors (Alex Alvarez, Herb Hirsch, Eric Markusen, and Samuel Totten), feel compelled to address one of the most pressing issues facing genocide scholars today—the current crisis in Darfur, Sudan. It is a crisis that erupted in early 2003 and continues today. It is one in which government of Sudan troops (GoS) and the Janjaweed (Arab militia) are responsible for the mass murder of an estimated 180,000 black Africans (primarily from the Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit tribal groups) and possibly more than 250,000 others as a result of …
Book Review: Gérard Prunier. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Samuel Totten
Book Review: Gérard Prunier. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Samuel Totten
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Written by a noted expert on East Africa, the Horn, Sudan, and the Great Lakes region of Africa, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide is the first book to attempt to delineate and analyze the various historical antecedents, chronology of events, and ramifications of the current crisis in Darfur, Sudan. In doing do, Ge´rard Prunier, a research professor at the University of Paris, does a yeoman’s job of wrestling with the complexity of historical figures, events, and the Byzantine twists and turns that have taken place within Sudan and Darfur over the past two centuries.
Rwanda And Darfur: A Comparative Analysis, Scott Straus
Rwanda And Darfur: A Comparative Analysis, Scott Straus
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The article presents a comparative analysis of genocide in Rwanda and Darfur. The first half of the article examines the patterns and origins of violence in both cases and uses the comparison to generate some theoretical inferences about the causes of genocide. The analysis finds that both cases demonstrate a similar character of violence but that in Rwanda the violence was more intense, more exterminatory, and more participatory than in Darfur. Both episodes took place in the midst of civil war, in periods of political transition, in countries with histories of ethnic nationalism, and in areas where the conflicting ethnic …
A New Chapter Of Irony: The Legal Implications Of The Darfur Genocide Determination, Jerry Fowler
A New Chapter Of Irony: The Legal Implications Of The Darfur Genocide Determination, Jerry Fowler
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
US Secretary of State Colin Powell determined that genocide as defined in the UN Genocide Convention had occurred in Darfur, but he disclaimed any new obligations as a result of that determination. Under the permissive provisions of Article 8 of the convention, he called upon the UN Security Council to investigate whether genocide or other crimes were being committed, with a view to accountability. The subsequent investigation by a UN Commission of Inquiry concluded, on rather dubious grounds, that the Sudanese government was not responsible for genocide but recommended referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court for purposes …
Holding Leaders Accountable In The International Criminal Court (Icc) For Gender Crimes Committed In Darfur, Kelly Dawn Askin
Holding Leaders Accountable In The International Criminal Court (Icc) For Gender Crimes Committed In Darfur, Kelly Dawn Askin
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article discusses how rape and other forms of sexual violence have been prominent features of the ongoing attacks (from 2003 to the present) committed by government of Sudan (GoS) troops and the Janjaweed (Arab militia) in Darfur, Sudan. It first provides a historical overview of wartime rape in law and society, then discusses some of the many reports (including the UN’s Commission of Inquiry on Darfur) that have documented the perpetration of rape and other forms of sexual violence in Darfur by GoS troops and Janjaweed. Following a discussion of specific cases of rape and other sexual crimes committed …
Editors' Introduction, Alex Alvarez, Herbert Hirsch, Eric Markusen, Samuel Totten
Editors' Introduction, Alex Alvarez, Herbert Hirsch, Eric Markusen, Samuel Totten
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Upon publication of this, the first issue of Genocide Studies and Prevention, we, the four co-editors, are pleased to welcome you, the reader, to these pages. Our aim is to produce a high-quality peer-reviewed journal that addresses cutting-edge issues in the field of genocide studies and related areas such as preventive diplomacy, conflict management, intervention, sanctions, and post-genocidal issues.
Full Issue 1.1
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Why Gsp?, Isreal W. Charney, Roger W. Smith
Why Gsp?, Isreal W. Charney, Roger W. Smith
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal (GSP) is the official journal of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) and is published by the University of Toronto Press through a partnership of the IAGS and the International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (A Division of the Zoryan Institute) (IIGHRS). The two organizations share a deep commitment to the study and prevention of the genocide of all peoples.