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How Is Existential Threat Related To Intergroup Conflict? Introducing The Multidimensional Existential Threat (Met) Model, Gilad Hirschberger, Tsachi Ein-Dor, Bernhard Leidner, Tamar Saguy
How Is Existential Threat Related To Intergroup Conflict? Introducing The Multidimensional Existential Threat (Met) Model, Gilad Hirschberger, Tsachi Ein-Dor, Bernhard Leidner, Tamar Saguy
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
Existential threat lies at the heart of intergroup conflict, but the literature on existential concerns lacks clear conceptualization and integration. To address this problem, we offer a new conceptualization and measurement of existential threat. We establish the reliability and validity of our measure, and to illustrate its utility, we examine whether different existential threats underlie the association between political ideology and support for specific political policies. Study 1 (N = 798) established the construct validity of the scale, and revealed four distinct existential threats: personal death (PD), physical collective annihilation (PA), symbolic collective annihilation (SA), and past victimization (PV). …
Prosocial Reward Learning In Children And Adolescents, Youngbin Kwak, Scott A. Huettel
Prosocial Reward Learning In Children And Adolescents, Youngbin Kwak, Scott A. Huettel
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
Adolescence is a period of increased sensitivity to social contexts. To evaluate how social context sensitivity changes over development—and influences reward learning—we investigated how children and adolescents perceive and integrate rewards for oneself and others during a dynamic risky decision-making task. Children and adolescents (N = 75, 8–16 years) performed the Social Gambling Task (SGT, Kwak et al., 2014) and completed a set of questionnaires measuring other-regarding behavior. In the SGT, participants choose amongst four card decks that have different payout structures for oneself and for a charity. We examined patterns of choices, overall decision strategies, and how …
Reliability Of Sleep Measures From Four Personal Health Monitoring Devices Compared To Research-Based Actigraphy And Polysomnography, Janna Mantua, Nickolas Gravel, Rebecca M.C Spencer
Reliability Of Sleep Measures From Four Personal Health Monitoring Devices Compared To Research-Based Actigraphy And Polysomnography, Janna Mantua, Nickolas Gravel, Rebecca M.C Spencer
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
Polysomnography (PSG) is the “gold standard” for monitoring sleep. Alternatives to PSG are of interest for clinical, research, and personal use. Wrist-worn actigraph devices have been utilized in research settings for measures of sleep for over two decades. Whether sleep measures from commercially available devices are similarly valid is unknown. We sought to determine the validity of five wearable devices: Basis Health Tracker, Misfit Shine, Fitbit Flex, Withings Pulse O2, and a research-based actigraph, Actiwatch Spectrum. We used Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests to assess differences between devices relative to PSG and correlational analysis to assess the strength of the relationship. …
An Application Of Item Response Theory To Psychological Test Development, Cristian Zanon, Claudio S. Hutz, Hanwook Yoo, Ronald K. Hambleton
An Application Of Item Response Theory To Psychological Test Development, Cristian Zanon, Claudio S. Hutz, Hanwook Yoo, Ronald K. Hambleton
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
Item response theory (IRT) has become a popular methodological framework for modeling response data from assessments in education and health; however, its use is not widespread among psychologists. This paper aims to provide a didactic application of IRT and to highlight some of these advantages for psychological test development. IRT was applied to two scales (a positive and a negative affect scale) of a self-report test. Respondents were 853 university students (57 % women) between the ages of 17 and 35 and who answered the scales. IRT analyses revealed that the positive affect scale has items with moderate discrimination and …
Social Justice And Social Order: Binding Moralities Across The Political Spectrum, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, Nate C. Carnes
Social Justice And Social Order: Binding Moralities Across The Political Spectrum, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, Nate C. Carnes
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
Two studies explored the relationship between political ideology and endorsement of a range of moral principles. Political liberals and conservatives did not differ on intrapersonal or interpersonal moralities, which require self-regulation. However differences emerged on collective moralities, which involve social regulation. Contrary to Moral Foundations Theory, both liberals and conservatives endorsed a group-focused binding morality, specifically Social Justice and Social Order respectively. Libertarians were the group without a binding morality. Although Social Justice and Social Order appear conflictual, analyses based on earlier cross-cultural work on societal tightness-looseness suggest that countries actually benefit in terms of economic success and societal well-being …
Roc Curve Analyses Of Eyewitness Identification Decisions: An Analysis Of The Recent Debate, Caren M. Rotello, Tina Chen
Roc Curve Analyses Of Eyewitness Identification Decisions: An Analysis Of The Recent Debate, Caren M. Rotello, Tina Chen
Psychological and Brain Sciences Faculty Publication Series
How should the accuracy of eyewitness identification decisions be measured, so that best practices for identification can be determined? This fundamental question is under intense debate. One side advocates for continued use of a traditional measure of identification accuracy, known as the diagnosticity ratio, whereas the other side argues that receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) should be used instead because diagnosticity is confounded with response bias. Diagnosticity proponents have offered several criticisms of ROCs, which we show are either false or irrelevant to the assessment of eyewitness accuracy. We also show that, like diagnosticity, Bayesian measures of identification accuracy …