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Dose-Response, Vol 10, No 4, Cover

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Dose-Response, Vol 10, No 4, Table Of Contents

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Commentary On The Appropriate Radiation Level For Evacuations, Jerry M. Cuttler

Dose-Response: An International Journal

This commentary reviews the international radiation protection policy that resulted in the evacuation of more than 90,000 residents from areas near the Fukushima Daiichi NPS and the enormous expenditures to protect them against a hypothetical risk of cancer. The basis for the precautionary measures is shown to be invalid; the radiation level chosen for evacuation is not conservative. The actions caused unnecessary fear and suffering. An appropriate level for evacuation is recommended. Radical changes to the ICRP recommendations are long overdue.

Special Issue Introduction, Bobby R Scott, Ludwik Dobrzy´Nski

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Low Doses Of Low-Let Radiation On The Innate Antitumor Reactions In Radioresistant And Radiosensitive Mice, Ewa M. Nowosielska, Aneta Cheda, Jolanta Wrembel-Wargocka, Marek K. Janiak

Dose-Response: An International Journal

BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice differ in their Th1/Th2 lymphocyte and M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes, radiosensitivity, and post-irradiation tumor incidence. In this study we evaluated the effects of repeated low-level exposures to X-rays on the development of artificial tumor colonies in the lungs of animals from the two strains and cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages obtained from these mice. After ten daily irradiations of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice with 0.01, 0.02, and 0.1 Gy X-rays NK cell-enriched splenocytes collected from the animals demonstrated significant and comparable up-regulation of their anti-tumor cytotoxic function. Likewise, peritoneal macrophages collected from the …

Professor Zbigniew Jaworowski – In Memoriam, Ludwik Dobrzyn´Ski, Michael P.R. Waligórski, Marek K. Janiak

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Evacuation Criteria After A Nuclear Accident: A Personal Perspective, Richard Wilson

Dose-Response: An International Journal

In any decision involving radiation a risk-risk or risk-benefit comparison should be done. This can be either explicit or implicit. When the adverse effect of an alternate action is less than the planned action, such as medical use of X rays or nuclear power in ordinary operation, the comparison is simple. But in this paper I argue that with the situation faced by the Japanese in Fukushima, the assumption that the risk of an alternate action is small is false. The risks of unnecessary evacuation exceeded the risk of radiation cancers hypothetically produced by staying in place. This was not …

Dose-Response, Vol 10, No 4, Front Matter

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Low-Dose Gamma-Radiation Inhibits Benzo[A]Pyrene-Induced Lung Adenoma Development In A/J Mice, Veronica R. Bruce, Steven A. Belinsky, Katherine Gott, Yushi Liu, Thomas March, Bobby Scott, Julie Wilder

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDR) may lead to suppression of smoking-related lung cancer. We examined the effects of a known cigarette smoke carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) alone or in combination with fractionated low-dose gamma radiation (60 – 600 mGy total dose) on the induction of lung neoplasms in the A/J mouse. Our results show that 600 mGy of gamma radiation delivered in six biweekly fractions of 100 mGy starting 1 month after B[a]P injection significantly inhibits the development of lung adenomas per animal induced by B[a]P. Our data also indicated that the six biweekly doses suppressed the occurrence of spontaneous hyperplastic foci …

Evidence Supporting Radiation Hormesis In Atomic Bomb Survivor Cancer Mortality Data, Mohan Doss

Dose-Response: An International Journal

A recent update on the atomic bomb survivor cancer mortality data has concluded that excess relative risk (ERR) for solid cancers increases linearly with dose and that zero dose is the best estimate for the threshold, apparently validating the present use of the linear no threshold (LNT) model for estimating the cancer risk from low dose radiation. A major flaw in the standard ERR formalism for estimating cancer risk from radiation (and other carcinogens) is that it ignores the potential for a large systematic bias in the measured baseline cancer mortality rate, which can have a major effect on the …

Potential Treatment Of Inflammatory And Proliferative Diseases By Ultra-Low Doses Of Ionizing Radiations, Charles L. Sanders

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Ultra-low doses and dose- rates of ionizing radiation are effective in preventing disease which suggests that they also may be effective in treating disease. Limited experimental and anecdotal evidence indicates that low radiation doses from radon in mines and spas, thorium-bearing monazite sands and enhanced radioactive uranium ore obtained from a natural geological reactor may be useful in treating many inflammatory conditions and proliferative disorders, including cancer. Optimal therapeutic applications were identified via a literature survey as dose-rates ranging from 7 to 11μGy/hr or 28 to 44 times world average background rates. Rocks from an abandoned uranium mine in Utah …

The Cancer Mortality In High Natural Radiation Areas In Poland, Krzysztof Wojciech Fornalski, Ludwik Dobrzyn´Ski

Dose-Response: An International Journal

The cancer mortality ratios (CMRs) in Poland in high and low level radiation areas were analyzed based on information from national cancer registry. Presented ecological study concerned six regions, extending from the largest administration areas (a group of voivodeships), to the smallest regions (single counties). The data show that the relative risk of cancer deaths is lower in the higher radiation level areas. The decrease by 1.17%/mSv/year (p = 0.02) of all cancer deaths and by 0.82%/mSv/year (p = 0.2) of lung cancers only are observed.

Small Γ-Ray Doses Prevent Rather Than Increase Lung Tumors In Mice, B.R. Scott, V.R. Bruce, K.M. Gott, J. Wilder, T. March

Dose-Response: An International Journal

We show evidence for low doses of γ rays preventing spontaneous hyperplastic foci and adenomas in the lungs of mice, presumably via activating natural anticancer defenses. The evidence partly relates to a new study we conducted whereby a small number of female A/J mice received 6 biweekly dose fractions (100 mGy per fraction) of γ rays to the total body which prevented the occurrence of spontaneous hyperplastic foci in the lung. We also analyzed data from a much earlier Oak Ridge National Laboratory study involving more than 10,000 female RFMf/Un mice whereby single γ-ray doses from 100 to 1,000 mGy …

Shifting The Paradigm In Radiation Safety, Mohan Doss

Dose-Response: An International Journal

The current radiation safety paradigm using the linear no-threshold (LNT) model is based on the premise that even the smallest amount of radiation may cause mutations increasing the risk of cancer. Autopsy studies have shown that the presence of cancer cells is not a decisive factor in the occurrence of clinical cancer. On the other hand, suppression of immune system more than doubles the cancer risk in organ transplant patients, indicating its key role in keeping occult cancers in check. Low dose radiation (LDR) elevates immune response, and so it may reduce rather than increase the risk of cancer. LNT …

The New Radiobiology: Returning To Our Roots, Brant A. Ulsh

Dose-Response: An International Journal

In 2005, two expert advisory bodies examined the evidence on the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. The U.S. National Research Council concluded that current scientific evidence is consistent with the linear no-threshold dose-response relationship (NRCNA 2005) while the French National Academies of Science and Medicine concluded the opposite (Aurengo et al. 2005). These contradictory conclusions may stem in part from an emphasis on epidemiological data (a “top down” approach) versus an emphasis on biological mechanisms (a “bottom up” approach). In this paper, the strengths and limitations of the top down and bottom up approaches are discussed, and proposals …

The Role Of X-Rays In The Treatment Of Gas Gangrene: A Historical Assessment, Edward J. Calabrese, Gaurav Dhawan

Dose-Response: An International Journal

While the use of x-rays to treat patients with gas gangrene ended in the early 1940’s with the advent of antibiotics, x-ray had been widely accepted as a useful and highly effective treatment for this condition. The present paper re-assesses the historical foundations of this belief, the quality of the data, use of confirmatory animal models, and underlying mechanisms that might account for the therapeutic role of x-rays in the treatment of gas gangrene.

Hemopoietic Response To Low Dose-Rates Of Ionizing Radiation Shows Stem Cell Tolerance And Adaptation, Theodor M. Fliedner, Dieter H. Graessle, Viktor Meineke, Ludwig E. Feinendegen

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Chronic exposure of mammals to low dose-rates of ionizing radiation affects proliferating cell systems as a function of both dose-rate and the total dose accumulated. The lower the dose-rate the higher needs to be the total dose for a deterministic effect, i.e., tissue reaction to appear. Stem cells provide for proliferating, maturing and functional cells. Stem cells usually are particularly radiosensitive and damage to them may propagate to cause failure of functional cells. The paper revisits 1) medical histories with emphasis on the hemopoietic system of the victims of ten accidental chronic radiation exposures, 2) published hematological findings of long-term …

Dose-Response.12-001.Nascarella A Special Issue On Nanomaterial Regulations And Health Effects, Barbara D. Beck, Christopher M. Long, Mara R. Seeley, Marc A. Nascarella

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Dose-Response, Vol 10, No 3, Front Matter

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

A Method To Evaluate Hormesis In Nanoparticle Dose-Responses, Marc A. Nascarella, Edward J. Calabrese

Dose-Response: An International Journal

The term hormesis describes a dose-response relationship that is characterized by a response that is opposite above and below the toxicological or pharmacological threshold. Previous reports have shown that this relationship is ubiquitous in the response of pharmaceuticals, metals, organic chemicals, radiation, and physical stressor agents. Recent reports have also indicated that certain nanoparticles (NPs) may also exhibit a hormetic dose-response. We describe the application of three previously described methods to quantify the magnitude of the hormetic biphasic dose-responses in nanotoxicology studies. This methodology is useful in screening assays that attempt to parse the observed toxicological dose-response data into categories …

Practical Implications Of Nanodosimetry In Medicine, Jahangir A. Satti

Dose-Response: An International Journal

The grandiose promises made decades ago of cost reduction, miracle cures for cancers and universal availability of nanomedicine are still a far cry. Even we do not have any viable model to exploit nanotechnology in medicine. The most important arena of the nanotechnology is the development of nanoscale drugs for routine clinical practice. The current chemo protocols are based on maximum tolerable dose philosophy. Such a dose, when translated into active nanoscale clusters, quantitatively outnumbers the cells in an average human body. These nanoscale drug issues are discussed in this paper. A theoretical framework for commonly used drug aspirin has …

European Regulation Affecting Nanomaterials - Review Of Limitations And Future Recommendations, Steffen Foss Hansen, Anders Baun

Dose-Response: An International Journal

After learning about the potential risks associated with various specific nanomaterials, concerns have been raised about adequacy of existing regulation in Europe and what should be done to address any potential regulatory gaps related to nanomaterials. Understanding the limitations of the current regulation in regard to nanomaterials is a starting point in a democratic and transparent process towards adapting existing laws and facilitating an informed discussion about which kind of regulatory options best address the identified limitations. In the following we will introduce key pieces of European legislation affecting nanomaterials, analyze their limitations, and provide a number of recommendations on …

The Trend Towards Implementing The Precautionary Principle In Us Regulation Of Nanomaterials, Jean Warshaw

Dose-Response: An International Journal

The precautionary principle provides a framework for regulating emerging technologies in general and nanomaterials in particular. It counsels action in the presence of uncertainties about risk instead of assuming that nanomaterials are safe unless proven hazardous. Nanomaterials are regulated under different statutory programs depending on whether they are drugs, pesticides or other commercial chemicals. Recent developments in the regulation of nanomaterials that are not drugs or pesticides have demonstrated a trend towards application of the precautionary principle. This is a paradigm shift away from the requirement built into past interpretations of the Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) that manufacturing, processing …

Sub-Chronic Oral Exposure To Iridium (Iii) Chloride Hydrate In Female Wistar Rats: Distribution And Excretion Of The Metal, Ivo Iavicoli, Luca Fontana, Antonio Bergamaschi, Marcelo Enrique Conti, Anna Pino, Daniela Mattei, Beatrice Bocca, Alessandro Alimonti

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Iridium tissue distribution and excretion in female Wistar rats following oral exposure to iridium (III) chloride hydrate in drinking water (from 1 to 1000 ng/ml) in a sub-chronic oral study were determined. Samples of urine, feces, blood and organs (kidneys, liver, lung, spleen and brain) were collected at the end of exposure. The most prominent fractions of iridium were retained in kidney and spleen; smaller amounts were found in lungs, liver and brain. Iridium brain levels were lower than those observed in other tissues but this finding can support the hypothesis of iridium capability to cross the blood brain barrier. …

Hazardous Substances, Cercla, And Nanoparticles – Can The Three Be Reconciled?, John Bashaw

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Toxicology research in the nanotechnology area has focused primarily on human inhalation, ingestion or dermal exposure. Less research has been published on the impact to ecological systems resulting from a release of nanomaterials. Environmental laws such as CERCLA (“Superfund”) address the release of “hazardous substances” by obligating the party releasing the substance to (a) report the release and (b) investigate the nature and extent of the release and to then remediate it to some objective cleanup standard. Applying this regime to the release of nanomaterials, however, is complicated. First, is the nanomaterial a hazardous waste, toxic substance, or hazardous substance …

Dose-Response, Vol 10, No 3, Table Of Contents

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Human Lung Cancer Risks From Radon – Part Iii - Evidence Of Influence Of Combined Bystander And Adaptive Response Effects On Radon Case-Control Studies - A Microdose Analysis, Bobby E Leonard, Richard E Thompson, Georgia C Beecher

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Since the publication of the BEIR VI (1999) report on health risks from radon, a sig- nificant amount of new data has been published showing various mechanisms that may affect the ultimate assessment of radon as a carcinogen, in particular the potentially deleterious Bystander Effect (BE) and the potentially beneficial Adaptive Response radio-protection (AR). The case-control radon lung cancer risk data of the pooled 13 European countries radon study (Darby et al 2005, 2006) and the 8 North American pooled study (Krewski et al 2005, 2006) have been evaluated. The large variation in the odds ratios of lung cancer from …

Dose-Response Vol 10, No 2, Cover

Dose-Response: An International Journal

No abstract provided.

Of Reductionism And The Pendulum Swing: Connecting Toxicology And Human Health, Jaap C Hanekamp, Aalt Bast, Jan Hjm Kwakman

Dose-Response: An International Journal

In this contribution we will show that research in the field of toxicology, pharmacolo- gy and physiology is by and large characterised by a pendulum swing of which the amplitudes represent risks and benefits of exposure. As toxicology usually tests at higher levels than the populace routinely is exposed to, it reverts to mostly linear extrapolative models that express the risks of exposure, irrespective of dosages, only. However, as we will explicate in two examples, depending on dosages, it is less easy to separate risks and benefits than current toxicological research and regulatory efforts suggest. The same chemical compound, in …

Changing The Risk Paradigms Can Be Good For Our Health: J-Shaped, Linear And Threshold Dose-Response Models, Paolo F Ricci, Sr Straja, Al Cox, Jr

Dose-Response: An International Journal

Both the linear (at low doses)-no-threshold (LNT) and the threshold models (S- shapes) dose-response lead to no benefit from low exposure. We propose three new models that allow and include, but do not require – unlike LNT and S-shaped models — this strong assumption. We also provide the means to calculate benefits associated with bi-phasic biological behaviors, when they occur and propose:

1. Three hormetic (phasic) models: the J-shaped, inverse J-shaped, the min-max, and

2. Method for calculating the direct benefits associated with the J and inverse J- shaped models.

The J-shaped and min-max models for mutagens and carcinogenic agents …