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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigations Of The Chemistries Of Soils, T. L. Barr, E. E. Hoppe, S. Hardcastle, S. Seal
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigations Of The Chemistries Of Soils, T. L. Barr, E. E. Hoppe, S. Hardcastle, S. Seal
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The present study continues our x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis investigations of silicate systems, particularly those in contact with biological materials. In the present case, the investigations are extended to a detailed analysis for a wide variety of soil samples extracted from different locations around the world. The samples were selected from relatively pristine sites, pressed into wafers, and were examined without further modification. All of the materials were insulators and therefore analysis required extensive use of the electron flood gun. Careful XPS chemical shift assignments have been achieved for many silicate minerals. These have …
Cryogenic Stabilization Of High Vapor Pressure Samples For Surface Analysis Under Ultrahigh Vacuum Conditions, J. J. Bruckner, K. Wozniak, S. Hardcastle, A. Sklyarov, S. Seal, T. L. Barr
Cryogenic Stabilization Of High Vapor Pressure Samples For Surface Analysis Under Ultrahigh Vacuum Conditions, J. J. Bruckner, K. Wozniak, S. Hardcastle, A. Sklyarov, S. Seal, T. L. Barr
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
A novel form of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) cryogenic stabilization has been used to obtain high-resolution x-ray photoelectron - spectroscopy (XPS) data from a complex amine, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino) naphthalene, whose solid phase exhibited at room temperature an unacceptably high rate of sublimation. Protonated versions of the amine exhibit hydrogen bonding. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis chemical shifts can be used to describe the strength and asymmetry of hydrogen bonding formed in proton sponge complexes. Analyzing the binding energy shifts of N (1s) induced by the presence of this hydrogen bonding required obtaining corresponding XPS spectra from the nonprotonated (reference) sample, but the …
Inner-Shell Photoexcitation In An Open-Shell Atom: The Cl 2p -> Ns,Md Spectrum As A Case Study, C. D. Caldwell, M. O. Krause, R. D. Cowman, A. Menzel, S. B. Whitfield, S. Hallman, S. P. Frigo, M. C. Severson
Inner-Shell Photoexcitation In An Open-Shell Atom: The Cl 2p -> Ns,Md Spectrum As A Case Study, C. D. Caldwell, M. O. Krause, R. D. Cowman, A. Menzel, S. B. Whitfield, S. Hallman, S. P. Frigo, M. C. Severson
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The 2p-- > ns,md excitation spectrum has been measured and calculated for the open-shell C1 atom. A satisfactory accord between experiment and theory was found. Rydberg series cannot be discerned for transitions leading to a 2p, 3p, n iota open-shell configuration. The 4s,3d manifolds are dominant, and the 2p-3p coupling is seen to be much stronger than the 3p-n iota coupling. Very narrow widths, 16 to 22 meV, for the 4s and 3d lines an observed. By contrast, only broad structures appear in the region of the highest excitations.
Transverse Strain Responses In Electrostrictive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) Films And Development Of A Dilatometer For The Measurement, Z. -Y. Cheng, Vivek Bharti, T. -B. Xu, Shexi Wang, Q. M. Zhang, T. Ramotowski, F. Tito, R. Ting
Transverse Strain Responses In Electrostrictive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) Films And Development Of A Dilatometer For The Measurement, Z. -Y. Cheng, Vivek Bharti, T. -B. Xu, Shexi Wang, Q. M. Zhang, T. Ramotowski, F. Tito, R. Ting
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
A dilatometer based on the cantilever beam concept has been developed. The dilatometer is easy to use and capable of measuring transverse strain response of soft polymer films in a broad strain range (from 10(-7) to 10(-1)) without mechanical constraining of the sample. It is capable of detecting strain over a relatively wide frequency range from mHz to above 100 Hz under different load and temperature. Using the setup, the electric field induced transverse strains of the electrostrictive poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer films were characterized which shows that a large transverse strain can be achieved in this class of polymer. In …
Second-Harmonic Generation In Reactive-Ion Etched N ' Ethyl N-Ethanol-4-(Nitrophenylazo)Phenylamino Polymer Waveguides At Telecommunication Wavelengths, Wook-Rae Choo, Vincent Ricci, Tomáš Pliška, Michael Canva, George I. Stegeman
Second-Harmonic Generation In Reactive-Ion Etched N ' Ethyl N-Ethanol-4-(Nitrophenylazo)Phenylamino Polymer Waveguides At Telecommunication Wavelengths, Wook-Rae Choo, Vincent Ricci, Tomáš Pliška, Michael Canva, George I. Stegeman
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Second-harmonic generation using modal dispersion phase matching has been demonstrated in reactive-ion etched waveguides based on the organic nonlinear polymer poly (methyl methacrylate)-Disperse Red 1 [N' ethyl N-ethanol-4-(nitrophenylazo)phenylamino]. The measured propagation losses were 6 dB/cm at the fundamental and 10 dB/cm at the second-harmonic wavelength, dramatically less than we obtained previously for the harmonic in photobleached waveguides. A figure of merit of eta=0.1%/W for second-harmonic generation was obtained with a modest nonlinearity of 3 pm/V at 1607 nm in a 2 mm long waveguide.
Intensity Dependent Transmission Dynamics In Magnetic Fluids, Tengda Du, Weili Luo
Intensity Dependent Transmission Dynamics In Magnetic Fluids, Tengda Du, Weili Luo
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The time dependent transmission is observed when a laser beam passes through a thin layer of a magnetic fluid. We found that the transmission reaches a peak at a time that depends on the intensity of the incident beam-the peak position shifts to shorter time when the input intensity is increased. The peak value of transmitted power decreases with increasing magnetic field. A simplified model is provided to explain these complex dynamics.
Diode-Pumped Self-Frequency Doubling In A Nd3+: Yca4o(Bo3)(3) Laser, J. M. Eichenholz, D. A. Hammons, L. Shah, Q. Ye, R. E. Peale, M. Richardson, B. H. T. Chai
Diode-Pumped Self-Frequency Doubling In A Nd3+: Yca4o(Bo3)(3) Laser, J. M. Eichenholz, D. A. Hammons, L. Shah, Q. Ye, R. E. Peale, M. Richardson, B. H. T. Chai
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
We report efficient, diode-pumped, self-frequency doubling (SFD) in the newly developed laser crystal Nd3+:YCa4O(BO3)(3). More than 350 mW of fundamental output power at 1060 nm was achieved with a slope efficiency of 51%. With one watt of absorbed pump power, 62 mW of green cw laser emission at 530 nm was observed with proper phase matching. This initial performance, and the good optical properties of the crystalline host, are encouraging for the development of a high power diode-pumped SFD visible light laser source.
Effects Of Laser Mode And Scanning Direction On Melt Pool Shape, K. Farooq, A. Kar
Effects Of Laser Mode And Scanning Direction On Melt Pool Shape, K. Farooq, A. Kar
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
A three-dimensional quasi-steady-state mathematical model is presented for laser heating with a multimode beam. The effects of laser beam scanning direction on the melt pool shape are investigated through the conduction analysis without phase change. The maximum temperature is found to be behind the center of the focal spot due to advection. The isotherms ahead of the focal spot bunch together and spread apart behind the focal spot on the surface of the workpiece due to the same effect. The temperature profile shows four distinct peaks as a result of four intensity peaks. Scanning direction affects the melt pool shape …
Local And External Factors Affecting The Photodegradation Of 4n,N '-Dimethylamino-4 ' Nitrostilbene Polymer Films, Adriana Galvan-Gonzalez, Michael Canva, George I. Stegeman
Local And External Factors Affecting The Photodegradation Of 4n,N '-Dimethylamino-4 ' Nitrostilbene Polymer Films, Adriana Galvan-Gonzalez, Michael Canva, George I. Stegeman
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The photodegradation of the electro-optic chromophore 4N,N'-dimethylamino-4'nitrostilbene was investigated as a function of wavelength, temperature, local atmosphere, and local molecular environment, i.e., attached as a side chain to a polymer or dissolved as a guest in a host polymer.
Ensemble Density-Functional Approach To Charge-Spin Textures In Inhomogeneous Quantum Hall Systems, O. Heinonen, J. M. Kinaret, M. D. Johnson
Ensemble Density-Functional Approach To Charge-Spin Textures In Inhomogeneous Quantum Hall Systems, O. Heinonen, J. M. Kinaret, M. D. Johnson
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
We extend our ensemble density-functional approach to quantum Hall systems to include noncollinear spins to study charge-spin textures in inhomogeneous quantum Hall systems. We have studied the edge reconstruction in quantum dots at unit bulk filling factor and at 1/3 bulk filling factor as a function of the stiffness of an external confining potential. For soft enough edges, these systems reconstruct to a state in which the electron spins rotate gently as the edge is approached, with a nontrivial spin-charge texture at the edge of the system.
Nscat High-Resolution Surface Wind Measurements In Typhoon Violet, W. Linwood Jones, Vincent J. Cardone, Willard J. Pierson, Josko Zec, Larry P. Rice, Andrew Cox, Winfield B. Sylvester
Nscat High-Resolution Surface Wind Measurements In Typhoon Violet, W. Linwood Jones, Vincent J. Cardone, Willard J. Pierson, Josko Zec, Larry P. Rice, Andrew Cox, Winfield B. Sylvester
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) measurements of the western Pacific Supertyphoon Violet are presented for revolutions 478 and 485 that occurred in September 1996. A tropical cyclone planetary boundary layer numerical, model, which uses conventional meteorological and geostationary cloud data, is used to estimate the winds at 10-m elevation in the cyclone. These model winds are then compared with the winds inferred from the NSCAT backscatter data by means of a novel approach that allows a wind speed to be recovered from each individual backscatter cell. This spatial adaptive (wind vector) retrieval algorithm employs several unique steps. The backscatter values are first …
Synthesis And Current-Voltage Characterization Of Tin Dioxide Varistors, A. S. Kale, S. Seal, S. K. Date, P. N. Santhosh, R. N. Barve
Synthesis And Current-Voltage Characterization Of Tin Dioxide Varistors, A. S. Kale, S. Seal, S. K. Date, P. N. Santhosh, R. N. Barve
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
An overview of the steady state electrical properties of tin dioxide varistors is presented. The varistors are manufactured in two ways: (1) a ceramic route by mixing and compaction of tin dioxide powder with various dopants and (2) a sol-gel method, where dopants are dispersed in their aqueous solutions. For a quantitative agreement with the experimental data,the electronic defect states in the bulk of the tin dioxide grains and at the grain boundary interfaces are studied. Scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction are employed to study the morphological and structural aspects of tin dioxide varistors. The effect of various sintering …
Numerical Modeling Of Thermal Refraction In Liquids In The Transient Regime, Dmitriy I. Kovsh, David J. Hagan, Eric W. Van Stryland
Numerical Modeling Of Thermal Refraction In Liquids In The Transient Regime, Dmitriy I. Kovsh, David J. Hagan, Eric W. Van Stryland
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
We present the results of modeling of nanosecond pulse propagation in optically absorbing liquid media. Acoustic and electromagnetic wave equations must be solved simultaneously to model refractive index changes due to thermal expansion and/or electrostriction, which are highly transient phenomena on a nanosecond time scale. Although we consider situations with cylindrical symmetry and where the paraxial approximation is valid, this is still a computation-intensive problem, as beam propagation through optically thick media must be modeled. We compare the full solution of the acoustic wave equation with the approximation of instantaneous expansion (steady-state solution) and hence determine the regimes of validity …
Partial Photoionization Cross Section And Resonance Structure Of Br, Dong Lin, H. P. Saha
Partial Photoionization Cross Section And Resonance Structure Of Br, Dong Lin, H. P. Saha
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The partial photoionization cross sections for the outer p subshell of the ground state of bromine are calculated in all available open channels as determined by LS coupling for photon energies from the P-3 to S-1 thresholds. The electron correlations which an important in this case have been taken into account using the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock approximation for the hound and the continuum wave functions. The resonance structures between the P-3 and D-1 threshold and between the D-1 and S-1 threshold have been identified. In order to compare with experiment a frame transformation is applied to transform the LS dipole matrix …
Pulse Separation Control For Mode-Locked Far-Infrared P-Ge Lasers, A. V. Muravjov, R. C. Strijbos, C. J. Fredricksen, S. H. Withers, W. Trimble, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Pulse Separation Control For Mode-Locked Far-Infrared P-Ge Lasers, A. V. Muravjov, R. C. Strijbos, C. J. Fredricksen, S. H. Withers, W. Trimble, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Active mode locking of the far-infrared p-Ge laser giving a train of 200 ps pulses is achieved via gain modulation by applying an rf electric field together with an additional bias at one end of the crystal parallel to the Voigt-configured magnetic field. Harmonic mode locking yields a train of pulse pairs with variable time separation from zero to half the roundtrip period, where pulse separation is electrically controlled by the external bias to the rf field.
Broad Band P-Ge Optical Amplifier Of Terahertz Radiation, A. V. Muravjov, S. H. Withers, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Broad Band P-Ge Optical Amplifier Of Terahertz Radiation, A. V. Muravjov, S. H. Withers, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
A solid state broad band amplifier of terahertz radiation (1.5-4 THz), based on intersubband transitions of hot holes in p-Ge is demonstrated. The gain is investigated as a function of applied magnetic and electric fields by transmission measurements using a laser system with two p-Ge active crystals, when one operates as an oscillator and one as an amplifier. A peak gain higher than usually reported for p-Ge lasers has been achieved using time separated excitation of the oscillator and amplifier. Distinct differences in gain dependence on applied fields are noted between low- and high-frequency modes of p-Ge laser operation.
Actively Mode-Locked P-Ge Laser In Faraday Configuration, A. V. Muravjov, S. H. Withers, R. C. Strijbos, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Actively Mode-Locked P-Ge Laser In Faraday Configuration, A. V. Muravjov, S. H. Withers, R. C. Strijbos, S. G. Pavlov, V. N. Shastin, R. E. Peale
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Active mode locking of the far-infrared p-Ge laser has been achieved in the Faraday configuration of electric and magnetic fields applied to the laser crystal. The laser generates 200 ps pulses of 80-110 cm(-1) radiation with a laser-cavity roundtrip frequency of 454 MHz. The mechanism of gain modulation by the external rf electric field is based on induced electric-field gradients inside the active crystal and requires less rf power than was found previously for Voigt geometry.
Review: Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism And The Rise Of The Jews, Bruce F. Pauley
Review: Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism And The Rise Of The Jews, Bruce F. Pauley
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
No abstract provided.
Statistical Estimation Of Locations Of Lightning Events, Marianna Pensky, John R. Cannon
Statistical Estimation Of Locations Of Lightning Events, Marianna Pensky, John R. Cannon
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
In this paper, a statistical approach to the retrieval of lightning locations is proposed for the first time. This novel approach views the errors of the time measurements as random variables rather than unknown numbers. The unknown location (x, y, z) as well as the standard deviation a of the errors are treated as unknown parameters of a statistical model and are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations these statistical estimators are compared with the least squares estimators (LSE), as well as the solutions of the system of linear equations proposed …
Visible Light Emission From Dyes Excited By Simultaneous Absorption Of Two Different Frequency Beams Of Light, Alexandra Rapaport, Karine Ayrault, Eyitope St. Matthew-Daniel, Michael Bass
Visible Light Emission From Dyes Excited By Simultaneous Absorption Of Two Different Frequency Beams Of Light, Alexandra Rapaport, Karine Ayrault, Eyitope St. Matthew-Daniel, Michael Bass
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Emission of visible light by dyes in both liquid and polymer hosts is reported when excited by simultaneous absorption of infrared light from two different wavelength sources. By moving the intersection point of these two beams about within the volume of the dye-doped medium, one can create a true, real-time, three-dimensional display.
Processing And Characterization Of Nanometer Sized Copper Sulfide Particles, S. Seal, L. Bracho, S. Shukla, J. Morgiel
Processing And Characterization Of Nanometer Sized Copper Sulfide Particles, S. Seal, L. Bracho, S. Shukla, J. Morgiel
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Nanomaterials have attracted considerable, attention in modern-day technology. In this article, sulfide nanoparticles of industrial interest are formed by the sol-gel process using metal chloride precursors dissolved in a mixture of silica gel and organic cellulose network followed by a chemical reaction with hydrogen sulfide gas. Particles are then heated in a vacuum oven. While scanning and transmission electron microscopy are used to study their morphology and structure in the nanometer scale, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to understand the bonding chemistry and the stoichiometry of the sulfide particles as a function of H2S exposure and heat treatment. The results …
Role Of Surface Chemistry On The Nature Of Passive Oxide Film Growth On Fe-Cr (Low And High) Steels At High Temperatures, S. Seal, R. Nardelli, A. Kale, V. Desai, E. Armacanqui
Role Of Surface Chemistry On The Nature Of Passive Oxide Film Growth On Fe-Cr (Low And High) Steels At High Temperatures, S. Seal, R. Nardelli, A. Kale, V. Desai, E. Armacanqui
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
High temperature materials degradation or protection of Fe-Cr alloys are often related to the nature of their oxide scale formation. Breakdown of passive oxide films lead to localized corrosion. Various alloying elements are often incorporated in these alloys to prevent high temperature oxidation. The addition of selected alloying elements is cumbersome and not always cost effective. In this article, we investigate the role of rare earth oxide coatings on high temperature corrosion prevention of both low and high Cr steel. An in situ high temperature oxidation setup has been built to study the oxidation kinetics of both coated and uncoated …
Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer On A Flat Plate: Further Analytic Results, Bhimsen K. Shivamoggi, David K. Rollins
Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer On A Flat Plate: Further Analytic Results, Bhimsen K. Shivamoggi, David K. Rollins
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Further analytic results are deduced with the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer equations for a flat plate. The asymptotic behavior of the solutions is deduced using the scaling group method. Then, an analytic perturbative procedure is used to determine an approximate solution that exhibits this asymptotic behavior.
Unique Properties Of Quadratic Solitons, G. I. Stegeman, R. Fuerst, R. Malendevich, R. Schiek, Y. Baek, I. Bauman, W. Sohler, G. Leo, G. Assanto, Ch. Bosshard, P. Günter
Unique Properties Of Quadratic Solitons, G. I. Stegeman, R. Fuerst, R. Malendevich, R. Schiek, Y. Baek, I. Bauman, W. Sohler, G. Leo, G. Assanto, Ch. Bosshard, P. Günter
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Quadratic spatial solitons exist in media with second order nonlinearities near the phase-matching condition for frequency mixing processes involving two or three waves of different frequency. Discussed here are a number of properties of these special solitons which are different from those of other spatial solitons which rely on optically induced index changes for guiding. First, the self-guiding properties of quadratic solitons are shown to have completely different origins than solitons which rely on index changes. Second, it is shown that there exists a large variety of quadratic solitons which contain two or three distinct spectral components with relative amplitudes …
Studies On Passivation Behavior Of Tungsten In Application To Chemical Mechanical Polishing, D. Tamboli, S. Seal, V. Desai, A. Maury
Studies On Passivation Behavior Of Tungsten In Application To Chemical Mechanical Polishing, D. Tamboli, S. Seal, V. Desai, A. Maury
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is considered to be the enabling technology for meeting the planarization requirements in < 0.35 mu m feature sized multilevel semiconductor device fabrication. CMP of tungsten is done in order to planarize and remove excess tungsten in the process to form inter-level contacts. Considerable importance is given to the role played by the passive oxide film formation on the surface during tungsten CMP. In this study, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ICPS) is used to understand the oxide growth mechanism in tungsten. Tungsten wafers are polarized to different anodic potentials in static pH 4 solutions of KIO3 and H2O2, two commonly used oxidizers in CMP. XPS measurements are employed to probe the chemical and stoichiometric changes in the surface oxide films treated under these conditions. These results are then compared with the electrochemical polarization results.
Invariant Painleve Analysis And Coherent Structures Of Two Families Of Reaction-Diffusion Equations, Ugur Tanriver, S. Roy Choudhury
Invariant Painleve Analysis And Coherent Structures Of Two Families Of Reaction-Diffusion Equations, Ugur Tanriver, S. Roy Choudhury
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Exact closed-form coherent structures (pulses/fronts/domain walls) having the form of complicated traveling waves are constructed for two families of reaction-diffusion equations by the use of invariant Painleveacute analysis. These analytical solutions, which are derived directly from the underlying PDE's, are investigated in the light of restrictions imposed by the ODE that any traveling wave reduction of the corresponding PDE must satisfy. In particular, it is shown that the coherent structures (a) asymptotically satisfy the ODE governing traveling wave reductions, and (b) are accessible to the PDE from compact support initial conditions. The solutions are compared with each other, and with …
Quasi-Analytical Solutions For Apsidal Motion In The Three-Body Problem: Sun - Minor Planet - Jupiter, Wan Xian Wang, N. Y. Misconi
Quasi-Analytical Solutions For Apsidal Motion In The Three-Body Problem: Sun - Minor Planet - Jupiter, Wan Xian Wang, N. Y. Misconi
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
This paper deals with the effect of a third body on the apsidal motion of two bodies. The specific case involves a third body-planet Jupiter and the apsidal line motion of a minor planet that orbits the Sun and has its apsidal line go through the major axis of an ellipse. The third body (Jupiter) which satisfies the Langrangian solution will affect the apsidal line motion and therefore affects the ascending and descending motions of the minor planet. In this case no analytical solutions can be obtained, and therefore specific assumptions are made along with numerical solutions. For convenience, we …
Histogram Specification Of 24-Bit Color Images In The Color Difference (C-Y) Color Space, A. R. Weeks, L. J. Sartor, H. R. Myler
Histogram Specification Of 24-Bit Color Images In The Color Difference (C-Y) Color Space, A. R. Weeks, L. J. Sartor, H. R. Myler
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Histogram equalization and specification have been widely used to enhance information in a gray scale image, with histogram specification having the advantage of allowing the output histogram to be specified as compared to histogram equalization, which attempts to produce an output histogram that is uniform Unfortunately, expanding histogram techniques to color images is not very straightforward Since humans are sensitive to chromatic changes, care must be taken to ensure that incorrect colors are not produced. Additionally expanding the one-dimensional histogram used in gray level histogram techniques to a joint histogram (usually of three variables representing the primary colors of red, …
Nscat Normalized Radar Backscattering Coefficient Biases Using Homogenous Land Targets, Josko Zec, David G. Long, W. Linwood Jones
Nscat Normalized Radar Backscattering Coefficient Biases Using Homogenous Land Targets, Josko Zec, David G. Long, W. Linwood Jones
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
The NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) is a spaceborne radar sensor designed to measure the normalized radar backscattering coefficient sigma(o) of the Earth's surface. Over the ocean, backscatter measurements are used to infer surface wind vectors. Wind retrieval is based on a statistical relationship between short-ocean wave roughness (that causes the backscatter) and the surface wind speed and direction. For NSCAT geometry, multiple antennas are used to provide backscatter measurements at several azimuth directions to resolve wind direction ambiguities. To achieve the desired wind vector accuracy, these antenna beams must be calibrated within a few tenths of a decibel. A simple relative-calibration …
Nitrogen Incorporation And Trace Element Analysis Of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films By Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, D. Zhou, F. A. Stevie, L. Chow, J. Mckinley, H. Gnaser, V. H. Desai
Nitrogen Incorporation And Trace Element Analysis Of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films By Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, D. Zhou, F. A. Stevie, L. Chow, J. Mckinley, H. Gnaser, V. H. Desai
Faculty Bibliography 1990s
Nitrogen has been successfully incorporated into nanocrystalline diamond films produced by a CH4/N-2 microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. High mass resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) characterization shows that the density of the incorporated nitrogen, monitored via CN-, can be as high as 10(21) atoms/cm(3) depending on the ratio of CH4 to N-2 in the reactant gas and on the substrate temperature used for the film preparation. SIMS depth profiles demonstrate that the incorporated nitrogen is uniform within the diamond films (about 1.5 mu m thick) except at the surfaces and at the interface between film and substrate. Furthermore, …