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Investigating Effects Of Between- And Within- Host Variability On Escherichia Coli O157 Shedding Pattern And Transmission, Shi Chen, Mike Sanderson, Cristina Lanzas
Investigating Effects Of Between- And Within- Host Variability On Escherichia Coli O157 Shedding Pattern And Transmission, Shi Chen, Mike Sanderson, Cristina Lanzas
Cristina Lanzas
Healthy cattle and their environment are the reservoir for the human pathogen Escherichia coli O157. In E. coli O157 epidemiology, supershedders have been loosely defined as cattle that shed high concentrations of E. coli O157 (≥104 colony-forming cells (CFU)/g of feces) at a single (or multiple) cross-section in time. Due to the variability in the pathogen shedding level among animals (between-host variability), as well as fluctuations in the level shed by a single animal (within-host variability), it is difficult to interpret fecal bacteria distributions, as well as to parse the relative contribution of between- and within-host variability to the observed …
A Hungry Industry On Rolling Regulations: A Look At Food Truck Regulations In Cities Across The United States, Crystal T. Williams
A Hungry Industry On Rolling Regulations: A Look At Food Truck Regulations In Cities Across The United States, Crystal T. Williams
Crystal Williams
Although street vending has always been a part of the American food economy, in recent years, modern food trucks have become a dining trend that is sweeping the country. With the booming popularity of food trucks, cities across the country are considering ways to regulate the growing number of vendors selling convenient and creative meals to patrons. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of regulations and ordinances that govern the operation of mobile food units, commonly known as food trucks, in a variety of American cities. Food trucks are regulated by local government agencies, which take …
A Hungry Industry On Rolling Regulations: A Look At Food Truck Regulations In Cities Across The United States, Crystal Williams
A Hungry Industry On Rolling Regulations: A Look At Food Truck Regulations In Cities Across The United States, Crystal Williams
Crystal Williams
Although street vending has always been a part of the American food economy, in recent years, modern food trucks have become a dining trend that is sweeping the country. With the booming popularity of food trucks, cities across the country are considering ways to regulate the growing number of vendors selling convenient and creative meals to patrons. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of regulations and ordinances that govern the operation of mobile food units, commonly known as food trucks, in a variety of American cities. Food trucks are regulated by local government agencies, which take …
Mathematical Modeling Of The Transmission And Control Of Foodborne Pathogens And Antimicrobial Resistance At Preharvest, Cristina Lanzas, Zhao Lu, Yrjo T. Grohn
Mathematical Modeling Of The Transmission And Control Of Foodborne Pathogens And Antimicrobial Resistance At Preharvest, Cristina Lanzas, Zhao Lu, Yrjo T. Grohn
Cristina Lanzas
Foodborne diseases are a significant health care and economical burden. Most foodborne pathogens are enteric pathogens harbored in the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals. Understanding the transmission of foodborne pathogens and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance at the farm level is necessary to design effective control strategies at preharvest. Mathematical models improve our understanding of pathogen dynamics by providing a theoretical framework in which factors affecting transmission and the control of the pathogens can be explicitly considered. In this review, we aim to present the principles underlying the mathematical modeling of foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance at the farm level to …
Modeling On-Farm Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Population Dynamics, P Ayscue, Cristina Lanzas, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Modeling On-Farm Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Population Dynamics, P Ayscue, Cristina Lanzas, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Cristina Lanzas
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a potentially fatal foodborne pathogen with a putative reservoir for human infection in feedlot cattle. In order to more effectively identify targets for intervention strategies, we aimed to (1) assess the role of various feedlot habitats in E. coli O157:H7 propagation and (2) provide a framework for examining the relative contributions of animals and the surrounding environment to observed pathogen dynamics. To meet these goals we developed a mathematical model based on an ecological metapopulation framework to track bacterial population dynamics inside and outside the host. We used E. coli O157:H7 microbiological and epidemiological literature to …
Between Market And The State: Regulating Food Safety In The Wake Of Pet Food And Frozen Dumplings Incidents, Dongsheng Zang
Between Market And The State: Regulating Food Safety In The Wake Of Pet Food And Frozen Dumplings Incidents, Dongsheng Zang
Dongsheng Zang
Food safety has become a widespread concern for consumers in China’s major trading partners. This article looks into the details of legal responses to food safety incidents in Japan, the United States and China. What the three countries have in common is what I label “inspection-based” approach to food safety. In Japan, after the frozen dumpling incident, people are proposing setting up a “comprehensive” regulatory agency. In the United States, the Bush Administration signed a bilateral agreement with China, making China’s product quality agency—AQSIQ—a certifying agent of the FDA. In China, the government launches national law enforcement campaigns on food …
Bureaucracy, Bacteria, And Blame: Risk Based Inspection Systems And The Modern Food Saftey Scheme, Educating Americans To Just Do It Well Done, Heather N. Sutton
Bureaucracy, Bacteria, And Blame: Risk Based Inspection Systems And The Modern Food Saftey Scheme, Educating Americans To Just Do It Well Done, Heather N. Sutton
Heather N. Sutton
This comment focuses on the recent implementation of the risk based inspection system (RBIS) by the United States Department of Agriculture. A discussion of food safety evolution and consideration of the impact of the system, pre-RBIS and post-RBIS, concludes that consumer savviness is not adequately taken into account and that education as to food safety and risk is the most efficient and necessary component to government efforts to address consumer health as related to food consumption.
The Effect Of Heterogeneous Infectious Period And Contagiousness On The Dynamics Of Salmonella Transmission In Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Brien, R Ivanek, Y Lo, P P. Chapagain, K A. Ray, P Ayscue, L D. Warnick, Y T. Grohn
The Effect Of Heterogeneous Infectious Period And Contagiousness On The Dynamics Of Salmonella Transmission In Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Brien, R Ivanek, Y Lo, P P. Chapagain, K A. Ray, P Ayscue, L D. Warnick, Y T. Grohn
Cristina Lanzas
The objective of this study was to address the impact of heterogeneity of infectious period and contagiousness on Salmonella transmission dynamics in dairy cattle populations. We developed three deterministic SIR-type models with two basic infected stages (clinically and subclinically infected). In addition, model 2 included long-term shedders, which were defined as individuals with low contagiousness but long infectious period, and model 3 included super-shedders (individuals with high contagiousness and long infectious period). The simulated dynamics, basic reproduction number (R0) and critical vaccination threshold were studied. Clinically infected individuals were the main force of infection transmission for models 1 and 2. …
The Risk And Control Of Salmonella Outbreaks In Calf-Raising Operations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach, Cristina Lanzas, L D. Warnick, R Ivanek, P Ayscue, D V. Nydam, Y T. Grohn
The Risk And Control Of Salmonella Outbreaks In Calf-Raising Operations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach, Cristina Lanzas, L D. Warnick, R Ivanek, P Ayscue, D V. Nydam, Y T. Grohn
Cristina Lanzas
Salmonellosis in calves has economic and welfare implications, and serves as a potential source of human infections. Our objectives were to assess the risk of Salmonella spread following its introduction into a herd of pre-weaned calves and to evaluate the efficacy of control strategies to prevent and control outbreaks. To meet these objectives, we developed a model of Salmonella transmission within a pre-weaned group of calves based on a well documented outbreak of salmonellosis in a calf-raising operation and other literature. Intervention scenarios were evaluated in both deterministic and stochastic versions of the model. While the basic reproduction number (R0) …