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Cause, Consideration, Promissory Estoppel, And Promises Under Deed: What Our Students Should Know About Enforcement Of Promises In Historical And International Context, Charles R. Calleros
Cause, Consideration, Promissory Estoppel, And Promises Under Deed: What Our Students Should Know About Enforcement Of Promises In Historical And International Context, Charles R. Calleros
Charles R. Calleros
The common law theory of promissory estoppel offers a possible avenue for closing the gap between the civil law concept of cause, which supports enforcement of gratuitous promises, and the common law doctrine of consideration, which does not. Students of U.S. contract law, however, may be surprised to learn that – in contrast to promissory estoppel as an affirmative cause of action in the U.S. – English common law recognizes promissory estoppel only as a defensive shield, except in the limited context of promises relating to ownership of land. Further inquiry into the enforcement of promises under common law reveals …
Examining The Extent Of Anticipatory Coronal Coarticulation: A Long-Term Average Spectrum Analysis, Alexei Kochetov, Christopher Neufeld
Examining The Extent Of Anticipatory Coronal Coarticulation: A Long-Term Average Spectrum Analysis, Alexei Kochetov, Christopher Neufeld
Alexei Kochetov
Phonetic studies of English liquids /r/ and /l/ have shown these consonants can exert strong coarticulatory effects on both adjacent and non-adjacent vowels. The current study investigated local and long-range effects of coronals /l/, /r/, and /d/ in Canadian English. Fourteen speakers were recorded reading the sentences 'We thought it might be a ram/lamb/dam/ham'. Formants F1-F3 and long-term average spectra (LTAS) of 5 vowels preceding the target consonants were calculated and compared to baseline values. The results revealed significant differences between the coronal consonants and the control (/h/) in up to 4 preceding syllables. Formant differences in non-adjacent syllables were …