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2023 Scholarly Productivity Report, Missouri University Of Science And Technology

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Scholarly Productivity Reports

No abstract provided.

Prediction Of Self-Consolidating Concrete Properties Using Xgboost Machine Learning Algorithm: Part 1–Workability, Amine El Mahdi Safhi, Hamed Dabiri, Ahmed Soliman, Kamal Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Interest in Implementing Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) in Major Construction Projects Has Increased Significantly in Recent Years. This Paper Reports the Results of an Extensive Survey of Experimental Data of More Than 1700 SCC Mixtures from over 100 Studies Published in the Last Decade. the Survey Included the SCC Mixture Proportioning, Key Fresh Properties Including Flowability, Passing Ability, and Segregation Resistance, as Well as Some of the Derived Properties (E.g., Paste Volume). the Statistical Analysis of the Reported Parameters Showed Wide Variations in Values. the Outcome of the Survey Indicates that SCC Mixture Design and Workability Properties Do Not Systematically …

Design And Performance Of Fiber-Reinforced Shrinkage Compensating Eco-Friendly Concrete, Kamran Aghaee, Kamal Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Eco-Crete is an ecological and economical concrete that benefits from high packing density of solid materials and reduced paste. Eco-Crete can enhance the service life of structures by reducing the risk of shrinkage cracking. In this study, shrinkage mitigating materials included an expansive agent (EA), a shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA), and a lightweight sand (LWS), as well as steel and synthetic fibers were used to minimize the risk of cracking. A total of 35 fiber-reinforced Eco-Crete mixtures were prepared with 350 kg/m3 of cementitious materials and 55 % substitution of fly ash and slag. Key fresh and mechanical properties in …

Mesenchymal Stem Cells In The Treatment Of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Erica Lang, Julie A. Semon

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a Disease Caused by Mutations in Different Genes Resulting in Mild, Severe, or Lethal Forms. with No Cure, Researchers Have Investigated the Use of Cell Therapy to Correct the Underlying Molecular Defects of OI. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Are of Particular Interest Because of their Differentiation Capacity, Immunomodulatory Effects, and their Ability to Migrate to Sites of Damage. MSCs Can Be Isolated from Different Sources, Expanded in Culture, and Have Been Shown to Be Safe in Numerous Clinical Applications. This Review Summarizes the Preclinical and Clinical Studies of MSCs in the Treatment of OI. Altogether, the …

Stochastic Modeling Of Decarbonizing Strategy, Policy, And Market-Induced Incentives For The Us Electricity Sector, Jessica W.A. Azure, Samuel Frimpong, Mahelet G. Fikru

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In line with the global pursuit of achieving net-zero carbon emissions, integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS) and renewable energy (RE) technologies is important in power production. This study evaluates the profitability of CCS and RE technologies as alternative ways of achieving climate change goals. While past research focused on costs, technological advancements, and capture methods, there is a need for more studies on assessing the financial feasibility of these climate change solutions under uncertain conditions, alongside specific performance goals and strategies to entice power producers. Using a comprehensive framework featuring deterministic and stochastic modeling approaches, this research explores the …

Preclassic Environmental Degradation Of Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala, By The Early Maya Of Nixtun-Ch’Ich’, Brooke A. Birkett, Jonathan Obrist-Farner, Prudence M. Rice, Wesley G. Parker, Peter M.J. Douglas, Melissa A. Berke, Audrey K. Taylor, Jason H. Curtis, Benjamin Keenan

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Paleolimnological Evidence Indicates the Ancient Maya Transformed Terrestrial Ecosystems by Felling Forest Vegetation to Construct Large Civic-Ceremonial Centers and to Expand Agriculture. Human Settlements Influenced Lacustrine Environments But the Effects of Maya Activities on Aquatic Ecosystems Remain Poorly Studied. Here We Analyzed a Sediment Core from Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala, to Infer Paleoenvironmental Changes Resulting from Maya Occupation of the Archaeological Site of Nixtun-Ch'ich'. Increases in Charcoal and Fecal Stanol Concentrations Indicate Maya Occupation of the Candelaria Peninsula by the Late Early Preclassic Period. Geochemical Proxies Reveal a Period of Lake Ecosystem Alteration during Construction and Expansion of the City's …

A Novel Renewable Energy Powered Zero Liquid Discharge Scheme For Ro Desalination Applications, Mamdouh A. Gadalla, Amr Abdel Fatah, Hany A. Elazab

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work proposes a conceptual model for a Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) for Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination. The model describes a Process Flow Diagram (PFD). The proposed process relies on an RO followed by electrolyser, solar evaporator and mixing tank. The water reject from the RO is split into three fractions, one to an electrolyser to produce H2, another to solar evaporator to produce fresh water, third is remixed with water from the evaporator to reduce the salinity of the RO feed. The hydrogen produced in the electrolyser is burned and its energy is stored using cement blocks. The evaporator …

Graphical Analysis And Revamping Of Crude Distillation Units Under Variable Operational Scenarios, Amany G. Abo-Mousa, Dina A. Kamel, Hany A. Elazab, Mamdouh A. Gadalla, Mai K. Fouad

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Energy Cost Represents a Significant Part of the Total Operating Costs of Many Processing Units. Crude Distillation is an Energy Intensive Process. Energy Integration is a Typical Solution to Reduce Heating and Cooling Utilities through Maximizing the Target Temperature of Crude Oil Streams Before Entering the Furnace. over the Past Few Decades, Significant Progress Has Been Made in Energy Integration Methods Including Pinch Technology and Mathematical Programming Approaches. Very Recently, Graphical Techniques Have Been Developed for Revamping Studies and Energy Analysis. Such Diagrams Are Valuable in Energy Targeting to Identity Energy Inefficiencies and Are Key to Potential Modifications for Maximum …

Electromagnetic-Thermal Co-Design Of Base Station Antennas With All-Metal Ebg Structures, Huan Huan Zhang, Jun Bo Chao, Yi Wei Wang, Ying Liu, Yun Xue Xu, Heming Yao, Lijun Jiang, Xiang Hua Li

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In order to improve the heat dissipation capability of the 5G base station, the electromagnetic and thermal performances of a base station antenna array are co-designed by adopting all-metal electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The geometrical dimension of the EBG structure is determined through balancing the electromagnetic and thermal performances of the antenna array. The operating frequency band (voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 1.5) of the proposed antenna array can cover 3.4-3.8 GHz. Its realized gains, isolation, cross-polarized discrimination ratio, and half-power beamwidth are satisfactory compared with other state-of-the-art base station antennas. Most importantly, more than 9 C temperature reduction can be observed when comparing the heat dissipation capability of the proposed antenna array with the reference antenna array.

Data-Driven Scheme For Joint Estimation Of Direction-Of-Arrival And Frequency With Uniform Linear Array, Yanming Zhang, Lijun Jiang, Hsi Tseng Chou

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This article presents a two-step dynamic mode decomposition (TSDMD) approach to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) and frequency for multiple narrow-band sources with single uniform linear array (ULA). The proposed algorithm first decomposes the receiving spatial-temporal data into temporal dynamic modes and corresponding spatial spectrum that yields the DOA information. Then the decomposed temporal dynamic modes are analyzed via the augmented DMD to retrieve the frequency information. The estimated DOAs and frequencies are automatically paired without the extra computational cost with such a temporal-spectral correlated decomposition scheme. Also, the obtained spatial spectrum distribution implies the actual number of the …

Space-Time-Frequency Characterization In Electromagnetic Near-Field Scanning: A Data-Driven Approach, Yanming Zhang, Lijun Jiang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Near-field scanning has become a widely used tool for diagnosing electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference issues. However, the transient signal of the device under test often contains multiple frequency bands and exhibits nonstationarity, which poses a challenge for near-field scanning analysis. To address this issue, this article presents a method for analyzing time-resolved near-field radiation based on multiresolution dynamic mode decomposition (MRDMD). The MRDMD approach recursively and hierarchically applies the traditional dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method. The distribution of DMD eigenvalues determines the slow and fast modes in each level's decomposition, where the slow modes are preserved, and the fast …

Truck Platooning Reshapes Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of The Integrated Vehicle-Road Infrastructure System, Huailei Cheng, Yuhong Wang, Dan Chong, Chao Xia, Lijun Sun, Jenny Liu, Kun Gao, Ruikang Yang, Tian Jin

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions has turned into a pillar of climate change mitigation. Truck platooning is proposed as a strategy to lower emissions from vehicles on roads. However, the potential interactive impacts of this technology on road infrastructure emissions remain unclear. Here, we evaluate the decarbonization effects of truck platooning on the integrated vehicle-road system at a large-scale road network level, spanning 1457 road sections across North America. We show that truck platooning decreases emissions induced by truck operations, but it degrades faster the durability of road infrastructure and leads to a 27.9% rise in road emissions due to more …

Effectiveness Of The Different Eutectic Phase-Change Materials In Cooling Asphalt Pavement, Jiasheng Dai, Feng Ma, Zhen Fu, Jenny Liu, Chen Li, Yingjie Hou, Hanli Wu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Choosing a Phase-Change Material (PCM) Adapted to the Specific Phase-Change Temperature (Tm) Required for Each Temperature Condition is of Utmost Importance in Cooling Pavements. Eutectic Phase-Change Materials (EPCMs) Realize the Customization of the Desired Tm and Reduce the Difficulty of Matching PCMs. This Work Aims to Investigate the Effectiveness of a Group of Binary/ternary EPCMs with Tm Ranging from 30 to 60 ℃ and Melting Enthalpies of Around 200 J/g as Thermal Regulation Components for Different Asphalt. to Achieve This Goal, the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Phase-Change Asphalt Binders (PCAB) Were Evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Thermogravimetric, Fourier Transform …

Drinking-Water Fluoridation As An Example Of The Nurse + Engineer Fostering Informed Decisions And Actions, Daniel B. Oerther, Sarah Oerther

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

Class Size And Teacher Effects On Non-Cognitive Outcomes In Grades K-3: A Fixed Effects Analysis Of Ecls-K:2011 Data, Spyros Konstantopoulos, Ting Shen

Psychological Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study examines the association between class size, teacher characteristics and five non-cognitive student outcomes (i.e., self-control, interpersonal skills, approaches to learning, externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors) in grades K-3. Individual fixed-effects, that control for observed and unobserved time-invariant factors, including student and school time-constant variables, are employed to analyze national data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K:2011). Results suggest a significant linear association between reducing class size and interpersonal skills. Teacher experience is saliently, positively and significantly related with student self-control, interpersonal skills, and approaches to learning, and negatively associated with externalizing problem behaviors. …

Many-Body Quantum Chaos In Stroboscopically-Driven Cold Atoms, Ceren B. Dağ, Simeon I. Mistakidis, Amos Chan, H. R. Sadeghpour

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

In Quantum Chaotic Systems, The Spectral Form Factor (SFF), Defined As The Fourier Transform Of Two-Level Spectral Correlation Function, Is Known To Follow Random Matrix Theory (RMT), Namely A 'ramp' Followed By A 'plateau' In Late Times. Recently, A Generic Early-Time Deviation From RMT, So-Called The 'bump', Was Shown To Exist In Random Quantum Circuits As Toy Models For Many-Body Quantum Systems. We Demonstrate The Existence Of 'bump-Ramp-Plateau' Behavior In The SFF For A Number Of Paradigmatic And Stroboscopically-Driven 1D Cold-Atom Models: Spinless And Spin-1/2 Bose-Hubbard Models, And Nonintegrable Spin-1 Condensate With Contact Or Dipolar Interactions. We Find That The …

Effects Of Simultaneous Co2 Addition To The Fuel And Oxidizer Streams On Soot Formation In Co-Flow Diffusion Ethylene Flame, Yu Yang, Shu Zheng, Yuzhen He, Hao Liu, Ran Sui, Qiang Lu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Soot formation in a co-flow diffusion ethylene flame with the addition of CO₂ to the fuel (the CO₂-F), oxidizer (the CO₂-O), and fuel/oxidizer (the CO₂-F/O) streams was numerically and experimentally investigated in this study. The effects of different CO₂ addition ways on soot inception, soot condensation, H-abstraction-C₂H₂-addition (HACA) and oxidation by O₂/OH processes, were quantitatively analyzed by introducing the integrated reaction rates over the whole computational domain. The simulated and experimental results showed that the CO₂-F/O was the most effective in inhibiting soot formation …

The Role Of Atomic Layer Deposited Coatings On Lithium-Ion Transport: A Comprehensive Study, Yufang He, Hiep Pham, Xinhua Liang, Jonghyun Park

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Use of Ultrathin Film Coatings Prepared through Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Has Become Widespread for Improving Lithium-Ion Diffusivity of Active Particles, Which Plays a Crucial Role in Determining the Rate Capability of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). in This Study, the Impact of ALD Coating Thickness on Ionic Diffusivity in CeO2-Coated LiMn2O4 (LMO) Cathode Particles is Comprehensively Investigated through First-Principles Calculations by Focusing on the Trade-Offs between the Physical Properties of the Film and its Impact on the Diffusivity of Ions. Our Findings Indicate that Several Physical Factors Affect the Diffusivity of the Coating, Including the Crystal-Amorphous Structure that Depends on …

The Bridge Newsletter Winter 2023, Missouri University Of Science And Technology

The Bridge Newsletter

-Gary White’s work on world water crisis

-Yan teams up for renewable infrastructure grant

-Sustainable futures: New life for unusable waste

-‘Engineering our Future’ by ASCE president, alumna

Experimental Study Of Surfactants’ Performance For Suppressing Coal Dust With Respirable Size, Zidong Zhao, Ping Chang, Guang Xu, Apurna Ghosh, Ramakrishna Morla

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Long-term exposure to coal dust can lead to severe health problems in coal workers, including Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis, making effective control of coal dust in underground mines essential. Water spraying is a widely used method for controlling coal dust, and adding surfactants can remarkably enhance its effectiveness. While previous studies have examined the influences of different coal particle sizes on surfactant performance, they have primarily focused on inhalable dust with sizes less than 100 µm. The impact of finer particle sizes, such as respirable dust with sizes less than 10 µm, remains inconclusive. This study aims to investigate the effects …

A Parallel Algorithm For Updating A Multi-Objective Shortest Path In Large Dynamic Networks, Arindam Khanda, S. M. Shovan, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

In dynamic networks, where continuous topological changes are prevalent, it becomes paramount to find and update different graph properties without the computational burden of recalculating from the ground up. However finding or updating a multi-objective shortest path (MOSP) in such a network is challenging, as it involves simultaneously optimizing multiple (conflicting) objectives. In light of this, our paper focuses on shortest path search and proposes parallel algorithms tailored specifically for large incremental graphs. We first present an efficient algorithm that updates the single-objective shortest path (SOSP) whenever a new set of edges are introduced. Leveraging this SOSP update algorithm, we …

Modeling Hydration Kinetics Of Sustainable Cementitious Binders Using An Advanced Nucleation And Growth Approach, Taihao Han, Jie Huang, Gaurav Sant, Narayanan Neithalath, Ashutosh Goel, Aditya Kumar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are utilized to partially substitute Portland cement (PC) in binders, reducing carbon-footprint and maintaining excellent performance. Nonetheless, predicting the hydration kinetics of [PC + SCM] binders is challenging for current analytical models due to the extensive diversity of chemical compositions and molecular structures present in both SCMs and PC. This study develops an advanced phase boundary nucleation and growth (pBNG) model to yield a priori predictions of hydration kinetics—i.e., time-resolved exothermic heat release profiles—of [PC + SCM] binders. The advanced pBNG model integrates artificial intelligence as an add-on, enabling it to accurately simulate hydration kinetics for …

New Dual Modality Technique Of Gamma-Ray Densitometry (Grd) And Optical Fiber Probe (Ofp) To Investigate Line-Averaged Diameter Profiles Of Gas, Liquid, And Solid Holdups Along The Height Of A Slurry Bubble Column, Omar Farid, Binbin Qi, Sebastián Uribe, Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new hybrid measurement technique was developed and employed to study line-averaged three-phase holdup distribution in a Slurry Bubble Column Reactor (SBCR) using gamma-ray densitometry (GRD) and point optical fiber probe (OFP) techniques. The OFP technique was used to measure the local gas holdup at 45 nodes in the cross-section area of the SBCR at three different axial levels. Thus, the GRD technique measured the spectrum of the SBCR for two different orientations simultaneously with the OFP technique at the same operating conditions to determine the solid holdup distribution radially and axially. The line-averaged solid holdup for 25% solids loading …

Cement-Based Materials With Solid-Gel Phase Change Materials For Improving Energy Efficiency Of Building Envelope, Zhuo Liu, Jiang Du, Ryan Steere, Joshua P. Schlegel, Kamal Khayat, Weina Meng

Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper evaluated the cement-based materials incorporated with novel solid-gel phase change materials (PCMs) for improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes. This novel PCM is form-stable, which will not leak as solid-liquid PCMs do and not need encapsulation, and it features high energy-storage capacity. Experimental results showed that the thermal properties of cement-based materials were improved as the increase of PCM content. A 30% replacement of sand by volume with PCM can increase the latent heat of the mixture from around 0 to 7 J/g and decrease the thermal conductivity of PCM mortar based on the generalized self-consistent (GSC) …

Searching For Unknown Material Properties For Am Simulations, Aaron Flood, Rachel Boillat, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank W. Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Additive manufacturing (AM) simulations are effective for materials that are well characterized and published; however, for newer or proprietary materials, they cannot provide accurate results due to the lack of knowledge of the material properties. This work demonstrates the process of the application of mathematical search algorithms to develop an optimized material dataset which results in accurate simulations for the laser directed energy deposition (DED) process. This was performed by first using a well-characterized material, Ti-64, to show the error in the predicted melt pool was accurate, and the error was found to be less than two resolution steps. Then, …

Development Of Eco-Friendly Chitosan-G-Polyacrylamide Preformed Particle Gel For Conformance Control In High-Temperature And High-Salinity Reservoirs, Reem Elaf, Ahmed Ben Ali, Mohammed Saad, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, Baojun Bai

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Oil and gas extraction has become challenging nowadays due to the accompanying amount of excess produced water that results in poor recoverability of hydrocarbon, besides other environmental and economic isues. A recent and efficient technology for conformance control is the injection of preformed particle gels (PPGs), which results in a more practical production process. Nevertheless, existing treatments fail in high-temperature reservoirs, are extremely sensitive to salinity, and are hazardous. The characteristics of the designed PPG, such as mechanical strength and thermal durability, is mainly depend on their crosslinking method. Polysaccharides-based gels prepared by physical crosslinking are weaker than the ones …

Landscape Position And Cover Crops Affects Crop Yields In A Terrace-Tiled Field, Harpreet Kaur, Kelly A. Nelson, Gurbir Singh, Gurpreet Kaur, Katherine R. Grote

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Cover Crops (CC) Provide Soil Ecosystem Benefits Including Reduced Soil Erosion, Improved Soil Health, and Nutrient Cycling. However, the Effect of CCs on Rotational Commodity Crop Grain Yields and Nutrient Uptake May Vary at Different Landscape Positions and under Different Soil Moisture Dynamics. the Objectives of This Study Were to Determine the Influence of CCs in a Terraced Field on Soil Moisture at Crop Emergence and Reproductive Stages of Corn (Zea Mays L) and Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) Development, and Evaluate CCmix (Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum Subsp. Sativus), and Turnip (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Rapa)) and Cereal …

Fabrication Process Independent And Robust Aggregation Of Detonation Nanodiamonds In Aqueous Media, Inga C. Kuschnerus, Haotian Wen, Xinrui Zeng, Yee Yee Khine, Juanfang Ruan, Chun Jen Su, U. Ser Jeng, Hugues A. Girard, Jean Charles Arnault, Eiji Ōsawa, Olga Shenderova, Vadym Mochalin, Ming Liu, Masahiro Nishikawa

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the past detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs), sized 3–5 nm, have been praised for their colloidal stability in aqueous media, thereby attracting vast interest in a wide range of applications including nanomedicine. More recent studies have challenged the consensus that DNDs are monodispersed after their fabrication process, with their aggregate formation dynamics poorly understood. Here we reveal that DNDs in aqueous solution, regardless of their post-synthesis de-agglomeration and purification methods, exhibit hierarchical aggregation structures consisting of chain-like and cluster aggregate morphologies. With a novel characterization approach combining machine learning with direct cryo-transmission electron microscopy and with X-ray scattering and vibrational spectroscopy, …

Boosting Snr Of Cascaded Fbgs In A Sapphire Fiber Through A Rapid Heat Treatment, Farhan Mumtaz, Hanok Tekle, Bohong Zhang, Jeffrey D. Smith, Ronald J. O'Malley, Rex E. Gerald, Jie Huang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Letter reports the performance of femtosecond (fs) laser-written distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) under high-temperature conditions up to 1600°C and explores the impact of rapid heat treatment on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement. FBGs are essential for reliable optical sensing in extreme temperature environments. Comprehensive tests demonstrate the remarkable performance and resilience of FBGs at temperatures up to 1600°C, confirming their suitability for deployment in such conditions. The study also reveals significant fringe visibility improvements of up to ∼10 dB on a 1-m-long sapphire optical fiber through rapid heat treatment, representing a first-time achievement to the best of our knowledge. …

Understanding Collaboration Requirements For Modular Construction And Their Cascading Failure Impact On Project Performance, Mohamad Abdul Nabi, Amr Elsayegh, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Effective Implementation of Modularization Demands Close Collaboration among the Various Project Stakeholders Due to the Distinct and Complex Needs of Such Construction Method. in Fact, Lack of Adequate Collaboration is One of the Main Factors Impacting Modular Construction Performance. Despite that, No Previous Study Has Yet Addressed Collaboration Requirements in Modular Construction and their Cascading Failure Impact on Project Performance. This Paper Fills Such a knowledge Gap. to This End, the Authors Followed a Multistep Research Methodology. First, Systematic Literature Analysis Was Performed to Identify the Factors Impacting Collaboration and the Impacted Modular Risks as Well as their Cause-Effect Relationships. …